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THE 



MASSACHUSETTS SYSTEM 



( OMMON SCHOOLS; 



ENLARGED AND REVISED EDITION 



TENTH ANNUAL REPOET 



THE FIRST SECRETARY 



M.\SSACHUSETTS BOARD OF EDUCATION. 



BOSTON: 

DUTTON AND WENTWORTH, STATE PRINTERS, 

NO. 37, CONGRESS STREET. 

1849. 



\8" 



(EommontDcaltlj of Massacljnstits. 



Secretary of State's Office, 
Dear Sir, Boston, May 4, 1849. 

I transmit to you an attested copy of the " Resolves relating to a Reprint of 
tlie Tentli Report of the Secretary of the Board of Education," passed, I be- 
lieve unanimously, by the Legislature, at its late session ; and remain, 
With great respect, 

Your obedient servant, 
Hon. Horace Mann. W. B. CALHOUN. 



COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



In the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-Nine. 



RESOLVES 

Relating to a Reprint of the Tenth Report of the Secretary of tlie Board of 

Education. 

Resolved, That the late Secretary of the Board of Education, Honorable 
Horace Mann, be hereby appointed to prepare for republication, so much of 
his Tenth Annual Report as, with tlie requisite additions and alterations, to be 
also made by him, will exhibit a just and correct view of the Common School 
system of Massachusetts, and the provisions of law relating to it. 

Resolved, That there be printed ten thousand copies of such republication, 
to be distributed and disposed of in the same manner as is now or may be pro- 
vided in regard to the annual reports of the Board of Education. 

Resolved, That the Governor and Council be authorized to determine the 
compensation to be made to Mr. Mann for the foregoing service, and to draw 
upon the treasurer of the Coimnonwealtli for the amount. 



House of Representatives, March 21, 1849. 
Passed. FRANCIS B. CROWNINSHIELD, Speaker. 

In Senate, March 22, 1849. 

Passed. JOSEPH BELL, President. 

March 23, 1848.— Approved. 

GEO. N. BRIGGS. 



Secretary's Office ; Boston, March 23, 1849. 
I certify the foregomg to be a true copy of the original Resolves. 

WM. B. CALHOUN, Secretary of the Commonwealth. 



To His Excellency^ George N. Briggs, Governor, and 
the Honorahle Council^ of the Commonwealth of Massa- 
chusetts : — 

Gentlemen ; — In pursuance of the Resolves above 
cited, I have carefully revised the Tenth Annual Report, 
therein referred to, and superintended its publication. 

According to my understanding of the Resolves, they 
did not contemplate any substantial change in the plan 
or structure of the Report ; but only such modifications 
of its details, as would make it the true representative 
and illustrator of our Public School system, as it now 
exists. 

In conformity with this view, I have subjected the Re- 
port to such changes and additions, p the legislation of 
the State for the last three years has^'endered necessary ; 
and have incorporated into it all the leadmg decisions 
of the Supreme Court, so far as they interpret and apply 
the statute law. 

I have also subjoined to the Report, in a chronological 
order, all the statute laws of the Commonwealth, now in 
force, on the subject of Public Instruction. A few enact- 
ments that have been repealed or superseded, are also 
inserted, on account of the light which they throw on 
existing laws, and on the history and progress of our 
educational legislation. 

In this part of the work, it has been my endeavor- 
wherever a previous statute has been limited, enlarged, 
or otherwise modified by a succeeding one, to refer to the 



modifying statute, in the body of the one so modified, or 
at its end. This will make all references easy, and will 
give notice to all readers that the former statute is not 
to be received as the existing law, without an examina- 
tion of the one referred to. 

The Statistical and Graduated Tables, for the current 
year, which are also inserted, were prepared under the 
direction of my successor in office. Without an exami- 
nation of this class of Tables, our Common School sys- 
tem cannot be well understood. 

A copious Index to the Report closes the work, — all of 
which, in a printed form, I have now the honor most 
respectfully to submit. 

HOEACE MANN. 
West Newton, Nov. 29th, 1849. 



MASSACHUSETTS SYSTEM 

OF 

COMMON SCHOOLS. 



To WBITE a History of Popular Education in Massachusetts 
would be a work of great interest, and of little difficulty. 
Such a history, however, seems not to have been contemplated, 
and, therefore, would not be warranted, by those Resolves of the 
Legislature under which the following pages are prepared. 
The Resolves provide only for "the republication of so much of 
his [the late Secretary's] Tenth Annual Report, as, with the 
requisite additions and alterations, will exhibit a just and correct 
view of the Common School system of Massachusetts, and the 
provisions of law relating to it." An adequate idea of this 
" system," however, can hardly be obtained without a brief 
reference to its origin, and to those great fundamental principles, 
which its authors and supporters seem rather to have tacitly 
assumed than to have fully expounded. 

The Pilgrim Fathers who colonized Massachusetts Bay 
made a bolder innovation upon all preexisting policy and 
usages than the world had ever known since the commence- 
ment of the Christian era. They adopted special and costly 
means to train up the whole body of the people to industry, to 
intelligence, to virtue, and to independent thought. The first 
entry, in the public record-book of the town of Boston, bears 
date, " 1634, 7th month, day 1." The records of the public 
meetings for the residue of that year pertain to those obvious 
necessities that claimed the immediate attention of an infant 
settlement. But in the transactions of a public meeting, held 
on the 13th day of April, 1635, the following entry is found : 
" Likewise it was then generally agreed upon, that our brother 
Philemon Purmont [or Purment] shall be intreated to become 
scholemaster for the teaching and nourtering of children with 
us." Mr. Purmont was not expected to render his services 
gratuitously. Doubtless he received fees from parents; but 



8 

the same records show that a tract of thirty acres of land, at 
" Muddy River," was assigned to him ; and this grant, two 
years afterwards, was publicly confirmed. About the same 
time, an assignment was made of a " garden plott to Mr. Daniel 
Maude, schoolemaster, upon the condition of building thereon, 
if neede be." From this time forward, these golden threads 
are thickly inwoven in the texture of all the public records of 
Boston. 

It is not unworthy of remark, that a word of beautiful sig- 
nificance, which is found in the first record on the subject of 
schools ever made on this continent, has now fallen wholly out 
of use. Mr, Purmont was entreated to become a " scholemas- 
ter," not merely for the " teaching," but for the " nourtering" 
of children. If, as is supposed, this word, now obsolete in this 
connection, implied the disposition and the power, on the part 
of the teacher, as far as such an object can be accomplished 
by human instrumentality, to warm into birth, to foster into 
strength, and to advance into precedence and predominance, 
all kindly sympathies towards men, all elevated thoughts 
respecting the duties and the destiny of life, and a supreme 
reverence for the character and attributes of the Creator, then 
how many teachers have since been employed, who have not 
NOURISHED the children committed to their care ! 

In 1642, the General Court of the colony, by a public act, 
enjoined upon the municipal authorities the duty of seeing that 
every child, within their respective jurisdictions, should be edu- 
cated. Nor was the education which they contemplated either 
narrow or superficial. By the terms of the act, the selectmen 
of every town were required to ^' have a vigilant eye over their 
brethren and neighbors, — to see first that none of them shall 
suffer so much barbarism in any of their families, as not to en- 
deavor to teach, by themselves or others, their children and 
apprentices, so much learning, as may enable them perfectly to 
read the English tongue, and [obtain a] knowledge of the cap- 
ital laws ; upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect 
therein." 

Such was the idea of ''barbarism," entertained by the colo- 
nists of Massachusetts Bay more than two centuries ago. 
Tried by this standard, even at the present day, the regions of 



civilization become exceedingly narrow ; and many a man, 
who now blindly glories in the name and in the prerogatives 
of a republican citizen, would, according to the better ideas of 
the Pilgrim Fathers, be known only as the " barbarian" father 
of "barbarian" children. 

The same act further required that religious instruction 
should be given to all children ; and also, " that all parents 
and masters do breed and bring up their children and appren- 
tices in some honest, lawful calling, labor, or employment, 
either in husbandry or some other trade, profitable for them- 
selves and the Commonwealth ; if they will not or cannot train 
them up in learning to fit them for higher employments." 

Thus were recognized and embodied, in a public statute, 
the highest principles of Political Economy and of social well- 
being ; — the universal education of children, and the prevention 
of drones or non-producers among men. 

By the same statute, the selectmen and magistrates were em- 
powered to take children and servants from the custody of 
those parents and masters, who, "after admonition," "were 
still negligent of their duty in the particulars above mentioned," 
and to bind them out to such masters as they should deem 
worthy to supply the place of the unnatural parent, — ^boys 
until the age of twenty-one, and girls until that of eighteen. 

The law of 1642 enjoined universal education, but it did not 
make education free ; nor did it impose any penalty upon mu- 
nicipal corporations for neglecting to maintain a school. The 
spirit of the law, however, worked energetically in the hearts 
of the people ; for, in Governor Winthrop's Journal, (History 
of New England, vol. 2, p. 215, Savage's edition,) under date 
of 1645, we find the following : " Divers free schools were 
erected, as at Roxbury, (for maintenance whereof every inhab- 
itant bound some house or land for a yearly allowance forever,) 
and at Boston, where they made an order to allow fifty pounds 
to the master and an house, and thirty pounds to an usher, who 
should also teach to read and write and cipher, and Indians' 
children were to be taught freely, and the charge to be by 
yearly contribution, either by voluntary allowance, or by rate 
of such as refused, &c,, and this order was confirmed by the 



10 

General Court. Other towns did the like, providing mainte- 
nance by several means." 

It is probable, however, that some towns, owing to the 
sparseness of their population and the scantiness of their re- 
sources, found all the moneys in their treasury too little to pay 
the salary of a master ; and, surrounded by dangers, as they 
were, from the ferocity of the aborigines and the inclemency 
of the climate, believed that not an eye could be spared from 
watching nor a hand from labor, even for so sacred a purpose 
as that of instruction ; and therefore failed to sustain a school 
for the teaching and " nourtering" of their children. But, in 
all these privations and disabilities, the government of the col- 
ony saw no adequate excuse for neglecting the one thing need- 
ful. They saw and felt, that, if " learning were to be buried 
in the graves of their forefathers, in Church and Common- 
wealth," then they had escaped from the house of bondage, 
and swam an ocean, and braved the terrors of the wilderness, 
in vain. In the year 1647, therefore, a law was passed making 
the support of schools compulsory, and education both univer- 
sal and Free. 

By this law, every town, containing fifty householders, was 
required to appoint a teacher, " to teach all such children as 
shall resort to him to write and read ;" and every town, con- 
taining one hundred families or householders, was required to 
^'set up a grammar school," whose master should be "able to 
instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." 

Tlie penalty for non-compliance with the above requirements 
was five pounds per annum. In 1671, the penalty was in- 
creased to ten pounds per annum ; in 1683, to twenty pounds ; 
and, in 1718, to thirty pounds, for every town containing one 
hundred and fifty families; to forty pounds, for every town 
containing two hundred families ; and so on, pro rata, for towns 
containing two hundred and fifty or three hundred families. 
The penalty was increased, from time to time, to correspond 
with the increasing wealth of the towns. All forfeitm-es were 
appropriated to the maintenance of Public Schools.* 

* It is well known that, in the dearth of the precious metals which prevailed among the 
early settlers of Massachusetts, the colonial and provincial governments made various kinds 



11 

It is common to say that the act of 1647 laid the foundation 
of our present system of Free Schools. But the truth is, it 
not only laid the foundation of the present system, but, in some 
particulars, it laid a far broader foundation than has since been 
built upon, and reared a far higher superstructure than has since 
been sustained. Modern times have witnessed great improve- 
ments in the methods of instruction and in the motives of dis- 
cipline ; but, in some respects, the ancient foundation has been 
narrowed, and the ancient superstructure lowered. The term 
" grammar school," in the old laws, always meant a school 
Avhere the ancient languages were taught, and where youth 
could be '' jfitted for the university." Every town, containing 

of grain, — wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, &c., — witii several other commodities, a legal 
tender in payment of debts, and received them for taxes. In our early legislation and his- 
tory, these were called " country pay." From time to time, the law determined the value of 
the bushel, or unit, of each kind of product. On an examination of twenty such deter- 
minations of value, made from 1642 to 1C94, inclusive, I find that Indian corn was rated 
at from one shilling and two pence a bushel to three shillings and six pence ; and that the 
average for this whole period was, within a very slight fraction, two shillings and ten pence a 
bushel. 

Allowing six persons to a family, a town of three hundred families would contain a popu- 
lation of eighteen hundred. 

To pay a fine of sixty pounds, tlierefore, to which such a town would be liable by one of 
the laws above referred to, if paid in Indian corn, at the average of the prices which pre- 
vailed from 1642 to 1694, would require four hundred and twenty-three bushels. 

The rates of labor, as ordained by the colonial government, show, in a still more striking 
manner, how heavily the tovras were mulcted for neglecting to support schools. 

Under date of September 30, 1630, " It is ordered, that laborers shall not take aboue 12d 
a day for their work and not aboue 6d and meatc and drink under paine of 10s ; noe master 
carpenter, mason, joyner or bricklayer, shall take aboue 16d a day for their worke, if they 
have meate and drink, — and the second sort not aboue 12d a day under payne of 10s both 
to giuer and receauer." 

At these rates, it would take a laborer, (having board,) four hundred and eighty days to 
pay a fine of one pound. The penalty imposed upon towns, by the law of 1647, for not 
maintaining a free school, was five pounds, — equivalent, at the above rate, to the work of a 
common laborer, (with board, but without clothing,) for twenty-four hundred days ; or all 
the working days in almost eight years. 

Under date of September 3, 1634, it was ordered, that " noc person that keepes an ordi- 
nary shall take above 6d a mealc for a person, and not above Id for an ale quarte for beare 
out of meale time vnder the penalty of 10s for eury offence, either of dyet or beare." 

In 1654, May 3, the following order was made ; — " As the countrje is in debt, no stock in 
the treasury, no mcanes, at present, to raise any, so that workmen cannot be procured to 
finish the Castle, which yett is necessary forthwith to be done," the several military compa- 
nies must do it ; one division of them by having each of their soldiers labor three days on 
this fortification, and another by being individually assessed 4s 6d. Hence it would seem 
that 4s 6d were held to be an equivalent for three days' work on the Castle, and going to 
and returning from the work. — See An historical account of Massachusetts Currency, by 
Joseph B. Felt. 



12 

one hundred families or householders, was required to keep 
such a school. Were such a law in force at the present time, 
there are not more than twelve towns in the Commonwealth 
which would be exempt from its requisitions. But the term 
" grammar school" has wholly lost its original meaning ; and 
the number of towns and cities which are now required by law 
to maintain a school, where the Greek and Latin languages are 
taught, and where youth can be fitted for college, does not 
exceed thirty. The contrast between our ancestors and our- 
selves, in this respect, is most humiliating. Their meanness 
in wealth was more than compensated by their grandeur of 
soul. 

The institution of a Free School system, on so broad a ba- 
sis and of such ample proportions, appears still more remarkable, 
when we consider the period, in the world's history, at which 
it was originated, and the fewness and poverty of the people by 
whom it was maintained. In 1647, the entire population of 
the colony of Massachusetts Bay is supposed to have amounted 
only to twenty-one thousand souls. The scattered and feeble 
settlements were almost buried in the depths of the forest. 
The external resources of the people were small, their dwellings 
humble, and their raiment and subsistence scanty and homely. 
They had no enriching commerce, and the wonderful forces of 
nature had not then, as now, become gratuitous producers of 
every human comfort and luxury. The whole valuation of all 
the colonial estates, both public and private, would hardly have 
been equal to the inventory of many a private citizen of the 
present day. The fierce eye of the savage Avas nightly seen 
glaring from the edge of the surrounding wilderness, and no 
defence or succor, save in their own brave natures, was at 
hand. Yet it was then, amid all these privations and dangers, 
that the Pilgrim Fathers conceived the magnificent idea, not 
only of a Universal, but of a Free education for the whole peo- 
ple. To find the time and the means to reduce this grand 
conception to practice, they stinted themselves, amid all their 
poverty, to a still scantier pittance ; amid all their toils, they 
imposed upon themselves still more burdensome labors ; and, 
amid all their perils, they braved still greater dangers. Two 



13 

divine ideas filled theii* great hearts, — their duty to God and to 
posterity. For the one, they built the church ; for the other, 
they opened the school. Religion and Knowledge ! — two 
attributes of the same glorious and eternal truth, and that truth 
the only one on which immortal or mortal happiness can be 
securely founded ! 

It is impossible for us adequately to conceive the boldness of 
the measure which aimed at universal education, through the 
establishment of Free Schools. As a fact, it had no precedent 
in the world's history ; and, as a theory, it could have been 
refuted and silenced by a more formidable array of argument 
and experience than was ever marshalled against any other in- 
stitution of human origin. But time has ratified its soundness. 
Two centuries of successful operation now proclaim it to be as 
wise as it was courageous, and as beneficent as it was disinter- 
ested. Every community in the civilized world awards it 
the meed of praise ; and states at home, and nations abroad, 
in the order of their intelligence, are copying the bright exam- 
ple. What we call the enlightened nations of Christendom, 
are approaching, by slow degrees, to the moral elevation which 
our ancestors reached at a single bound ; and the tardy convic- 
tions of the one, have been assimilating, through a period of 
two centm'ies, to the intuitions of the other. 

The establishment of Free Schools was one of those grand 
mental and moral experiments whose effects could not be de- 
veloped and made manifest in a single generation. But now, 
according to the manner in which human life is computed, we 
are the sixth generation from its founders ; and have we not 
reason to be grateful, both to God and man, for its unnumbered 
blessings ! The sincerity of our gratitude must be tested by 
our efforts to perpetuate and to improve what they established. 
The gratitude of the lips only is an unholy offering. 

In surveying our vast country, — the rich savannas of the 
south, and the almost interminable prairies of the west, — that 
great valley, where, if all the nations of Europe were set down 
together, they could find ample subsistence, — the ejaculation 
involuntarily bursts forth, "Why were they not colonized 
BY MEN LIKE THE PiLGRiM Fathers ?" — and as wc reflect, how 



14 

different would have been the fortunes of this nation, had those 
states, — already so numerous, and still extending, circle beyond 
circle, — ^been founded by men of high, heroic, puritan mould ] 
how different in the eye of a righteous Heaven, how different 
in the estimation of the wise and good of all contemporary na- 
tions, how different in the fortunes of that vast procession of 
the generations which are yet to rise up over all those wide 
expanses, and to follow each other to the end of time ; — as we 
reflect upon these things, it seems almost pious to repine at the 
ways of Providence ; resignation becomes laborious, and we 
are forced to choke down our murmurings at the will of 
Heaven ! Is it the solution of this deep mystery, that our 
ancestors did as much in their time, as it is ever given to 
one generation of men to accomplish, and have left to us and 
to our descendants the completion of the glorious work they 
began ? 

The alleged ground upon which the founders of our Free 
School system proceeded, when adopting it, did not embrace 
the whole argument by which it may be defended and sus- 
tained. Their insight was better than their reason. They 
assumed a ground, indeed, satisfactory and convincing to 
Protestants ; but, at that time, only a small portion of Christen- 
dom was Protestant, and even now only a minority of it is so. 
The very ground on which our Free Schools were founded, 
therefore, if it were the only one, would have been a reason, 
with more than half of Christendom, for their immediate abo- 
lition. 

In later times, and since the achievement of American inde- 
pendence, the universal and ever-repeated argument in favor of 
Free Schools has been, that the general intelligence which 
they are capable of diffusing, and which can be imparted by 
no other human instrumentality, is indispensable to the contin- 
uance of a republican government. This argument, it is obvi- 
ous, assumes, as a postulatum, the superiority of a republican 
over all other forms of government ; and, as a people, we re- 
ligiously believe in the soundness, both of the assumption and 
of the argument founded upon it. But if this be all, then a 
sincere monarchist, or a defender of arbitrary power, or a be- 



15 

liever in the divine right of kings, would oppose Free Schools, 
for the identical reasons we offer in their behalf. A perfect 
demonstration of our doctrine, — that Free Schools are the only 
basis of republican institutions, — would be the perfection of 
proof, to his mind, that they should be immediately extermi- 
nated. 

Admitting, nay, claiming for ourselves, the substantial just- 
ness and soundness of the general grounds on which our sys- 
tem was originally established and has since been maintained, 
yet it is most obvious that, unless some broader and more com- 
prehensive principle can be found, the system of Free Schools 
will be repudiated by whole nations as impolitic and dangerous ; 
and, even among ourselves, all Avho deny our premises will, of 
course, set at nought the conclusions to which they lead. 

Again ; the expediency of Free Schools is sometimes advo- 
cated on grounds of Political Economy. An educated people 
is always a more industrious and productive people. Knowl- 
edge and Abundance sustain to each other the relation of cause 
and effect. Intelligence is a primary ingredient in the Wealth 
of Nations. Where this does not stand at the head of the in- 
ventory, the items in a nation's valuation will be few, and the 
sum at the foot of the column insignificant. 

The moralist, too, takes up the argument of the economist. 
He demonstrates that vice and crime are not only prodigals and 
spendthrifts of their own, but defrauders and plunderers of the 
means of others ; that they would seize upon all the gains of 
honest industry, and exhaust the bounties of Heaven itself, 
without satiating their rapacity for new means of indulgence ,• 
and that often, in the history of the world, whole generations 
might have been trained to industry and virtue by the wealth 
which one enemy to his race has destroyed. 

And yet, notwithstanding these views have been presented a 
thousand times, with irrefutable logic, and with a divine elo- 
quence of truth which it would seem that nothing but com- 
bined stolidity and depravity could resist, there is not at the 
present time, with the exception of the states of New England 
and a few small communities elsewhere, a country or a state in 
Christendom, which maintains a system of Free Schools for 



16 

the education of its children. Even in the state of New York, 
with all its noble endowments, the Schools are not Free.* 

I believe that this amazing dereliction from duty, especially 
in our own country, originates more in the false notions which 
men entertain respecting the nature of their right to property, 
than in any thing else. In the district school meeting, in the 
town meeting, in legislative halls, every where, the advocates 
for a more generous education could carry their respective au- 
diences with them in behalf of increased privileges for oiur 
children, were it not instinctively foreseen that increased priv- 
ileges must be followed by increased taxation. Against this 
obstacle, argument falls dead. The rich man, who has no 
children, declares that the exaction of a contribution from him, 
to educate the children of his neighbor, is an invasion of his 
rights of property. The man who has reared and educated a 
family of children denounces it as a double tax, when he is 
called upon to assist in educating the children of others also ; 
or, if he has reared his own children without educating them, 
he thinks it peculiarly oppressive to be obliged to do for others 
what he refrained from doing even for himself. Another, hav- 
ing children, but disdaining to educate them with the common 
mass, withdraws tiiem from the Public School, puts them under 
what he calls "selector influences,"" and then thinks it a griev- 
ance to be obliged to support a school which he contemns. Or, 
if these different parties so far yield to the force of traditionary 
sentiment and usage, and to the public opinion around them, as 
to consent to do something for the cause, they soon reach the 
limit of expense at which their admitted obligation, or their 
alleged charity, terminates. 

It seems not irrelevant, therefore, in this connection, and for 
the purpose of strengthening the foundation on which our Free 
School system reposes, to inquire into the nature of a man's 
right to the property he possesses ; and to satisfy ourselves re- 
specting the question, whether any man has such an indefeasi- 
ble title to his estates, or such an absolute ownership of them, 

* By an act of the New York Legislature, passed at its last session, the question, whether 
Free Schools shall be established throughout the state, is to be submitted to the decision of 
the people, to be determined by ballot, at their primary meetings, during the current year. 



17 

as renders it unjust in the government to assess upon him his 
share of the expenses of educating the children of the commu- 
nity, up to such a point as the nature of the institutions under 
which he lives, and the well-being of society, require. 

I believe in the existence of a great, immortal, immutable 
principle of Natural Law, or Natural Ethics, — a principle ante- 
cedent to all human institutions, and incapable of being abro- 
gated by any ordinances of man, — a principle of divine origin, 
clearly legible in the ways of Providence as those ways are 
manifested in the order of nature and in the history of the 
race, — which proves the absolute right to an education, of every 
human being that comes into the world ; and which, of course, 
proves the correlative duty of every government to see that the 
means of that education are provided for all. 

In regard to the application of this principle of natural law, — 
that is, in regard to the extent of the education to be provided 
for all, at the public expense, — some differences of opinion may 
fairly exist, under different political organizations ; but under 
our republican government, it seems clear that the minimum 
of this education can never be less than such as is sufficient to 
qualify each citizen for the civil and social duties he will be 
called to discharge ; — such an education as teaches the individ- 
ual the great laws of bodily health ; as qualifies for the fulfil- 
ment of parental duties ; as is indispensable for the civil func- 
tions of a witness or a juror ; as is necessary for the voter in 
municipal and in national affairs ; and finally, as is requisite for 
the faithful and conscientious discharge of all those duties 
which devolve upon the inheritor of a portion of the sovereignty 
of this great republic. 

The will of God, as conspicuously manifested in the order 
of nature, and in the relations which he has established among 
men, places the right of every child that is born into the world, 
to such a degree of education as will enable him, and, as fax as 
possible, will predispose him, to perform all domestic, social, 
civil, and moral duties, upon the same clear ground of natural 
law and equity, as it places a child's right, upon his first com- 
ing into the world, to distend his lungs with a portion of the 
common air, or to open his eyes to the common light, or to 
3 



18 

receive that shelter, protection, and nourishment, which are 
necessary to the continuance of his bodily existence. And so 
far is it from being a wrong or a hardship to demand of the 
possessors of property their respective shares for the prosecution 
of this divinely-ordained work, that they themselves are guilty 
of the most far-reaching injustice, when they seek to resist or 
to evade the contribution. The complainers are the wrong- 
doers. The cry, " Stop thief," comes from the thief himself. 

To any one who looks beyond the mere surface of things, it 
is obvious that the primary and natural elements or ingredients 
of all property consist in the riches of the soil, in the treasures 
of the sea, in the light and warmth of the sun, in the fertiliz- 
ing clouds, and streams, and dews, in the winds, and in the 
chemical and vegetative agencies of nature. In the majority of 
cases, all that we call property, all that makes up the valuation 
or inventory of a nation's capital, was prepared at the creation, 
and was laid up of old in the capacious storehouses of nature. 
For every unit that a man earns by his own toil or skill, he 
receives hundreds and thousands, without cost and without 
recompense, from the All-bountiful Giver. A proud mortal, 
standing in the midst of his luxuriant wheat-fields or cotton- 
plantations, may arrogantly call them his own ; yet what bar- 
ren wastes would they be, did not Heaven send down upon 
them its dews and its rains, its warmth and its light ; and sus- 
tain, for their growth and ripening, the grateful vicissitude of 
the seasons ! It is said that from eighty to ninety per cent, of 
the very substance of some of the great staples of agriculture 
are not taken from the earth, but are absorbed from the air ; so 
that these productions may more properly be called fruits of the 
atmosphere than of the soil. Who prepares this elemental 
wealth ? Who scatters it, like a sower, through all the regions 
of the atmosphere, and sends the richly-freighted winds, as His 
messengers, to bear to each leaf in the forest, and to each blade 
in the cultivated field, the nourishment which their infinitely- 
varied needs demand ? Aided by machinery, a single manu- 
facturer performs the labor of hundreds of men. Yet what 
could he accomplish without the weight of the waters which 
God causes ceaselessly to flow ? or without those gigantic forces 



19 

which He has given to steam ? And how would the commerce 
of the world be carried on, were it not for those great laws of 
nature, — of electricity, of condensation, and of rarefaction, — 
that give birth to the winds, which, in conformity to the will 
of Heaven, and not in obedience to any power of man, forever 
traverse the earth, and offer themselves as an unchartered me- 
dium for interchanging the products of all the zones ? These 
few references show how vast a proportion of all the wealth 
which men presumptuously call their own, because they claim 
to have earned it, is poured into their lap, unasked and un- 
thanked for, by the Being so infinitely gracious in his physical 
as well as in his moral bestowments. 

But for whose subsistence and benefit were these exhaustless 
treasuries of wealth created ? Surely not for any one man, 
nor for any one generation ; but for the subsistence and benefit 
of the whole race, from the beginning to the end of time. 
They were not created for Adam alone, nor for Noah alone, 
nor for the first discoverers or colonists Avho may have found 
or have peopled any part of the earth's ample domain. No ! 
They were created for the race, collectively, but to be possessed 
and enjoyed in succession, as the generations, one after another, 
should come into existence ; — equal rights, with a successive 
enjoyment of them ! If we consider the earth and the fulness 
thereof as one great habitation or domain, then each generation, 
subject to certain modifications for the encouragement of indus- 
try and frugality, — which modifications it is not necessary here 
to specify, — has only a life-lease in them. There are certain 
reasonable regulations, indeed, in regard to the out-going and 
the in-coming tenants, — regulations which allow to the out- 
going generations a brief control over their property after they 
are called upon to leave it, and which also allow the in-coming 
generations to anticipate a little their full right of possession. 
But, subject to these regulations, nature ordains a perpetual 
entail and transfer, from one generation to another, of all prop- 
erty in the great, substantive, enduring elements of wealth ; — 
in the soil ; in metals and minerals ; in precious stones, and in 
more precious coal, and iron, and granite ; in the waters, and 
winds, and sun ; — and no one man, nor any one generation of 



20 

men, has any such title to, or ownership in, these ingredients 
and substantials of all wealth, that his right is invaded when a 
portion of them is taken for the benefit of posterity. 

This great principle of natural law may be illustrated by a 
reference to some of the unstable elements, in regard to which 
each individual's right of property is strongly qualified in rela- 
tion to his contemporaries, even while he has the acknowledged 
right of possession. Take the streams of water, or the wind, 
for an example. A stream, as it descends from its sources to its 
mouth, is successively the property of all those through whose 
land it passes. My neighbor, who lives above me, owned it 
yesterday, while it was passing through his lands ; I own it to- 
day, while it is descending through mine ; and the contiguous 
proprietor below will own it to-morrow, while it is flowing 
through his, as it passes onward to the next. But the rights 
of these successive owners are not absolute and unqualified. 
They are limited by the rights of those who are entitled to the 
subsequent possession and use. While a stream is passing 
through my lands, I may not corrupt it, so that it shall be 
offensive or valueless to the adjoining proprietor below. I may 
not stop it in its downward course, nor divert it into any other 
direction, so that it shall leave his channel dry. I may law- 
fully use it for various purposes, — for agriculture, as in irrigat- 
ing lands or watering cattle ; for manufactures, as in turning 
wheels, &c. ; — but ai r.^' my uses of it, I must pay regard to 
the rights of my neighbors lower down. So no two proprietors, 
nor any half-dozen proprietors, by conspiring together, can de- 
prive an owner, who lives below them all, of the ultimate 
right which he has to the use of the stream in its descending 
course. We see here, therefore, that a man has certain quali- 
fied rights, — rights of which he cannot lawfully be divested 
without his own consent, — in a stream of water, before it 
reaches the limits of his own estate ; — at which latter point, 
he may, somewhat more emphatically, call it his own. And 
in this sense, a man who lives at the outlet of a river, on the 
margin of the ocean, has certain incipient rights in those foun- 
tain-sources, that well up from the earth at the distance of 
thousands of miles. 



21 

So it is with the ever-moving winds. No man has a perma- 
nent interest in the breezes that blow by him, and bring heal- 
ing and refreshment on their wings. Each man has a temporary 
interest in them. From whatever quarter of the compass they 
may come, I have a right to use them as they are passing by 
me ; yet that use must always be regulated by the rights of 
those other participants and co-owners whom they are moving 
forward to bless. It is not lawful, therefore, for me to corrupt 
them, — to load them with noxious gases or vapors, by which 
they will prove valueless or detrimental to him, whoever he 
may be, towards whom they are moving. 

In one respect, indeed, the winds illustrate our relative rights 
and duties, even better than the streams. In the latter case, 
the rights are not only successive, but always in the same order 
of priority, — those of the owner above necessarily preceding 
those of the owner below ; and this order is unchangeable, ex- 
cept by changing the ownership of the land itself to which 
the rights are appiutenant. In the case of the winds, however, 
which blow from every quarter of the heavens, I may have the 
prior right to-day, but, with a change in their direction, my 
neighbor may have it to-morrow. If, therefore, to-day, when 
the wind is going from me to him, I should usurp the right to 
use it to his detriment, to-morrow, when it is coming from him 
to me, he may inflict retributive usurpation upon me. 

The light of the sun, too, is subject to the same benign and 
equitable regulations. As the waves of this ethereal element 
pass by me, I have a right to bask in their genial warmth, or to 
employ their quickening powers. But I have no right, even 
on my own land, to build up a wall, mountain-high, that shall 
eclipse the sun to my neighbor's eyes. 

Now, all these great principles of natural law, which define 
and limit the rights of neighbors and contemporaries, are incor- 
porated into, and constitute a part of, the civil law of every 
civilized people ; and they are obvious and simple illustrations 
of the great proprietary laws by which individuals and genera- 
tions hold their rights in the solid substance of the globe, in 
the elements that move over its surface, and in the chemical 
and vital powers with which it is so marvellously endued. As 



22 

successive owners on a river's bank have equal rights to the 
waters that flow through their respective domains, subject only 
to the modification that the proprietors nearer the stream's 
source must have precedence in the enjoyment of their rights 
over those lower down, so the rights of all the generations of 
mankind to the earth itself, to the streams that fertilize it, to 
the winds that purify it, to the vital principles that animate it, 
and to the reviving light, are common rights, though subject to 
similar modifications in regard to the preceding and succeeding 
generations of men. They did not belong to our ancestors in 
perpetuity ; they do not belong to us in perpetuity ; and the 
right of the next generation in them will be limited and de- 
feasible like ours. As we hold these rights subject to the 
claims of the next generation, so will they hold them subject 
to the claims of their immediate successors, and so on to the 
end of time. And the savage tribes that roam about the head- 
springs of the Mississippi, have as good a right to ordain what 
use shall be made of its copious waters, when, in their grand 
descent across a continent, they shall reach the shores of arts 
and civilization, as any of our predecessors had, or as we our- 
selves have, to say what shall be done, in perpetuity, with the 
soil, the waters, the winds, the light, and the invisible agen- 
cies of nature, which must be allowed, on all hands, to consti- 
tute the primary and indispensable elements of wealth. 

Is not the inference irresistible, then, that no man, by what- 
ever means he may have come into possession of his property, 
has any natural right, any more than he has a moral one, to 
hold it, or to dispose of it, irrespective of the needs and claims 
of those, who, in the august procession of the generations, are 
to be his successors on the stage of existence ? Holding his 
rights subject to their rights, he is bound not to impair the 
value of their inheritance, either by commission or by omission. 

Generation after generation proceeds from the creative ener- 
gy of God. Each one stops for a brief period upon the earth, 
resting, as it were, only for a night, — like migratory birds 
upon their passage, — and then leaving it forever, to others 
whose existence is as transitory as its own ; and the migratory 
flocks of water-fowl, which sweep across our latitudes in their 



23 

passage to another clime, have as good a right to make a per- 
petual appropriation, to their own use, of the lands over which 
they fly, as any one generation has to arrogate perpetual do- 
minion and sovereignty, for its own purposes, over that portion 
of the earth which it is its fortune to occupy during the brief 
period of its temporal existence. 

Another consideration, bearing upon this arrogant doctrine 
of absolute ownership or sovereignty, has hardly less force 
than the one just expounded. We have seen how insignificant 
a portion of any man's possessions he can claim, in any proper 
and just sense, to have earned ; and that, in regard to all the 
residue, he is only taking his turn in the use of a bounty be- 
stowed, in common, by the Giver of all, upon his ancestors, 
upon himself, and upon his posterity, — a line of indefinite 
length, in which he is but a point. But this is not the only 
deduction to be made from his assumed rights. The present 
wealth of the world has an additional element in it. Much of 
all that is capable of being earned by man, has been earned by 
our predecessors, and has come down to us in a solid and en- 
during form. We have not erected all the houses in which 
we live ; nor constructed all the roads on which we travel ; 
nor built all the ships in which we carry on our commerce 
with the world. We have not reclaimed from the wilderness 
all the fields whose harvests we now reap ; and if we had no 
precious metals, or stones, or pearls, but such as we ourselves 
had dug from the mines, or brought up from the bottom of the 
ocean, our coifers and our caskets would be empty indeed. 
But even if this were not so, whence came all the arts and sci- 
ences, the discoveries and the inventions, without which, and 
without a common right to which, the valuation of the prop- 
erty of a whole nation would scarcely equal the inventory of a 
single man, — without which, indeed, we should now be in a 
state of barbarism ? Whence came a knowledge of agriculture, 
without which we should have so little to reap ; or a knowl- 
edge of astronomy, Avithout which we could not traverse the 
oceans ; or a knowledge of chemistry and mechanical philoso- 
phy, without which the arts and trades could not exist ? Most 
of all this was found out by those who have gone before us, 



24 

and some of it has come down to us from a remote antiquity. 
Surely all these boons and blessings belong as much to poster- 
ity as to ourselves. They have not descended to us to be ar- 
rested and consumed here, or to be sequestrated from the ages 
to come. Cato, and Archimedes, and Kepler, and Newton, 
and Franklin, and Arkwright, and Fulton, and all the bright 
host of benefactors to science and art, did not make or be- 
queath their discoveries or inventions to benefit any one gen- 
eration, but to increase the common enjoyments of mankind 
to the end of time. So of all the great lawgivers and moral- 
ists who have improved the civil institutions of the state, who 
have made it dangerous to be wicked, or, — far better than this, 
— have made it hateful to be so. Resources developed, and 
property acquired, after all these ages of preparation, after all 
these facilities and securities, accrue not to the benefit of the 
possessor only, but to that of the next and of all succeeding 
generations. 

Surely, these considerations limit still more extensively that 
absolutism of ownership which is so often claimed by the pos- 
sessors of wealth. 

But sometimes, the rich farmer, the opulent manufacturer, or 
the capitalist, when sorely pressed with his natural and moral 
obligation to contribute a portion of his means for the educa- 
tion of the young, replies, — either in form or in spirit, — " My 
lands, my machinery, my gold, and my silver, are mine ; may 
I not do what I will with my own ?" There is one supposa- 
ble case, and only one, where this argument would have plau- 
sibility. If it were made by an isolated, solitary being, — a 
being having no relations to a community around him, having 
no ancestors to whom he had been indebted for ninety-nine 
parts in every hundred of all he possesses, and expecting to 
leave no posterity after him, — it might not be easy to answer 
it. If there were but one family in this western hemisphere, 
and only one in the eastern hemisphere, and these two families 
bore no civil and social relations to each other, and were to be 
the first and last of the whole race, it might be difficult, except 
on very high and almost transcendental grounds, for either one 
of them to show good cause why the other should contribute 



25 

to help educate children not his own. And, perhaps, the force 
of the appeal for such an object, would be still further dimin- 
ished, if the nearest neighbor of a single family upon our planet 
were as far from the earth as Uranus or Sirius. In self-defence, 
or in selfishness, one might say to the other, " What are your 
fortunes to me ? You can neither benefit nor molest me. Let 
each of us keep to his own side of the planetary spaces." But 
is this the relation which any man amongst us sustains to his 
fellows ? In the midst of a populous community to which he 
is bound by innumerable ties, having had his own fortune and 
condition almost predetermined and foreordained by his prede- 
cessors, and being about to exert upon his successors as com- 
manding an influence as has been exerted upon himself, the 
objector can no longer shrink into his individuality, and dis- 
claim connection and relationship with the world at large. He 
cannot deny that there are thousands around him on whom he 
acts, and Avho are continually reacting upon him. The earth 
is much too small, or the race is far too numerous, to allow us 
to be hermits ; and, therefore, we cannot adopt either the phi- 
losophy or the morals of hermits. All have derived benefits 
from their ancestors, and all are bound, as by an oath, to trans- 
mit those benefits, even in an improved condition, to posterity. 
We may as well attempt to escape from our own personal iden- 
tity, as to shake off the threefold relation which we bear to 
others,— the relation of an associate with our contemporaries ; 
of a beneficiary of our ancestors ; of a guardian to those who, 
in the sublime order of Providence, are to succeed us. Out of 
these relations, manifest duties are evolved. The society of 
which we necessarily constitute a part, must be preserved ; and, 
in order to preserve it, we must not look merely to what one 
individual or one family needs, but to what the whole commu- 
nity needs ; not merely to what one generation needs, but to 
the wants of a succession of generations. To draw conclusions 
without considering these facts, is to leave out the most impor- 
tant part of the premises. 

A powerfully corroborating fact remains untouched. Though 
the earth and the beneficent capabilities with which it is en- 
dued belong in common to the race, yet we fimd that previous 
4 



26 

and present possessors have laid their hands upon the whole of 
it ; — have left no part of it unclaimed and unappropriated. 
They have circumnavigated the globe ; they have drawn lines 
across every habitable portion of it, and have partitioned 
amongst themselves, not only its whole area, or superficial 
contents, but have claimed it down to the centre, and up to 
the concave, — a great inverted pyramid for each proprietor, — 
so that not an unclaimed rood is left, either in the caverns be- 
low or in the aerial spaces above, where a new adventurer 
upon existence can take unresisted possession. They have en- 
tered into a solemn compact with each other, for the mutual 
defence of their respective allotments. They have created leg- 
islators, and judges, and executive officers, who denounce and 
inflict penalties even to the taking of life ; and they have or- 
ganized armed bands to repel aggression upon their claims. 
Indeed, so grasping and rapacious have mankind been, in this 
particular, that they have taken more than they could use, 
more than they could perambulate and survey, more than they 
could see from the top of the mast-head, or from the highest 
peak of the mountain. There was some limit to their physical 
power of taking possession, but none to the exorbitancy of 
their desires. Like robbers, who divide their spoils before 
they know whether they shall find a victim, men have 
claimed a continent while still doubtful of its existence, and 
spread out their title from ocean to ocean, before their most 
adventurous pioneers had ever seen a shore of the realms they 
coveted. The whole planet, then, having been appropriated, 
— there being no waste or open lands, from which the new 
generations may be supplied as they come into existence, — 
have not those generations the strongest conceivable claim 
upon the present occupants for that which is indispensable to 
their well-being ? They have more than a preemptive, they 
have a possessory right to some portion of the issues and profits 
of that general domain, all of which has been thus taken up 
and appropriated. A denial of this right by the present pos- 
sessors, is a breach of trust, — a fraudulent misuse of power 
given, and of confidence implied. On mere principles of polit- 
ical economy, it is folly ; on the broader principles of duty and 
morality, it is embezzlement. 



27 

It is not at all in contravention of this view of the subject, 
that the adult portion of society does take, and must take, 
upon itself, the control and management of all existing prop- 
erty, until the rising generation has arrived at the age of ma- 
jority. Nay, one of the objects of their so doing, is to preserve 
the rights of the generation which is still in its minority. So- 
ciety, to this extent, is only a trustee managing an estate for 
the benefit of a part-owner, or of one who has a reversionary 
interest in it. This civil regulation, therefore, made necessary 
even for the benefit of both present and future possessors, is 
only in furtherance of the great law under consideration. 

Coincident, too, with this great law, but in no manner super- 
seding or invalidating it, is that wonderful provision which the 
Creator has made for the care of offspring, in the affection of 
their parents. Heaven did not rely merely upon our percep- 
tions of duty towards our children, and our fidelity in its per- 
formance. A powerful, all-mastering instinct of love was 
therefore implanted in the parental, and especially in the ma- 
ternal breast, to anticipate the idea of duty, and to make duty 
delightful. Yet the great doctrine, founded upon the will of 
God, as made known to us in the natural order and relation of 
things, would still remain the same, though all this beautiful 
portion of our moral being, whence parental affection springs, 
were a void and a nonentity. Emphatically would the obli- 
gations of society remain the same for all those children who 
have been bereaved of parents ; or who, worse than bereave- 
ment, have only monster parents of intemperance, or cupidity, 
or of any other of those forms of vice that seem to suspend or 
to obliterate the law of love in the parental breast. For these, 
society is doubly bound to be a parent, and to exercise all that 
rational care and providence which a wise father would exer- 
cise for his own children. 

If the previous argument began with sound premises and 
has been logically conducted, then it has established this posi- 
tion, — that a vast portion of the present wealth of the world 
either consists in, or has been immediately derived from, those 
great natural substances and powers of the earth, which were 
bestowed by the Creator alike on all mankind,- or from the 



28 

discoveries, inventions, labors, and improvements of our ances- 
tors, which were alike designed for the common benefit of all 
their descendants. The question now arises. At what time is 
this wealth to be transferred from a preceding to a succeeding 
generation ? At what point are the latter to take possession of 
it, or to derive benefit from it, or at what time are the former 
to surrender it in their behalf? Is each existing generation, 
and each individual of an existing generation, to hold fast to 
his possessions until death relaxes his grasp ? or is something 
of the right to be acknowledged, and something of the benefit 
to be yielded, beforehand ? It seems too obvious for argument, 
that the latter is the only alternative. If the in-coming gener- 
ation have no rights until the out-going generation have actu- 
ally retired, then is every individual that enters the world liable 
to perish on the day he is born. According to the very consti- 
tution of things, each individual must obtain sustenance and 
succor, as soon as his eyes open in quest of light, or his lungs 
gasp for the first breath of air. His wants cannot be delayed 
until he himself can supply them. If the demands of his na- 
ture are ever to be answered, they must be answered years be- 
fore he can make any personal provision for them, either by 
the performance of any labor, or by any exploits of skill. The 
infant must be fed before he can earn his bread ; he must be 
clothed before he can prepare garments ; he must be protected 
from the elements before he can erect a dwelling ; and it is 
just as clear that he must be instructed before he can engage 
or reward a tutor. A course contrary to this, would be the 
destruction of the young, that we might rob them of their 
rightful inheritance. Carried to its extreme, it would be the 
act of Herod, seeking, in a general massacre, the life of one 
who was supposed to endanger his power. Here, then, the 
claims of the succeeding generation, not only upon the affec- 
tion and the care, but upon the property, of the preceding one, 
attach. God having given to the second generation as full and 
complete a right to the incomes and profits of the world, as he 
has given to the first, and to the third generation as full and 
complete a right as he has given to the second, and so on 
while the world stands, — it necessarily follows that children 



29 

must come into a partial and qualified possession of these 
rights, by the paramount law of nature, as soon as they are 
born. No human enactment can abolish or countervail this 
paramount and supreme law ; and all those positive and often 
arbitrary enactments of the civil code, by which, for the en- 
couragement of industry and frugality, the possessor of prop- 
erty is permitted to control it for a limited period after his 
decease, must be construed and executed in subservience to 
this sovereign and irrepealable ordinance of nature. 

Nor is this transfer always, or even generally, to be made in 
kind ; but according to the needs of the recipient. The recog- 
nition of this principle is universal. A guardian or trustee may 
possess lands, while the ward, or owner under the trust, may 
need money ; or the former may have money, while the latter 
need raiment or shelter. The form of the estate must be 
changed, if need be, and adapted to the wants of the receiver. 

The claim of a child, then, to a portion of preexistent prop- 
erty begins with the first breath he draws. The new-born in- 
fant must have sustenance, and shelter, and care. If the natural 
parents are removed, or parental ability fails, — in a word, if 
parents either cannot or will not supply the infant's wants, — 
then society at large, — the government, — having assumed to 
itself the ultimate control of all property, — is bound to step in 
and fill the parent's place. To deny this to any child, would 
be equivalent to a sentence of death, — a capital execution of 
the innocent, — at which every soul shudders. It would be a 
more cruel form of infanticide than any which is practised in 
China or in Africa. 

But to preserve the animal life of a child only, and there to 
stop, would be, — not the bestowment of a blessing, or the per- 
formance of a duty, — ^but the infliction of a fearful curse. A 
child has interests far higher than those of mere physical exist- 
ence. Better that the wants of the natural life should be dis- 
regarded than that the higher interests of the character should 
be neglected. If a child has any claim to bread to keep him 
from perishing, he has a far higher claim to knowledge to pre- 
serve him from error and its fearful retinue of calamities. If a 
child has any claim to shelter to protect him from the destroy- 



30 

ing elements, he has a far higher claim to be rescued from the 
infamy and perdition of vice and crime. 

All moralists agree, nay, all moralists maintain, that a man 
is as responsible for his omissions as for his commissions, — that 
he is as guilty of the wrong which he could have prevented, 
but did not, as for that which his own hand has perpetrated. 
They, then, who knowingly withhold sustenance from a new- 
born child, and he dies, are guilty of infanticide. And, by the 
same reasoning, they who refuse to enlighten the intellect of 
the rising generation, are guilty of degrading the human race. 
They who refuse to train up children in the way they should 
go, are training up incendiaries and madmen to destroy prop- 
erty and life, and to invade and pollute the sanctuaries of soci- 
ety. In a word, if the mind is as real and substantive a part 
of human existence as the body, then mental attributes, during 
the periods of infancy and childhood, demand provision at least 
as imperatively as bodily appetites. The time when these re- 
spective obligations attach, corresponds with the periods when 
the nurture, whether physical or mental, is needed. As the 
right of sustenance is of equal date with birth, so the right to 
intellectual and moral training begins at least as early as when 
children are ordinarily sent to school. At that time, then, by 
the irrepealable law of nature, every child succeeds to so much 
more of the property of the community as is necessary for his 
education. He is to receive this, not in the form of lands, or 
of gold and silver, but in the form of knowledge and a training 
to good habits. This is one of the steps in the transfer of 
property from a present to a succeeding generation. Human 
sagacity may be at fault in fixing the amount of property to 
be transferred, or the time when the transfer should be made, 
to a dollar or to an hour ; but certainly, in a republican gov- 
ernment, the obligation of the predecessors, and the right of 
the successors, extend to and embrace the means of such an 
amount of education as will prepare each individual to perform 
all the duties which devolve upon him as a man and a citizen. 
It may go further than this point; certainly, it cannot fall 
short of it. 

Under our political organization, the places and the pro- 



31 

cesses where this transfer is to be provided for, and its amount 
determined, are the district school meeting, the town meeting, 
legislative halls, and conventions for establishing or revising 
the fundamental laws of the state. If it be not done there, so- 
ciety is false to its high trusts ; and any community, whether 
national or state, that ventures to organize a government, or to 
administer a government already organized, without making 
provision for the free education of all its children, dares the 
certain vengeance of Heaven ; and, in the squalid forms of 
poverty and destitution, in the scourges of violence and mis- 
rule, in the heart-destroying corruptions of licentiousness and 
debauchery, and in political profligacy and legalized perfidy, — 
in all the blended and mutually aggravated crimes of civiliza- 
tion and of barbarism, will be sure to feel the terrible retribu- 
tions of its delinquency. 

I bring my argument on this point, then, to a close ; and I 
present a test of its validity, which, as it seems to me, defies 
denial or evasion. 

In obedience to the laws of God and to the laws of all civ- 
ilized communities, society is bound to protect the natural life 
of children ; and this natural life cannot be protected without 
the appropriation and use of a portion of the property which 
society possesses. We prohibit infanticide under penalty of 
death. We practice a refinement in this particular. The life 
of an infant is inviolable even before he is born ; and he who 
feloniously takes it, even before birth, is as subject to the ex- 
treme penalty of the law, as though he had struck down man- 
hood in its vigor, or taken away a mother by violence from 
the sanctuary of home, where she blesses her offspring. But 
why preserve the natural life of a child, why preserve unborn 
embryos of life, if we do not intend to watch over and to pro- 
tect them, and to expand their subsequent existence into use- 
fulness and happiness ? As individuals, or as an organized 
community, we have no natural right ; we can derive no au- 
thority or countenance from reason ; we can cite no attribute 
or purpose of the divine nature, for giving birth to any human 
being, and then inflicting upon that being the curse of igno- 
rance, of poverty, and of vice, with all their attendant calami- 



82 

ties. We are brought, then, to this startling but inevitable 
alternative. The natural life of an infant should be extin- 
guished as soon as it is born, or the means should be provided 
to save that life from being a curse to its possessor ; and, there- 
fore, every state is morally bound to enact a code of laws le- 
galizing and enforcing infanticide, or a code of laws establish- 
ing Free Schools ! 

The three following propositions, then, describe the broad 
and ever-during foundation on which the Common School sys- 
tem of Massachusetts reposes : — 

The successive generations of men, taken collectively, con- 
stitute one great commonwealth. 

The property of this commonwealth is pledged for the edu- 
cation of all its youth, up to such a point as will save them 
from poverty and vice, and prepare them for the adequate per- 
formance of their social and civil duties. 

The successive holders of this property are trustees, bound 
to the faithful execution of their trust, by the most sacred obli- 
gations ; and embezzlement and pillage from children and de- 
scendants have not less of criminality, and have more of mean- 
ness, than the same offences when perpetrated against contem- 
poraries. 

Recognizing these eternal principles of natural ethics, the 
Constitution of Massachusetts, — the fundamental law of the 
state, — after declaring, (among other things,) in the preamble 
to the first section of the fifth chapter, that " the encourage- 
ment of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the 
honor of GOD, the advantage of the Christian religion, and 
the great benefit of this and the other United States of Amer- 
ica," proceeds, in the second section of the same chapter, to set 
forth the duties of all future legislators and magistrates, in the 
following noble and impressive language : — 

" Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused gener- 
ally among the body of the people, being necessary for the 
preservation of their rights and liberties ; and as these depend 
on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in 
the various parts of the country, and among the different or- 
ders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and mag- 



33 

istrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish 
the interests of literature and the sciences, and all semina- 
ries of them ; especially the University of Cambridge, Public 
Schools, and Grammar Schools in the towns ; to encourage 
private societies and public institutions, rewards and immuni- 
ties, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, 
trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country ; to 
countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and gen- 
eral benevolence, public and private charity, industry and fru- 
gality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings ; sincerity, 
good humor, and all social aflfections, and generous sentiments 
among the people." See also Rev. St., ch. 23, *§> 7. 

I now proceed to give an account of existing legal enact- 
ments for the organization and administration of the Massachu- 
setts School System. In giving this account, I may have occa- 
sion to point out some imperfections ; but, on the whole, it is 
truly surprising that our ancestors, without experience and 
without precedent, should have devised a system so perfect in 
its organic principles, so well suited to their own purposes, and, 
at the same time, so expansive as to be capable of easy adap- 
tation to an advancing state of society. 

For more convenient reference, specific provisions and ex- 
planations will be numbered as distinct sections. 

TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF MASSACHUSETTS, FOR SCHOOL 

PURPOSES. 

1. Authorities differ in regard to the area of Massachusetts. 
The extremes, I believe, are 7250 square miles, and 8200.* 
This area is divided, territorially, into three hundred and four- 
teen towns or cities." Each town and city is a body politic 
and corporate, required by law, among many other municipal 
duties, to provide one or more schools for the free admission 
and free education of all its children. The towns and cities 
vary greatly in population and extent of territory. Boston, in 
1845, had a population of 114,366; Hull, according to the 

* The following Table, exhibiting the areas of the several States and Territories of the 
United States, in square miles and acres, was prepared in the Land Office at Washington, 
and published in 1849 :— 

5 



34 

last United States census, had a population of 231 only. Ac- 
cording to Hay ward, the superficial extent of the town of 
Middleborough is one hundred and sixty-eight and three fourths 
square miles ; that of Newburyport, one square mile only. But, 



ACRES. 

22,400,000 

6,139,200 

5,120,000 

4,640,000 

768,000 

3,040,000 

29,440,000 

4,384,640 

30,080,000 

25,576,960 

21^637,760 

35,459,200 

35,995,520 

32,584,960 

34,511,360 



FREE STATES 




SQ,. MILES 


Maine, . 


35,000 


New Hampshire, 


8,030 


Vermont, 


8,000 


Massachusetts, 


7,250 


Rhode Island, 


1,200 


Connecticut, . 


4,750 


New York, . 


46,000 


New Jersey, . 


6,851 


Pennsylvania, 


47,000 


Ohio, . 


39,964 


Indiana, 


33,809 


Illinois, 


55,405 


Michigan, 


56,243 


Iowa, . 


50,914 


Wisconsin, . 


53,924 


Total, 


454,340 



SLAVE STATES. 






SQ. MILES 


ACRES. 


Delaware, 


2,120 


1,356,800 


Maryland, 


11,000 


7,040,000 


Virginia, 


61,352 


39,265,280 


North Carolina, 


45,500 


29,120,000 


South Carolina, 


28,000 


17,920,000 


Georgia, 


58,000 


37,120,000 


Kentucky, 




37,680 


24,115,200 


Tennessee, 




44,000 


28,160,000 


Louisiana, 




46,431 


29,715,840 


Mississippi, 




47,147 


30,174,080 


Alabama, 




50,722 


32,462,080 


Missouri, 




67,380 


43,123,200 


Arkansas, 




52,198 


33,406,720 


Florida, 




59,268 


37,931,520 


Texas, (if boundec 


I 




by Rio Grande, 


325,520 


208,332,800 


District of Co 


lumb 


ia, 50 


32,000 



Total, 



936,368 599,275,520 



Territory north and west of Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. 



Bounded north by 49° north latitude ; east, by Mississippi River ; 
south, by the slate of Iowa and Platte River, emd west by 
the Rocky Mountains, 723,248 

Indian Territor3-, situated west of Arkansas and Missouri, and 
south of Platte River, 248,851 

Old Northwest Territory, balance remaining east of Missis- 
sippi River, and northwest of Wisconsin, .... 22,336 

Oregon Territory west of Rocky Mountains, .... 341,463 



ACRES. 

462,878,720 

159,264,640 

14,295,040 
218,536,320 



Total of old territory not organized into States, 



California, . 
New Mexico, 



1,335,898 854,974,720 

MILES. ACRES. 

448,691 287,162,240 

77,387 49,527,680 



Total, 



526,078 336,689,920 



Grand Aggregate. 



Total in Free States, , 
Total in Slave States, 



SQUARE MILES. ACRES. 

454,340 290,777,600 
936,368 699,275,520 



Total in States, 1,390,708 890,053,120 

Total, old territory, 1,335,898 854,974,720 

Total, new territory, . . . 526,078 336,689,920 



Total, 3,252,684 2,081,717,760 



35 

greater or less, each town is indictable and punishable, if it 
does'not maintain one or more schools. St. 1839, ch. 56, <§> 1. 
Revised Statutes, ch. 23, *5' 60. The law fixes the minimum, 
but not the maximum, of schooling. 

In regard to this statutory and peremptory requisition to 
maintain a school, it is observable that the law is superseded, 
or has become obsolete, in an extraordinary way. There are 
but two towns in the State which do not voluntarily tax them- 
selves for an amount of schooling many times greater than the 
law requires. One of these excepted towns supports its schools 
with the income of a fund received by donation ; and the 
population of the other town is so small that it has no occa- 
sion for more than one school ; and, therefore, the length of 
the year will not allow it to transcend the law so much as it 
doubtless otherwise would. In this respect, the towns are like 
a righteous man, who acts from a higher motive than a legal 
mandate ; — who does right because it is right, and has no 
occasion to think of penalties as restraints from wrong. 

2. All children, residing within the limits for which the 
above-mentioned schools are respectively established, have the 
right of free admission to them. The law does not specify 
any age, below which the right of attending the Public School 
does not attach, or above which, it ceases. The power of de- 
termining these questions is supposed to belong to the school 
committees of the respective towns. As a matter of fact, 
children of a very tender age are sometimes sent to school, 
without objection ; and, in some parts of the State, it is no 
uncommon thing to find young men and women, from twenty 
to twenty-five years of age, still participating in the benefits 
of the Public School. St. 1849, ch. 117, <§. 4. 

3. Besides schools for children, each city or town may ap- 

MILES. 

Length of the Atlantic Coast to the mouth of St. Mary's River, . . . 1,450 

From mouth of St. Mary's River to Cape of Florida, 450 

Gulf Coast to mouth of the Sabiue River, 1,200 

Total, 3,100 

Those states where the public lands are situated, are generally exclusive of lakes, ponds, 
&c. Marshes are estimated. 
The territories include such waters as are interior. 



36 

propriate such further sums of money as it may deem expe- 
dient, for the support of schools for the instruction of adults^ 
in reading, writing, EngHsh grammar, arithmetic, and geogra- 
phy. St. 1847, ch. 137, <§. 1. 

4. Such moneys are to be assessed, levied, collected, and 
paid into the treasury, in the same manner as other city or 
town taxes are ; and are then at the disposal of the school 
committee of the city or town, and to be expended by them, 
for the purpose above-mentioned, in such manner as they may 
deem expedient. lb. *§> 2. 

5. It is left optional with each town either to subdivide its 
territory into school districts, or to administer its schools in its 
corporate capacity, and without any such subdivision. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, <§> 24. As a matter of fact, most towns are sub- 
divided into districts. A portion of the towns maintain their 
schools without any such territorial subdivision. 

As a general fact, the schools in undistricted towns are 
greatly superior to those in districted towns ; — and for obvious 
reasons. The first class of towns, — the undistricted, — provide 
all the schoolhouses, and, through the agency of the school 
committee, employ all the teachers. If one good schoolhouse 
is provided for any section of the town, all the other sections, 
having contributed their respective portions of the expense to 
erect the good house, will demand one equally good for them- 
selves ; and the equity of such a demand is so obvious, that it 
cannot be resisted. If, on the other hand, each section were 
a separate district, and bound for the whole expense of a new 
house, if it should erect one, it would be tempted to continue 
an old house, long after it had ceased to be comfortable ; and 
indeed, as experience has too often and sadly proved, long 
after it has ceased to be tenan table. So, too, in undistricted 
towns, we never see the painful, anti-republican contrast of 
one school, in one section, kept all the year round, by a teacher 
who receives a hundred dollars a month, while, in another 
section of the same town, the school is kept on the minimum 
principle, both as to time and price, and, of course, yielding 
only a minimum amount of benefit, — to say nothing of proba- 
ble and irremediable evils that it may inflict. In regard to 



37 

supervision, also, if the school committee are responsible for 
the condition of all the schools, they are constrained to visit 
all alike, to care for all alike, and, as far as possible, to aim, in 
all, at the production of equal results ; because any partiality 
or favoritism will be rebuked at the ballot-box. In undis- 
tricted towns, therefore, three grand conditions of a prosperous 
school, — ^viz., a good house, a good teacher, and vigilant su- 
perintendence, — are secured by motives which do not operate, 
or operate to a very limited extent, in districted towns. Under 
the non-districting system, it is obvious that each section of a 
town will demand, at least, an equal degree of accommodation 
in the house, of talent in the teacher, and of attention in the 
committee ; and, should any selfish feelings be indulged, it is 
some consolation to reflect that they too will be harnessed to 
the car of improvement. 

I consider the law of 1789, the germ of which may be 
found in the Province Law of 8 Geo. 1, ch. 1, (Anc. Ch., p. 
666,) authorizing towns to divide themselves into districts, the 
most unfortunate law, on the subject of Common Schools, 
ever enacted in the State. During the last few years, several 
towns have abolished their districts, and assumed the adminis- 
tration of the schools in their corporate capacity ; and I learn, 
from the reports of school committees, and from other sources, 
that many other towns are contemplating the same reform. 

6. In order to constitute legal school districts, the whole ter- 
ritory of a town must be divided. The several districts must 
also be set off by metes and bounds. It is not sufficient to 
assign certain individuals by name, with their families, to a 
district. The town must be divided geographically. 12 Pick- 
ering's Rep. 206, Perry v. Dover. 7 lb. 106, Withington v. 
Eveleth. But if certain individuals named, with their polls 
and estates, are assigned to a district, it will be valid. The 
assignment of estates will carry the real estate of the persons 
named. It is not necessary that the district should be included 
within cotitinuous geographical lines. 7 Metcalfs Rep. 218, 
Alden v. Roundsville. Probably a large number of towns in 
the State, which carryVn their schools on the district system, 
will be found, should any litigation arise, not to be legally 
districted. 



38 

The number of different districts, or schools, — for some dis- 
tricts have more than one school, and some towns are not dis- 
tricted, — in the State, during the school year 1848-9, was 
3,748. Taking the whole area of the State at 8,200 square 
miles, this gives, on an average, two ^^-fths square miles to a 
district or school, — a fraction more than two miles and one 
fifth. But there are in the State 955,283^ acres of unimproved 
lands; and 360,278 1 acres which are unimprovable; so that 
there is, upon an average, about one school to every two 
square miles of improved land, in the State. 

7. Two or more contiguous school districts, in adjoining 
towns, may, with the consent of each district, and of the re- 
spective towns to which they belong, unite and form one dis- 
trict. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§.'§> 49, 50. They may separate by a 
vote of the united district and of the towns. lb. "^51. See 
post, under the head of " Cotitiguous School Districts in ad- 
joining Towns" 

8. Any two or more contiguous districts may associate to- 
gether and form a Union District, for the purpose of maintain- 
ing a Union School, to be kept for the benefit of the older 
children of such associated districts, if the inhabitants of each 
of such districts shall, at legal meetings called for the purpose, 
agree to form such union by a vote of two thirds of the legal 
voters of each district, present and voting thereon. St. 1839, 
ch. 56, <§> 2. St. 1838, ch. 189, <§> 1. These acts were passed 
to facilitate the classification of scholars. If two districts have 
seventy-five scholars each, of all the various ages admitted to 
the schools, each will maintain its school under almost paralyz- 
ing disadvantages. Each will have a great number of studies, 
and a great number of classes ; — of course, there will be but 
little time for each class ; and a teacher most eligible for the 
large scholars may be very unfit for the small ones, and vice 
versa. But by forming a union district, each can send twenty- 
five of its more advanced pupils to a union school, to be taught 
by a male, and retain the other fifty, to be taught by females. 
Thus three schools of proper size would be formed, which 
could be maintained for as small a sum as the two original 
ones would cost ; and, as every teacher well knows, could be 



39 

taught with threefold the efficiency. Should a larger number 
of districts, or districts containing a larger number of scholars, 
be united, the benefits would be proportionably enhanced. 
See post, under the head of " Union School DistrictsJ'^ 

9. Any two adjacent towns, neither of which has more than 
two thousand inhabitants, may form themselves into one High 
School District, for establishing a school where the more ad- 
vanced branches of knowledge may be taught, whenever a 
majority of the citizens of each town, in meetings called for 
the purpose, shall so determine. St. 1848, ch. 279, *§> 1- See 
post, under the head of ^^ High Schools for adjacent Towns.^^ 

10. Two districts of an anomalous character exist in the 
State, each of which was created by a special act of incorpo- 
ration obtained from the Legislature. Unlike other districts, 
these chartered ones have power to tax themselves for the gen- 
eral support of schools. They have, in this respect, the same 
power that towns have. For school purposes, each one is a 
town within a town. The establishment of such districts is 
contrary to the general policy of the State ; and though sev- 
eral efforts have been made, within a few years past, for the 
creation of similar districts in other towns, they have been 
unsuccessful. The objection urged against these applications 
is briefly this : — If the populous and wealthy part of a town 
has power to tax itself for the support of schools, the strongest 
motive to make common cause loith the whole town, for the 
same object, is taken away. The privileged part of the town 
can have the best of schools, though all the residue of it 
should have the poorest. The incorporated portion may have 
the preponderance in respect to wealth, and a majority of the 
voters. If so, the rest of the town would be at their mercy, 
and would be obliged to accept such schools as their charity 
would grant. The incorporated part, having incurred the 
expense of providing for its own schools, must be actuated by 
very high motives, to do for others as it had done for itself. 
The whole host of selfish impulses would be arrayed against a 
compliance with this great law of Christian ethics. On the 
other hand, if the affluent and educated portion of the town 
can move no faster than its neighboring districts move ; if the 



40 

condition of its own improvement is, that the neighboring dis- 
tricts shall be improved also ; then, whether animated by inter- 
ested or disinterested motives, it must labor for the advance- 
ment of others that it may secure its own. 

This division of the State into towns, school districts, con- 
tiguous school districts in adjoining towns, union districts, and 
high school districts for adjacent towns, — with the two incor- 
porated districts last mentioned, — includes the whole territorial 
organisation of the Commonwealth, for school purposes. 

DUTY OF TOWNS TO MAINTAIN SCHOOLS. 

11. Each town in the State, however small may be its terri- 
tory, its wealth, or its population, must maintain, in each year, 
one school, for the term of six months, or two or more schools 
for terms of time that shall together be equivalent to six 
months. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 1. St. 1839, ch. 56, <§> 1. 

12. In every town containing one hundred families or house- 
holders, there must be kept, in each year, one school for the 
term of twelve months, or two or more schools for terms of 
time that shall together be equivalent to twelve months. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, '^ 2. 

13. In every town containing one hundred and fifty families 
or householders, there must be kept, in each year, two schools 
for nine months each, or three or more schools for terms of 
time that shall together be equivalent to eighteen months. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 3. 

14. In every town containing five hundred families or house- 
holders, there must be kept, in each year, two schools for 
twelve months each, or three or more schools for terms of time 
that shall together be equivalent to twenty-four months. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, <§> 4. 

15. It is required that, in each of the above-mentioned 
schools, a teacher be employed whose morals are good, and 
who is competent to instruct children in orthography, reading, 
writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, and good 
behavior. Rev. St., ch. 23, ^^ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 

16. Every town containing five hundred families or house- 
holders, must, besides the schools above mentioned, maintain 



41 

a school, to be kept by a master of competent ability and good 
morals, who shall, in addition to the branches of learning be- 
fore mentioned, give instruction in the history of the United 
States, book-keeping, surveying, geometry, and algebra; and 
such last mentioned school must be kept for the benefit of all 
the inhabitants of the town, ten months at least, exclusive of 
vacations, in each year ; and at such convenient place, or alter- 
nately at such places, in the town, as the said inhabitants at 
their annual meeting shall determine ; and in every town con- 
taining four thousand inhabitants, the said master shall, in 
addition to all the branches of instruction which have been 
above enumerated for both classes of schools, be competent to 
instruct in the Latin and Greek languages, general history, 
rhetoric and logic. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 5. 

17. The two last mentioned schools must be kept for the 
benefit of the whole town. It is not sufficient to establish 
such a school for the benefit of one part of the town only. 
16 Mass. Rep. 141, Com^nonwealth v. Dedham. 

IS. To constitute such a school within the meaning of the 
law, the teacher must not only be qualified, as the law pro- 
vides, but must be engaged to teach a school of that descrip- 
tion, and the school must be duly regulated as to the admission 
of scholars. lb. 

19. In every school in the Commonwealth, containing fifty 
or more scholars, as the average number, the school district, or 
town, to which such school belongs, must employ a female 
assistant or assistants, unless such school district or town shall, 
at a meeting regularly called for the purpose, vote to dispense 
with the same. St. 1839, ch. 56, "^ 1. 

The above are all the provisions of the law which are obli- 
gatory upon towns, and which can be enforced by penalties, in 
regard to the length of schools which the towns must provide, 
the qualifications of the teachers they must employ, and the 
number of branches which must be respectively taught therein. 

20. Any town containing less than five hundred families or 
householders may establish and maintain a school, for the ben- 
efit of all the inhabitants of the town, for such term of time 

6 



42 

in any year, or in each year, as they may deem expedient, in 
which school, instruction shall be given in the history of the 
United States, book-keeping, surveying, geometry, and algebra. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 6. See the next section. 

21. For the purpose of carrying into execution the above 
requirements of the law, it is expressly provided that " towns," 
(and by a general provision of law, the word " towns" in- 
cludes "cities" also, unless the latter are expressly excepted,) 
" shall have power to grant and vote such sums of money as 
they shall judge necessary for the following [among many 
other] purposes : — 

" For the support of town schools." Rev. St., ch. 15, «§> 12. 
See also Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 9. 

It was for a long time a debated question, whether, under 
this general authority given to towns, " to grant and vote such 
sums of money as they shall judge necessary for the support 
of schools," they could " grant and vote" any more money 
than would be sufficient to maintain the grades of schools 
specified, and for the length of time specified, in the law, — 
that is, whether their poiver were limited by their obligation. 
This question has, at last, "been carried to the Supreme Court 
of the State, and determined by it ; and it is now decided by 
the highest judicial tribunal in the Commonwealth, that the 
statute only expresses the minimum of time and of quality, 
below which the schools shall never be suffered to fall, but 
that it allows any town to rise as high above this lowest limit, 
as, in its discretion, fairly and honestly exercised, it may deem 
best. This conclusion was deemed to be a fair inference from 
the language of the law, confirmed by long-continued usage, 
and demanded by the necessities of a republican government. 
Jolui N. Cushing v. Inhabitants of Newbury port ^ 10 Met- 
calfs Rep. 508. 

In the above case, the town of Newburyport, which had 
raised money for the support of all the schools required by 
law, and had supported them, also raised money to support, 
and did support, a female high school for the purpose of teach- 
ing book-keeping, algebra, geometry, history, rhetoric, mental 
moral, and natural philosophy, botany, the Latin and French 



43 

languages, and other higher branches of knowledge than were 
taught in the grammar schools of the town. The court held 
this to be a town school, within the meaning of the Revised 
Statutes, and that the money for its support could be legally 
raised by tax. lb. 

The schools of Massachusetts, therefore, are not merely /ree, 
but the towns have a right to make them as good, as long, and 
as numerous, as, in the exercise of an honest discretion, they 
may deem expedient. 

22. Each town holds one or more annual meetings. These 
meetings are called a?inual because the law requires that they 
shall be held on some one of certain specified days, each year. 
Of all these meetings, due notice must be given by a public, 
official document, called a " warrant." Every male citizen, of 
twenty-one years of age and upwards, (excepting paupers and 
persons under guardianship,) who has resided in the State one 
year, and within the town, in which he may claim a right to 
vote, six months next preceding any meeting for the transac- 
tion of town affairs, and who shall have paid, by himself or 
his parent, master, or guardian, any state or county tax, which 
shall, within two years next preceding such meeting, have 
been assessed upon him in any town ; and also, every citizen 
who shall be by law exempted from taxation, and who shall, 
in all other respects, be qualified as aforesaid, is a legally quali- 
fied voter upon all questions concerning town affairs ; and, of 
course, upon all questions concerning schools and school com- 
mittees. Rev. St., ch. 15, §17; 11 Pick. 538. 

23. On the day appointed the voters assemble. The article 
in the warrant, relative to the raising of money for the support 
of schools, comes up in its order for the consideration and 
action of the town. A specific sum must be proposed, and any 
voter has a right to name the sum he wishes to have raised. 
If any other voter deems it either too high or too low, he may 
propose to modify the original proposition. The whole subject 
of Public Education is thus thrown open. The liberal, the 
public-spirited, those who see in our Public School system the 
great upholding principle of all our institutions, and the means 
of advancing the civilization of the race, — who see in it both 



44 

the conservative and the progressive principle of society, — will 
advocate a generous appropriation. Others, who are actuated by 
opposite motives, if such there are, will contend for a reduction 
of the grant to the lowest possible amount. On the one side, 
the duty of a people to educate its children ; their right to so 
much of the property of the community as is necessary for 
such an object ; the relation of education, on the one hand, to 
crime and pauperism, to superstition and violence, and, on the 
other, to individual dignity and happiness, to social prosperity 
and renown, to the ability of the people to read and interpret 
the Scriptures for themselves, and to learn more of the attri- 
butes of God from a knowledge of his works ; — all these and 
every other consideration which legitimately appertains to the 
subject, may be adduced and expounded ; while all the argu- 
ments, and pretexts, and sophistries, which cupidity, and nar- 
row-mindedness, and an aristocratic feeling dare to set forth, 
may be advanced on the other. Every man who has a right 
to vote, has a right to speak. When the discussion has closed, 
— which has sometimes lasted for days, — the vote is taken. 
The will of the majority decides the question. If exercised in 
good faith, there is no earthly tribunal that can reverse the de- 
cision. The vote is recorded. The amount is certified to the 
assessors, is levied upon the inhabitants, and collected from 
them, in the same manner as all other town taxes are levied 
and collected. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 9. 

Thus annually, in these primary meetings, the great vital 
principles on which society is organized are subject to be 
brought under review, in the presence of the whole people. 
The claims of the future upon the present, the duty of parents 
towards children, of ancestors to posterity, may be rehearsed 
or discussed anew, with every returning year. 

It is obvious, that, in a free government, the cause of Popu- 
lar Education cannot advance without a corresponding ad- 
vancement of the people. Hence, he who would improve the 
schools must enlighten the public. The work is slow, like 
the uprising of a coralline rock from the bottom of the ocean ; 
but when it has once spread out its broad foundations and 
reached the surface, it will defy the tempests and billows of 



45 

popular commotion ; for nothing but some great catastrophe of 
nature can upheave or overwhelm it. 

When collected, the school money is deposited in the hands 
of the town treasurer. 

24. In all towns whose territory is divided into districts, an 
important question now arises, respecting the principles on 
which the money shall be apportioned among them. The 
authority to apportion the money is vested exclusively in the 
towns. It is doubtful whether any other power, so important 
and so liable to abuse, has ever been conferred upon a munici- 
pal corporation, without some right of appeal or redress, in 
case of mal-administration. 

The circumstances of the districts are exceedingly various. 
Some contain but half a dozen scholars ; others as many hun- 
dreds. Some have only a few small and poor farms ; in others, 
there is a concentration of wealth. Hence, in a town con- 
taining a dozen districts, it often happens that a majority of 
them pay but a small portion of the school tax, while the resi- 
due of it is principally derived from a few of the rest. It is 
obvious, therefore, that no specific rule can be devised for cases 
so various. This is probably the reason why the law has sub- 
mitted all questions, relative to the distribution of the school 
money among the districts, to the towns respectively. The 
manner of distribution has been quite as various as the circum- 
stances which the towns have had to consult. In some cases, 
where no striking inequalities existed in the condition of the 
districts, the money has been equally distributed among them. 
In other cases, one third, one half, two thirds, three fourths, or 
some other fractional part, has been divided equally among the 
districts, and the residue, according to the number of children 
they respectively contained, between the ages of 4 and 16 
years ; or between the ages of 4 and 21. In some, the divis- 
ion has been made according to the number of heads of fami- 
lies in each district ; and, in others, according to the number 
of houses in each ! Devices have been innumerable, and, for 
want of recognizing a natural standard, the most arbitrary ones 
have been adopted. Public attention had never been called to 
this subject, until the year 1844. In that year, the basis of 



46 

distribution, adopted by the several towns in the State, was 
ascertained and published. (See Eighth Annual Report of the 
Board of Education, pp. 79-97, and 7th volume Common 
School Journal, pp. 102-114.) There is reason to fear that, 
in many cases, an equitable principle of distribution has not 
been applied. The stronger districts, being able to out-vote 
the weaker, have sometimes assigned to themselves the lion's 
share. The principle of distribution advocated in that Report 
was, the bestowment of equal school privileges upon all the 
children in the town, whether they chanced to belong to a large 
district or to a small one, to a rich district or to a poor one. 

The amount and quality of education which a child should 
receive from the town of its nativity or residence, should not 
depend upon his being born or having his home on one side or 
the other of a school district boundary, arbitrarily drawn. The 
republican and the Christian doctrine is, — the bestowment of 
equal privileges upon all, and then let the fortunes of each 
individual depend upon the use which he makes of the privi- 
leges bestowed. 

25. We have now arrived at a point in the order of proceed- 
ings, where the money for the current expenses of the schools 
has been voted by the town, collected, and deposited in the 
town treasury, and the principles which are to regulate its dis- 
tribution have been made known. But this money may not 
have been designed to cover all the expenses incident to the 
support of the schools. In cases where the towns are dis- 
tricted, it is specifically restricted to the three following items : — 
the wages of teachers, the board of teachers, and fuel for the 
schools. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. 

A suitable house must be provided, in which the school may 
be kept, and the house must be properly furnished for the con- 
venience of teacher and scholars. 

26. When a town is not divided into districts, the duty of 
erecting and furnishing schoolhouses must be performed by the 
town in its corporate capacity. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 24. 

27. And even when a town chooses to divide itself into dis- 
tricts, it may still, in its corporate capacity, erect, own, and 



47 

furnish all the schoolhouses, and retain the control over them. 
Rev. St., oh. 23, <§,^ 32, 28. 

28. When a town which has been districted wishes either 
to abolish its districts, or to resume its right of ownership and 
control over the schoolhouses, a convenient and equitable mode 
of proceeding is, for the town to cause an appraisement of the 
value of all the existing schoolhouses to be made, to levy a 
tax sufficient for the erection of new ones, in all the districts, 
and then to remit to the tax-payers of each of the districts a 
proportion of the tax equal to the value of its house. In this 
way, all the houses become the common property of the town, 
and if any district has just provided itself with a suitable 
building, it is exempted from a further assessment ; it pays its 
tax by surrendering its house. 

I now proceed to consider the important subject of 

SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

29. These are formed by the town, — the voters in each dis- 
trict having no further power, in giving them shape or extent, 
than that which they possess as voters in the town. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, «§, 24. 

A town has authority to alter the limits of all its school 
districts, or of any of them. 15 Pick. 35, Allen v. Westport ; 
4 Mass. 534, Richards v. Daggett. 

30. But no town can be districted anew, for school pur- 
poses, so as to change the taxation of lands of proprietors, into 
districts using different schoolhouses, oftener than once in ten 
years. St. 1849, ch. 206. 

Where districts exist, it is apparent that they must be in- 
vested with certain powers, by which they can perform their 
duties and protect their rights. 

31. In Massachusetts, each school district is a body corpo- 
rate. It can prosecute or defend, in any action relating to the 
property or affairs of the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 57. 

32. Individual members of a district, however, have no right 
to appear and be heard in defence of an action against the 
district, on the ground that they have an interest in the re- 



48 

suit. Lane v. School District in Weymouth, 10 Metcalfs 
Rep. 462. 

33. A district has power, as a corporation, to take and hold, 
in fee simple or otherwise, any estate, real or personal, which 
may be given to it, or purchased by it, for the support of a 
school or schools in the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 58. 

34. The inhabitants of any school district, qualified to vote 
in town affairs, may, at any meeting legally called for the pur- 
pose, raise money for erecting or repairing schoolhouses in 
their respective districts ; for purchasing or hiring any build- 
ings to be used as schoolhouses, and land for the use and 
accommodation thereof ; and for purchasing fuel, furniture, or 
other necessary articles for the use of schools ; they may also 
determine in what part of their respective districts such school- 
houses shall stand, and may choose any committee to carry 
into effect the provisions aforesaid. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 28. 

Every school district must be organized, — that is, it must 
have a class of officers by whom its records can be made, kept, 
and authenticated, and who can execute its legally expressed 
will. 

35. Where, however, an action was brought in the name 
of a school district which was not duly organized, and while 
the action was pending, the district organized itself legally, 
and ratified the prosecution of the action, the ratification was 
held to be valid and effectual, and the action was sustained. 
Stoneham v. Richardson, 23 Pick. 62. 

36. The selectmen of all towns, divided into school districts, 
and the prudential committees of all such districts, upon appli- 
cation made to them, respectively, in writing, by three or more 
residents in any district, who pay taxes, must issue their war- 
rant directed to one of the persons making such application, 
requiring him to warn the inhabitants of such district, who are 
qualified to vote in town affairs, to meet at such time and place 
in said district, as shall be expressed in the warrant. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, <§, 46. 

37. The warning above described must be given seven days 
at least before the time appointed for the meeting, and it must 
be either by personal notice to every voter in the district, or 



49 

by leaving at his last and usual place of abode a written notifi- 
cation, expressing therein the time, place, and purpose of the 
meeting. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 47. 

38. After a district meeting has been once legally called, and 
the district organized, the voters may, at any regular meeting, 
having an article in the warrant for the purpose, prescribe the 
mode of warning all future meetings of the district. They 
may also direct by whom, and in what manner, such meetings 
shall be called. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 48. 

It is a general principle that no business can be legally trans- 
acted in any meeting, of which due notice has not been given 
by the insertion of an article in the warrant, calling the same. 
10 Pick. 543, Little v. Merrill. 

39. But where an application for calling a meeting of a 
school district contained, in precise and enumerated articles, 
the objects of the meeting, and such application was annexed 
to the warrant for calling the meeting, and the person, to whom 
the warrant Avas addressed, was therein directed to warn the 
inhabitants of the district to meet for the purpose of acting on 
the articles named in such annexed application, it was held 
that those articles were a part of the warrant, as effectually 
as if embodied in it. George v. School District in Mendon, 
6 Metcalf's Rep. 497. 

40. So, in the case of Alden v. Ronnsville, 7 Metcalf's Rep. 
218, the following article was inserted in the warrant : — '' To 
act any thing in relation to the limits of school districts, that 
the town may see cause." When the town came to act on 
this article, a petition from the inhabitants of four school dis- 
tricts was presented, and the town voted to refer the whole 
subject to the selectmen. At an adjourned meeting, the select- 
men made a report, recommending that said four districts be 
formed into three only ; and their report was recommitted to 
them " to divide said districts." In the warrant for a subse- 
quent town meeting, were the following articles : — " To hear 
all reports of committees, and act thereon ;" " to act any thing 
in relation to the limits of school districts, or relating to indi- 
viduals or parts of districts, who may wish to be set off from 
one district to another," &c. It was held, that these articles 

7 



50 

were sufficient to authorize the town at the last meeting to 
accept the report of the selectmen making three districts out of 
said four, and to establish those three districts. 

41. But at a meeting of a school district, duly called by a 
warrant of the selectmen "to choose a district committee, and 
to act on other business that may be thought necessary," it 
was voted that future meetings should be warned by the clerk 
of the district ; and, at a future meeting so warned, a sum of 
money was voted to be raised, which was afterwards assessed 
by the assessors of the town. The court held that the vote 
at the first meeting, authorizing the clerk to warn future meet- 
ings, was invalid, as there was no article in the selectmen's 
warrant concerning the calling of future meetings, and there- 
fore the subsequent meeting, and the grant and assessment of 
the money, were illegal. The clause " to act on other busi- 
ness that may be thought necessary," was not sufficiently 
specific. Little v. Merrill, 10 Pick. 543. 

42. A freeholder, to whom a warrant was directed for call- 
ing a school district meeting, returned thereon that " he had 
warned all the legal voters" in the district "to meet at the 
time and place and for the purposes within mentioned." It 
was held that the return was defective in not specifying how 
notice was given, or how long before the time of the meeting. 
Perry v. Dover, 12 Pick. 206. 

43. But the return of a person to whom a warrant was 
directed to warn a meeting of the inhabitants of a school dis- 
trict, pursuant to the statute of 1799, ch. 66, <§> 4, certifying 
that he had warned the inhabitants of the district in the man- 
ner required by the statute, was held to be conclusive evidence 
of the fact, in an action against the assessors for assessing a 
tax voted to be raised at such meeting. Saxton v. Nimms, 
14 Mass. 315. 

44. It is the first duty of the qualified voters, after having 
been legally warned, and having assembled, to choose a mod- 
erator. They must then choose a clerk. The clerk must be 
sworn to the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, by 
the moderator, in open meeting, or by a justice of the peace. 
When qualified by taking the oath of office, the clerk must 



51 

make a fair record of all votes passed at the meeting, and cer- 
tify the same when required. The clerk is to hold his office 
until another is chosen and sworn in his stead. Rev. St., ch. 
23, <^ 27. 

45. The clerk of a school district is liable only for a want 
of integrity on his part. Should the district pass any illegal 
vote for raising money by tax, the district is itself liable for 
the illegality of its proceedings ; but if the clerk has certified 
truly, to the assessors of the town, the votes of the district, he 
is not liable. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 29. 

46. In a book of records of a school district, it did not 
appear that, at a certain meeting, there was an election of a 
prudential committee ; and another record was introduced, 
which the clerk of the district testified contained a true record 
of the meeting, and in which the election of such a committee 
was entered. He further testified that both these records were 
made by him, soon after the meeting, from loose memoranda 
put on paper at the time of the meeting. It was held that the 
election of the committee was duly proved, the records not 
being contradictory, and both being originals, and the one which 
contained the entry of the election of equal validity with the 
other. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 

47. Where the clerk of a school district removed into an 
adjoining district, but within the same town, and another was 
chosen in his stead, but not sworn, it was held that the first 
continued competent to act as clerk. lb. 

PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEES. 

48. It is optional with the town, even after it has divided 
its territory into school districts, either to choose a prudential 
committee for the several districts belonging to the town, or to 
decide that each district shall choose its own. Rev. St., ch. 
23, <^<§, 25, 26. 

49. By whomsoever chosen, the prudential committee must 
be a resident of the district for which he is chosen. lb. 

50. Whenever a town determines that teachers shall be 
selected and contracted with by the prudential committees of 
the several districts, such town or district may elect three per- 



52 

sons instead of one, as its prudential committee. Rev. St., 
eh. 23, <§, 25. St. 1839, eh. 137. 

If the town chooses the prudential committees, then the 
town will determine whether they shall consist of one or of 
three ; if the town delegates this choice to the districts, then 
the districts will determine. 

51. Primarily, it is the duty of the superintending school 
committee to select and contract with all the teachers for the 
district schools. But if any town so chooses, it may vote to 
transfer this duty from the superintending to the prudential 
committees. St. 1838, ch. 105, ^ 2. Rev. St., ch. 23, »§> 25. 

There must be an article in the warrant for the above pur- 
pose, and it is supposed that the vote has validity only during 
the school year for which it is passed. If so, then the vote 
must be renewed each year, or else the duty of selecting teach- 
ers and contracting with them Avill devolve upon the superin- 
tending committee. 

52. The duties of the prudential committee, by whomsoever 
chosen, are as follows : — 

First. If the district owns a schoolhouse, he is to keep it 
in good repair, at the expense of the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, 
>§) 25. This does not require a previous vote of the district, 
directing or requiring the committee to put the house in proper 
order. If a window pane is broken ,• if a window blind loses 
a hinge or a fastening, or a door is without a latch, or the plas- 
tering has fallen from the walls, or the room needs white- 
washing, or is tight and without a ventilator, or the seats need 
repairs to make them comfortable, or if the windows have 
neither blinds nor curtains ; — in all these and all similar cases, 
it is the duty of the prudential committee to repair the injury, 
or supply the defect. So in regard to chairs, shovel, tongs, 
andirons, brooms, mats, door-scrapers, sink, water-pail, dippers, 
or tumblers, &oc. 6cc. Emphatically, if the schoolhouse be 
without an appendage which modesty and decency require, 
and which may prevent unchaste thoughts and indecent expos- 
ures from maturing into an unchaste life, it is believed to be 
the immediate duty of the prudential committee to supply it. 
53. Second. If the district owns no schoolhouse, then the 



53 

prudential committee is to provide a suitable place in which 
the school may be kept. The place provided must be a " suit- 
able " one ; but whatever is incompatible with comfort, or in- 
jurious to health ; whatever embarrasses the teacher in com- 
municating knowledge, or retards the children in acquiring it, 
cannot be held '^ suitable" by any reasonable tribunal. The 
comprehensive expression of the law is, that the committee 
shall "provide all things necessary for the comfort of the schol- 
ars." Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 25. 21 Pick. 199, Medford v. Med- 
ford. 

For all the above-mentioned purposes, the prudential com- 
mittee has the whole credit of the district at his command. 
Their property is at his disposal. He must make these provis- 
ions, and the district must pay for them. They cannot pro- 
hibit him by any vote. He derives his power from the law, 
and the district cannot repeal a statute of the Commonwealth. 
If an execution be obtained against the district, on account 
of a liability properly incurred by the prudential committee, it 
may be levied upon the property of any individual belonging 
to the district ; and this is so even if the district has corporate 
property liable to be taken. 6 Metcalf 's Rep. 546, Gaskill v. 
Dudley. 

For no one of the above purposes can the prudential com- 
mittee take any part of the money raised by the town for the 
support of schools. They are charges upon the district, and 
the district must raise the money necessary to defray them. 

It has often happened that the prudential committee has been 
seriously embarrassed for want of a small sum of ready money 
in his hands, to pay for trifling repairs, or to purchase necessary 
articles of small value. It is true, he may bind the whole 
property of the district by any contract he may make ; but to 
impose upon the district and the town all the trouble and ex- 
pense incident to the levying and collecting of a small tax, is 
what a good citizen is reluctant to do, unless under circum- 
stances admitting of no alternative. Formerly, and before the 
illegality of such a course was pointed out, it was customary 
for the prudential committees to abstract a portion of the 
money raised by the town for the support of schools, in order 



54 

to defray these contingent expenses. But such a course is 
clearly without warrant, and may subject all parties concerned 
in it to legal animadversion. As the law now stands, the prop- 
er way to meet these petty contingencies is, for the district to 
vote a small sum, — ten, twenty, fifty, or more dollars, accord- 
ing to its circumstances and probable needs, — to be placed in 
the hands of the prudential committee, and to be by him ap- 
plied to defray this class of expenses, as they may arise, — he, 
of course, being accountable to his successor, at the end of his 
official term, for any surplus remaining in his hands. 

54. Third. The prudential committee is to provide fuel for 
the schools. The expense of fuel may be taken from the 
money appropriated by the town,^St. 1846, ch. 223, <§, 2 ; — or 
the district may raise money for this purpose by a tax. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, ^ 28. 

55. Fourth. When an express vote of the town, passed for 
the then current year, has transferred the duty of selecting and 
contracting with teachers from the superintending to the pru- 
dential committee, the duty of making such selection devolves 
upon the latter. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§.<§> 25, 28; St. 1839, ch. 
105, >§> 2. But it is not legally possible, under any circumstan- 
ces, for the prudential committee to make an absolute, uncon- 
ditional contract with any person for keeping a school. He 
cannot appoint a teacher ; he can only nominate a candidate for 
teaching. The person selected must be approved by the super- 
intending committee, before he can legally commence the 
school. Such an approval ratifies the act of the prudential 
committee ; but the act without such ratification is void. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, <§, 14. 

56. Fifth. The prudential committee must give such infor- 
mation and assistance to the school committee of the town as 
may be necessary to aid them in the discharge of their duties. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 25. Under this specification of duty, the 

■prudential committee is bound, — 

1st. To cause the candidate to appear before the superin- 
tending committee, at such time and place as they may have 
appointed, for examination; — and the prudential committee 
should, if practicable, be present at the examination. 



55 

2d. To ascertain whatever, by diligent and careful inquiry, 
he can, respecting the moral character of the candidate he pre- 
sents, his previous history, and his success as a teacher if he 
has ever taught school before, and what means he has taken to 
qualify himself for teaching. 

3d. To give the superintending committee due notice of 
the time when the school will begin, and also of the time when 
it will close, so that they may visit it according to law. 

4th. To give the superintending committee the earliest in- 
formation of any danger, from any cause within their jurisdic- 
tion, which may impend over the school, and threaten to im- 
pair its usefulness. 

The prudential committee and the superintending committee 
are different hands of the same body, and if they are not ani- 
mated and moved by a common spirit, either one can defeat the 
most praiseworthy efforts of the other. 

57. In all cases where, through neglect or other cause, no 
prudential committee shall be chosen for any school district, the 
superintending school committee must perform all the duties of 
the prudential committee. Rev. St., ch. 23, •§> 31. The rule 
would doubtless be the same, if a prudential committee should 
die, remove, or be otherwise disabled, or resign, and no suc- 
cessor should be appointed. 

58. So, too, if any district should neglect or refuse to estab- 
lish a school and provide a teacher for the same, it becomes 
the duty of the superintending committee to establish such 
school, and to provide a teacher therefor, as the prudential com- 
mittee should have done. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 45. See also 
post, 104. 

59. In an action against a school district, to recover the rent 
of a schoolroom, hired by the prudential committee of the dis- 
trict, he is competent to testify to the contract made by him, 
and to the fact of the keeping of a district school in such room. 
Allen V. Westport, 15 Pick. 35. 

60. It is no defence to such action that the school was part- 
ly supported by private contributions, and so was continued 
longer than it otherwise would have been, or that the instruct- 
ors were not legally employed or duly qualified for their situa- 



56 

tions, or that there was no legal appropriation or distribution by 
the town of the funds raised for the support of schools. lb. 

DISTRICT SCHOOLHOUSES, 

61. To enable towns and districts to construct schoolhouses 
after the most approved models, one copy of a work entitled, 
"School Architecture for the improvement of schoolhouses," 
by Henry Barnard, Esq., is furnished, at the expense of the 
State, to the clerk of each town and city. Res, 1849, ch. 70. 

62. If the town does not provide the schoolhouses, it is the 
duty of the districts, respectively, to do so. Rev. St., ch. 23, 
'§>^ 25, 32. 

63. The voters of any regularly constituted school district 
may raise money for erecting or repairing a schoolhouse, or for 
purchasing or hiring any building to be used as a schoolhouse, 
and land for the use and accommodation thereof They may 
also raise money for purchasing fuel, furniture, and other neces- 
sary articles for the use of the school or schools. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, <5> 28. Ante, 34. 

64. But a district, after having voted to raise money, may, 
at any time before it is assessed, rescind the vote. Pond v. 
Negus, 3 Mass. 280. 

65. The district may determine where their schoolhouse 
shall stand, and they may choose any committee to carry into 
effect any of the above-named powers. lb. 

66. If the voters of a district cannot determine where to 
place their schoolhouse, the selectmen of the town to which 
the district belongs, upon application made to them by the 
committee appointed to build or to procure the schoolhouse, or 
by five or more of the legal voters of the district, shall deter- 
mine where such schoolhouse shall be placed. Rev. St., ch. 
23, <^ 30. 

67. Whenever a suitable place shall have been designated 
by any town, or by any school district, for the erection of a 
schoolhouse and necessary buildings, and the owner of the 
land so designated shall refuse to sell the same, or shall demand 
a price therefor which, in the opinion of the selectmen, is un- 
reasonable, 4he said selectmen, with the approbation of the 



57 

town, may proceed to select, at their discretion, a schoolhouse 
lot, and lay out the same, not exceeding in quantity forty square 
rods, and to appraise the damages to the owner of such land, in 
the same way and manner as is provided for laying out town- 
ways and appraising damages sustained thereby ; and upon 
payment, or tender of payment, of the amount of such dama- 
ges, by the town or district designating such schoolhouse lot, to 
the owner thereof, the said land may be taken, held, and used 
for the purpose for which it was designated. St. 1848, ch. 
237, <^ 1. 

68. But if the owner of such land feels aggrieved by the 
selection of such lot, or by the amount of damages awarded 
for it, he is entitled to have the matter of his complaint tried 
by a jury, which may be applied for within one year after the 
location of the lot, and the county commissioners are bound 
to order a jury accordingly. The jury have power to change 
the location of the lot, and to re-assess the damages. The pro- 
ceedings in all respects are to be conducted in the same man- 
ner as is provided in cases of damages occasioned by laying out 
highways. If the jury shall increase the damages, or change 
the location, then the damages and all charges shall be paid by 
the town or district for whose benefit the lot was selected ; 
otherwise, the charges which may arise on such application 
shall be paid by the applicant himself lb. <§> 2. 

69. The land so taken can be held and used for no other 
purpose than that for which it was taken ; and upon the dis- 
continuance upon the same, for one year, of such a school as 
may be required by law at the time of such discontinuance, the 
land will revert to the original owner, his heirs or assigns, dis- 
encumbered of the easement or lien to which it had been sub- 
ject, lb. 

70. It may happen that a majority of the voters in a district 
may be opposed to assessing upon themseh^es the requisite 
sums of money for any of the purposes for which a district is 
authorized to raise money. To prevent the evils which might 
follow, if, at any time, the district should fall under the power 
of perverse or avaricious men, it is provided that any five in- 
habitants of the district, who pay taxes, may make application 

8 



58 

in writing to the selectmen of the town in which the school 
district is situated, requesting them to insert, in their next war- 
rant for a town meeting, an article requiring the opinion of the 
town relative to the expediency of raising such moneys as 
were proposed in the warrant for the district meeting ; and if 
the majority of the voters present in such town meeting shall 
think the raising of any of the sums of money, proposed in said 
warrant, to he necessary and expedient, they may vote such 
sum as they shall think necessary for the said purposes, and the 
same shall be assessed on the polls and estates of the inhabi- 
tants of such district, and it may be collected and paid over for 
the use of the district. Rev. St., ch, 23, <§. 44. 

71. If, however, the inhabitants of the district neglect or 
refuse to choose a committee to expend the money so voted by 
the town, for the purpose for which it was voted, then the 
town may empower its board of selectmen, or its school com- 
mittee, or it may choose a special committee to superintend the 
laying out of the money so voted. In such case, the money 
must be paid over, not to the district but to the committee 
authorized to expend it. St. 1848, ch. 274. 

72. When a town abolishes the school districts and forms 
new ones, the legal title to the existing schoolhouses vests in 
those of the new districts within whose territory they happen 
to fall. Stoneham v. Richardson, 23 Pick. 62. 

73. A school district, at a meeting legally held, voted to 
build a schoolhouse, chose a building committee, and instructed 
said committee to make a written contract with M, to build the 
house for a certain sum, pursuant to M's proposal. The meet- 
ing was then adjourned. At another meeting, called and held 
before the day to which the former meeting was adjourned, the 
district voted to build a schoolhouse on a plan then first pro- 
posed by D ; to purchase a site therefor according to a proposal 
then first made ; to raise and appropriate a certain sum for 
building the house and purchasing the site thereof; and chose 
a building committee to oversee the erection of the house, to 
enter into a contract with D for the building thereof, according 
to the plan proposed by D, and to take a deed of the site. It 
was held, that the votes of the second meeting, by necessary 



59 

implication, rescinded the votes passed at the first, and that 
they were legal and binding. George v. School District in 
Mendon, 6 Metcalf s Rep. 497. 

74. Where a school district accepted the proposals of a build- 
er to erect a schoolhouse for a certain sum, with liberty to build 
a public hall over the same as the builder's property, he allowing 
the district to have the use of the hall, free of charge, for meet- 
ings of the district, for examination of the schools, &:.c. ; and 
the house was so built ; it was held that the district had not 
exceeded its authority, and that a tax to pay for the house was 
legally assessed. lb. 

SCHOOL DISTRICT TAXES. 

75. Whatever moneys a school district has legally voted to 
raise by tax, must be certified by the clerk of the district to 
the assessors of the town. Within thirty days after the receipt 
of the certificate, the assessors are required to assess the mon- 
eys so certified, in the same manner as town taxes are assessed, 
upon the polls and estates of the tax-payers in the district and 
on all lands liable to be taxed therein. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 37. 
Williatns v, Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 

76. Having made the assessment, the assessors must issue 
their warrant and direct it to one of the collectors of the town, 
requiring him to collect the tax so assessed, and to pay the 
same to the treasurer of the town, within a time to be limited 
in the warrant. A certificate of the assessment must also be 
made by the assessors, and delivered to the treasurer of the 
town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 38. 

77. This last provision, in relation to the certificate of the 
assessment to be delivered to the treasurer, is necessary, be- 
cause, if the moneys are not collected and paid over to said 
treasurer at the time specified in the warrant, he is authorized 
to enforce their collection and payment in the same manner as 
in the case of moneys raised by the town for its own use. 
Rev. Stat., ch. 23, ^ 41. 

78. Every collector has the same powers, in regard to the 
collection of a district tax ; all assessors have the same power 
in regard to the abatement, in whole or in part, of the same ; 
and the collector, assessors, and treasurer are respectively enti' 



60 

tied to the same compensation for services performed in rela- 
tion to a district tax, as for the like services in respect to town 
taxes. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, «§>§ 40, 43, 42. 

79. In raising and assessing money, in the several school 
districts, every inhabitant of the district must be taxed, in the 
district in which he lives, for all his personal estate, (see be- 
low, 81,) and for all the real estate which he holds in the 
town, being mider his own actual improvement ; and all other 
of his real estate, in the same town, shall be taxed in the dis- 
trict in which it lies. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, <5' 33. 

80. In the assessment of all taxes, pursuant to the preced- 
ing paragraph, all real estate and machinery, belonging to 
manufacturing corporations, must be taxed in the districts 
where the same are situated, (see below, 81 ;) and in assess- 
ing the shares in such corporation, for the like purposes, the 
value of said machinery and real estate shall be first deducted 
from the value of such shares. Rev. Stat., ch, 23, >§» 34. 

81. All stocks in trade, including stock employed in the 
business of manufacturing, or of any of the mechanic arts, in 
towns within the State, other than where the owners reside, 
must be taxed in those towns, if the owners hire or occupy 
manufactories, stores, shops, or wharves therein, whether the 
said stocks in trade, or the goods, wares, and merchandise, or 
other property composing the same, are within said towns, on 
the first day of May, of the year when the tax is made, or 
elsewhere. St. 1839, ch. 139, <^ 1. 

82. Whenever the real estate of a non-resident owner shall 
be taxed to such owner, it may be taxed in such district as the 
assessors of the town shall determine ; and the said assessors, 
before they assess a tax for any district, must determine in 
which district the lands of any such non-resident shall be 
taxed, and certify their determination to the clerk of the town, 
who shall record the same ; and such land, while owned by 
any person resident without the limits of the town, shall be 
taxed in such district accordingly, until the town shall be dis- 
tricted anew. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 35. St. 1849, ch. 206. 

83. All the lands, within any town, owned by the same 
person, not living therein, must be taxed in the same district. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 36. 



61 

84. The moneys collected and paid over to the town treas- 
urer, in the manner above described, for the use of any dis- 
trict, are then at the disposal of any committee appointed by 
the district, to be by them applied to the building or repairing 
of schoolhouses, or to the purchase of buildings to be used as 
schoolhouses, or to the purchase of land for the sites of school- 
houses, or to any other purpose for which the district may law- 
fully raise money, according to the votes or directions of the 
inhabitants of the same. Rev. St., ch. 23, *§. 39. 

85. If, after a tax has been voted and assessed on the in- 
habitants of a school district, part of the district is set off to 
another district, the inhabitants of such part still remain liable 
to pay the tax. Waldro7i v. Lee, 5 Pick. 323. 

86. But if, after the inhabitants of a school district have 
voted to raise money for building a schoolhouse, and before 
the same is assessed, the limits of the district be altered, and a 
new district be formed by the town, the vote to raise the 
money is annulled, and the assessment cannot be legally made. 
Richards v. Daggett, 4 Mass. 534, 

87. Moneys voted to be raised by a school district, for the 
building and repairing of a schoolhouse, pursuant to statute 
1799, ch. 66, were held to be legally assessed by assessors 
chosen after such vote. Pond v. Negus, 3 Mass. 230. 

88. It was held not necessary that such vote should be 
certified by the district clerk, to the assessors in office at the 
time the vote passed, but that it might be certified to assessors 
chosen afterwards. lb. 

89. It was also held unnecessary for the assessors to make 
the assessment within thirty days from the date of the certifi- 
cate of the district clerk ; the naming of the time for the as- 
sessment being directory to the assessors, and not a limitation 
of their authority. lb. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 

90. Should the assessors make an illegal assessment, and 
issue their warrant to collect the money, they may revoke 
their doings, and make a new assessment and issue a new 
warrant, without a second certificate from the district clerk ; 
or, if their office should expire before making such new assess- 
ment, or, if they should neglect, or have no time to make any 



62 

assessment, the district clerk may make a second certificate to 
their successors, who may make the assessment. Pond v. A^'e- 
gus, 3 Mass. 230. 

91. If a school district vote that the money raised by them, 
for the purpose of building or repairing a schoolhouse, shall be 
paid within a certain time, the assessors may, notwithstanding 
such vote, make the assessment after the expiration of the time 
of payment expressed in the vote. lb. 

92. Should assessors omit, through error of judgment, or 
mistake of law, to assess on an individual a school district tax, 
such omission would not invalidate the assessment as against 
other persons. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 

93. Nor would a tax assessed upon the inhabitants of a 
school district be rendered void by the omission of the assess- 
ors, through misinformation, mistake of fact, or error of judg- 
ment, to assign the real estate of one or more non-resident 
owners to any school district. George v. School District in 
Mendon, 6 Metcalf's Rep. 497. 

94. But, where stat. 1826, ch. 143, ^ 11, (Rev. St., ch, 23, 
<§) 35,) required assessors, before assessing any school district 
tax, to determine in which district the lands of persons residing 
out of the limits of the town, should be taxed, and to certify 
in writing, their determination to the clerk of the town whose 
duty it was to record the same, and a school district tax was 
asssessed, and the assessors failed to comply with the above 
directions, the assessment was held invalid. Taft v. Wood, 
14 Pick. 362. 

95. In an action against a school district, to recover back a 
tax which had been paid to a collector de facto of the town, it 
was held that it was not open to the plaintiff to object that the 
officer had not been duly elected and sworn. Williams v. 
Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 

96. In an action against a school district, to recover back 
money paid for a school district tax, the plaintiff objected that 
the meeting at which the tax was voted, was called by a pru- 
dential committee, elected at a meeting warned under an irreg- 
ular warrant. It was held that the question of the regularity 
of this warrant was not open ; it was sufficient that the com- 
mittee was a committee de facto. lb. 



63 

97. It seems, in general, that an inhabitant of a school dis- 
trict cannot bring an action against the town for money col- 
lected on an illegal assessment upon the district, but the money 
is received by the town treasurer when paid over to him, as 
agent of the district. Perry v. Dover, 12 Pick. 206. 

98. All property belonging to Common School districts, 
the income of which is appropriated to the purposes of educa- 
tion, is exempt from taxation. St. 1843, ch. 85. 

CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ADJOINING TOWNS. 

99. In treating of the territorial division of the State for 
school purposes, it was mentioned, that any two or more con- 
tiguous school districts, in adjoining towns, may, with the con- 
sent of each district, and of the respective towns to which 
they belong, unite and form one district. Ante, p. 38. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, <^ 49. 

100. But no districts can be so united unless the inhabitants 
of each, at a legal meeting called for the purpose, shall agree 
thereto ; nor unless the towns to .which such districts belong, 
shall, at legal town meetings, called for the purpose, assent to 
such union. When any such vote shall be passed by any 
school district, the clerk of the district must forthwith send a 
certified copy of the vote to the clerk of his town. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, <5> 50. 

101. Whenever the voters of such united districts shall, at 
any legal meeting called for the purpose, deem it expedient to 
separate, and again resolve themselves into their original dis- 
tricts, they may do so, first obtaining the consent of their re- 
spective towns. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, <§> 51. 

102. The first meeting of such united district shall be 
called in such manner as may be agreed upon by the respec- 
tive districts, at the time of forming the union ; and the united 
district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
of calling and warning the meetings, in like manner as other 
school districts may do. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 52. 

103. Such district, at its first meeting, and annually there- 
after, must choose a prudential committee, who shall receive 
and expend the money, raised and appropriated in each town, 



64 

for said united district, and shall possess all the powers, and 
discharge all the duties, allowed or prescribed to the prudential 
committees of other districts. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 53. 

No provision is made for the case that would occur if 
one of the towns containing a part of the united district should 
authorize its prudential committees to select and contract with 
teachers, and the other town should give no such authority. 

104. At the time of voting to raise any money by such 
united district, the voters must determine the amount to be 
paid by the inhabitants in each town, — which amount must be 
in proportion to their respective polls and estates ; and the 
clerk of the united district must certify such vote to the assess- 
ors of each of the towns to which the territory of the district 
belongs. Rev. St., ch. 23, <5> 54. 

105. All moneys duly voted to be raised by any such united 
district shall be assessed, by the assessors of the respective 
towns, upon the polls and estates of the inhabitants of the dis- 
trict, and collected in the same manner in which taxes are 
assessed and collected in other school districts. Rev. St., ch. 
23, <§, 55. 

106. The respective school committees of the towns, from 
which such united district is formed, must discharge the duties 
of school committee for the district, in alternate years, com- 
mencing with the most ancient town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 56. 

UNION SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

107. In speaking of the territorial division of the State for 
school purposes, the power of any two or more contiguous 
districts to unite for the purpose of forming a Union School 
district, and also the design, benefit, and preliminary condi- 
tions of such union, were mentioned. St. 1838, ch. 189, *§> 1. 
Aiite, p. 38. 

108. Every union district thus formed is a body corporate, 
possessing all the powers of other school districts in relation to 
prosecuting and defending suits at law, or holding real or per- 
sonal property. Such a name may be given to such district as 
may be determined by itself at its first meeting. lb. <§> 2. 

109. The first meeting of such union district must be called 



6d 

in such manner, and at such time and place, as may be agreed 
upon by the several associated districts respectively, by a vote 
of the same, at the time of forming the union ; and the union 
district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
of calling and warning the meetings thereof, in like manner as 
other school districts may do, and may also determine at what 
time its annual meetings shall be held. lb. «^ 3. 

110. Such union district, at the first meeting thereof, must 
choose, by ballot, a clerk, who shall be sworn in the same 
manner, and shall perform the same duties, as are prescribed in 
relation to the clerks of other school districts, and shall hold 
his office until another shall be chosen in his stead. lb. *§> 4. 

111. Such union district, at any legal meeting called for 
that purpose, may raise money for erecting, purchasing, renting, 
or repairing any building to be used as a schoolhouse for the 
union school, and for purchasing or renting land for the use 
and accommodation thereof; also, for purchasing fuel, furni- 
ture, and other necessary articles for the use of said school j 
and in assessing and collecting a tax or taxes for the above 
purposes, such proceedings must be had as are prescribed by 
law for other school districts. (See ante, pp. 59-63.) The 
union district may also determine where its schoolhouse shall 
stand, and in case the location thereof be not determined by 
said district, the same must be referred to the selectmen of the 
town, in the same manner as is provided in the case of other 
districts. (See ante, p. 56.) A union district has power to 
choose any committee to carry its legally expressed purposes 
into effect. lb. "^ 5. 

112. The prudential committees of the respective districts 
forming the union district shall, together, constitute the pru- 
dential committee of the union district ; and they have all the 
powers, and are bound to discharge all the duties, in relation 
to the school and schoolhouse of the union district, which are 
prescribed to other prudential committees in relation to the 
schools and schoolhouses of their respective districts. lb. <§> 6. 

113. The prudential committee of the union district must 
also determine the ages and qualifications of the children of 
the associated districts, who may attend the union school, and 

9 



66 

they must also determine what proportion of the money, raised 
and appropriated by the town for each of the districts compos- 
ing the union district, shall be appropriated and expended in 
paying the instructor or instructors of the union school ; sub- 
ject, however, in both the above cases, and in all other matters 
relating to said school, to any votes of said union district that 
may be passed at any legal meeting thereof. But the schools 
in each of the associated districts must continue to be main- 
tained, in the same manner as though no union district had 
been formed. lb. <§> 7. 

Should one of the associated districts have a prudential com- 
mittee consisting of three persons, while the prudential com- 
mittee of the other, or others, of said associated districts should 
consist of but one, it is presumed that, in voting, the three 
would have the power of giving but one vote. 

114. The school committee of the town in which a union 
district may-be located, are invested with the same powers, 
and must perform the same duties, in relation to such union 
school, as are prescribed to them in relation to district schools, 
lb. ^ 8. 

HIGH SCHOOLS FOR ADJACENT TOWNS. 

115. There is a further provision for the union of two adja- 
cent towns for the purpose of forming a high school. No 
such union, however, can be formed by any town, or with any 
town, whose population exceeds two thousand. The language 
of the law is also clear and express, that " a majority of the 
citizens of each town," (and not merely a majority of the 
voters legally assembled in town meeting,) is necessary to 
make such union a valid one. St. 1848, ch. 279, <§. 1. 

116. The school committees of the two towns, so united, 
must elect one member from each of their respective boards, 
and the two, so elected, will form the committee for the man- 
agement and control of such school. These two persons are 
invested with all the powers which the law confers upon 
school committees and prudential committees. St. 1848, ch. 
279, <^ 2. 

117. If the associated towns vote to erect a schoolhouse, 



67 

this committee has the power of determining its location ; if 
the towns make no provision for a schoolhoiise, then the com- 
mittee may cause the school to be kept alternately in the two 
towns. lb. <§> 3. 

118. Unless the towns otherwise agree, (which they have 
power to do,) all expenses of what kind soever, caused by 
such school, are to be borne by the two towns according to 
the proportions which they pay of the county tax. lb. <§. 4. 

The course of proceedings has now been traced from the 
territorial division of the State into towns, and of towns into 
districts, to the raising and apportioning of money for the sup- 
port of schools, and the erection, furnishing, and warming of 
the schoolhouses. We have now the districts, the houses, and 
the money for sustaining the schools. The provisions for sup- 
plying teachers and for superintending the schools remain to be 
mentioned. This leads to a consideration of the powers and 
duties of 

SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 

119. The inhabitants of every town, at their annual meet- 
ing, must choose, hy written ballots, a school committee, con- 
sisting of three, five, or seven persons. The powers to be 
exercised by this committee are expressed in the most general 
and comprehensive terms. They are to " have the general 
charge and superintendence of all the Public Schools in the 
town." Rev. St., ch. 23, <^ 10. 

120. The designation given to this committee by the statute 
is " a school committee ;" but where the record of an annual 
town meeting, for the choice of town officers, stated the elec- 
tion of a prudential committee, and then of an examining com- 
mittee of five persons, and no other committee which was 
chosen was designated or described as a school committee, it 
was held that the school committee were sufficiently denoted 
by the term examining committee. Hartwell v. Littleton, 13 
Pick. 229. 

121. Any town containing more than four thousand inhabit- 
ants may choose an additional number, not exceeding six, on 
such committee. lb. ^ 12. 



68 

122. Special provisions for cities, in regard to the number 
of the school committee they may choose, and the manner in 
which they shall be chosen, are contained in their respective 
charters. 

123. For every day in which a member of this committee 
shall be actually employed in discharging the duties of his 
office, he is entitled to demand and receive one dollar from the 
town, and at the same rate for any part of a day. The city 
of Boston is specially excepted from the provision which enti- 
tles school committee men to compensation for their services. 
Any town may add to the legal compensation of the commit- 
tees whatever sum it may choose. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 4. 

124. The powers of the school committees are derived from 
the law, and their duties are enjoined by it. Their authority 
cannot be restricted, nor their compensation diminished, by 
any act of the town. The town chooses them ; when chosen, 
the law governs them. 

125. But if any school committee shall fail to make the 
annual report or the annual return, required by law, and in 
consequence of such failure, the town shall lose its portion of 
the income of the school fund, then the town may withhold 
from the committee such compensation for their services, as 
they would otherwise be entitled to receive. St. 1847, ch. 
183, ^ 2, and St. 1848, ch. 173, <§, 1. 

126. The first duty of a school committee, after being duly 
organized, is to provide themselves with a record-book, in 
which all the votes, orders, and proceedings of the committee 
must be duly recorded. St. 1838, ch. 105, ■§> 3. 

127. If their predecessors in office had such a book, the 
committee are entitled to receive it from them. If they had 
not, the committee must supply themselves forthwith. The 
expense of such a book is a legal charge against the town. At 
the expiration of their term of office, the committee are bound 
to deliver this book to their successors, St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 3. 

128. If the territory of a town be not divided into school 
districts, it is the duty of the school committee to select and 
contract with the teachers employed in the Public Schools. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, <§><5. 10, 24, 31. 



69 

129. If a town be divided into school districts, it is still the 
duty of the school committee to select and contract with the 
teachers, unless the town, having an article in the warrant for 
the purpose, shall have expressly voted to transfer this duty 
from the school committee to the prudential committees. St. 
1838, ch. 105, <§> 2. It is presumed that this vote, in order to 
be valid, must be annual. 

130. When the following preliminary conditions are per- 
formed, viz., the division of the town into districts ; the choice 
of prudential committees for the districts, — whether by the 
town, or by the districts themselves, — and the express vote of 
the town that the teachers shall be selected and contracted 
with by said prudential committees, then it becomes the duty 
of said prudential committees to select the teachers and present 
them to the school committee for examination. Rev. St., ch. 
23, <§,<§. 24, 25, 26. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 2. 

131. But in all cases, and by whomsoever these preliminary 
duties are performed, the school committee have the sole power 
of examining teachers, and of giving them a certificate of 
qualification. No person can legally enter any Public School, 
in the capacity of a teacher, until he has received from the 
school committee a written certificate of his qualifications 
therefor. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§i'§> 13, 14. Commonwealth v. 
Dedham, 16 Mass. 141. 

132. Whenever any school committee, being satisfied respect- 
ing the qualifications of a candidate, shall give a certificate, 
said certificate must be prepared, in duplicate, and one copy 
must be filed with the town treasurer, before any payment is 
made to the teacher on account of his services. lb. <§> 14. 
Any moneys paid to any person by the town treasurer, on the 
ground of services performed as a teacher, without first receiv- 
ing one of the duplicate certificates which the committee are 
required to give, are paid by said treasurer without authority 
of law, and he will still remain liable to the town for the sum, 
as though no payment had been made. No reason is perceived 
why this liability should not continue during the legal exist- 
ence of his bond, — that is, for twenty years after its date, — 
binding his heirs, and the sureties and their heirs, during this 
term of time. 



70 

133. The power, then, of a prudential committee to select 
and contract with a teacher, extends no further, in any case, 
than to make an agreement, conditioned that, if the candidate 
for teaching the school shall be able to undergo a satisfactory- 
examination before the school committee, and obtain a certifi- 
cate of qualification from them, he may then commence the 
school. lb. <§) 14. The power of the prudential committee, 
in regard to teachers, is only a power of nomination or pre- 
sentation. 

134. The law does not stop with requiring that schools 
shall be kept ; it solicitously points out the qualifications of the 
teacher ; and before any person can keep such a school as the 
law recognizes, he must submit himself to be examined by 
the school committee ; and, in all cases, and at the very least, 
the committee must be satisfied of the existence of the follow- 
ing qualifications in the candidate, before they give him their 
certificate of approval. 

135. 1st. Moral CIualifications. The committee must 
be satisfied of the good moral character of a teacher. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, <§, 13. No talents, however profound, no genius, how- 
ever splendid, no attainments, however ample, can atone for 
any deficiency in moral character. In the beautiful language 
of the law, it is the " duty of the president, professors, and tu- 
tors of the university at Cambridge, and of the several colleges, 
and of all preceptors and teachers of academies, and all other 
instructors of youth, to exert their best endeavors to impress 
on the minds of children and youth, committed to their care 
and instruction, the principles of piety, justice, and a sacred re- 
gard to truth, love to their country, humanity, and universal 
benevolence, sobriety, industry, and frugality, chastity, moder- 
ation, and temperance, and those other virtues, which are the 
ornament of human society, and the basis upon which a repub- 
lican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty of such 
instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their ages and 
capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of the ten- 
dency of the above-mentioned virtues to preserve and perfect a 
republican constitution, and secure the blessings of liberty, as 



71 

well as to promote their future happiness, and also to point out 
to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices." Rev. St., ch. 
23, ^ 7. 

The school committee may be satisfied respecting the moral 
character of the candidate, by actual knowledge, derived from 
long personal acquaintance ; or, in the case of a stranger, they 
may have well authenticated testimonials of the fact. The 
committee should note, in their record-book, all letters or cer- 
tificates of recommendation exhibited by any candidate, whom 
they shall approve, with the names of their authors ; and, when 
practicable, the letters and certificates themselves should be 
put on the committee's files, so that their authors may be held 
to a rigid accountability for the truth of the credentials they 
have given. If, before the civil tribunals, a man is held to a 
strict pecuniary liability for accrediting an insolvent as a man 
in good mercantile standing, or for recommending a swindler 
as a man of integrity, how much more stringent ought the rule 
of a moral tribunal to be, when the dearest and most sacred in- 
terests of children are perilled by means of false testimonials of 
good character, whether knowingly or heedlessly given ! 

136. 2d. Literary (Qualifications. The committee must 
satisfy themselves, " by personal examination," of the " literary 
qualifications" of the candidates ; — that is, they must person- 
ally examine the candidates in all the branches they will be 
called upon to teach. lb. >§) 13. Even for the lowest grade 
of schools known to the law, the teacher must be competent 
to give instruction in orthography, reading, writing, English 
grammar, geography, and arithmetic. This is the minimum 
of literary qualification. It is lawful for districts to employ 
teachers who are competent to teach higher branches ; or who 
are able to teach the required branches better, because they are 
masters of higher ones ; — who, for instance, can teach reading 
better, because familiar with the principles of elocution and 
rhetoric, and with the etymology of words, from whatsoever 
language they may be derived ; — who can teach writing bet- 
ter, because adepts in drawing ; — who can teach English gram- 
mar better, because familiar, from the study of other languages, 



72 

with the principles of universal grammar ; — who can teach 
geography better, because acquainted with astronomy, geology, 
statistics, and civil and natural history ; — and who can teach 
arithmetic better, because masters of the higher mathematics. 
So, too, a knowledge of Human Physiology may be required 
in a teacher, in order to secure the health of the children ; be- 
cause, on health depends their ability to go to school at all, 
and much also of their ability to study when in school. 

When the wealth of the town is suiRcient to bear the ex- 
pense, and the proficiency of the scholars in all the primary 
branches has prepared them to enter upon a higher course, the 
law will not only authorize a town to demand instruction in a 
more advanced course, but its true spirit will require the exam- 
ining committee to reject a candidate who is not competent to 
carry the pupils through it. Gushing v. Newhuryport^ 10 
Metcalf s Rep. 508. 

. 137. 3d. Capacity to Govern. The committee must also 
make special inquiry as to the capacity of each candidate for 
the government of a school. Rev. St., ch. 23, § 13. No am- 
biguous indications, on this point, will be given by the general 
air and manner of a candidate, the expression of the counte- 
nance, the tone of the voice, the firmness or fickleness legible 
in the eye, the self-esteem, or the servility proclaimed by the 
natural language. 

When a candidate has taught school before, and has suc- 
ceeded in maintaining good order, without the use of improper 
means, or without the use of proper means to an improper ex- 
tent, this fact is strong evidence in favor of a capacity for gov- 
ernment. Especially is it so, if the general circumstances and 
condition of the schools are substantially alike. 

Visiting a school in which a candidate may be engaged, and 
actually witnessing the manner in which he conducts it, is also 
a valuable means of ascertaining the same fact. 

But it is supposed that neither nor all of the above methods 
can supersede an actual questioning of the candidate as to his 
views of the principles on which a school should be conducted. 
It is of primary importance to know whether the fundamental 



73 

idea of governmentj in his opinion, is the will of the teacher, 
or the applause of the neighborhood, — which may be for one 
quality in one place and for another quality in another, — or 
the good of the governed ; — whether, on the one hand, he 
would succumb to resistance and be driven away before rebell- 
ion, rather than to strike a blow ; or, on the other, whether he 
would flout the docile, and be capricious towards the obedient, 
to prove whether there exists in them an unreasoning and un- 
conditional submission to his claim of sovereignty. 

If a candidate has no views respecting the great principles 
on which the government of a school should proceed, the com- 
mittee cannot affirm that he has a capacity to govern. If such 
a person has any capacity, it must be in a latent state ; but the 
committee must be satisfied, not of a possible or potential, but 
of an actual capacity ; it must be in a developed state. 

Probably few provisions, if any, in the statute book, have 
been more efficacious and serviceable in improving our schools, 
than the one which requires committees to examine teachers, — 
as a few considerations will abundantly show. 

There are annually employed, in the Public Schools of Mas- 
sachusetts, between five and six thousand different persons as 
teachers. I suppose it to be indisputable that no section of the 
Union, of equal population, supplies so large a proportion of 
young men for the professions, and for the various departments 
of educated labor, as New England ; and, among the New Eng- 
land States, Massachusetts, in this respect, is doubtless pre- 
eminent. The Public Schools of many towns, and the large 
number of highly respectable academies and private schools, 
carry forward a numerous body of young men and women to 
such a degree of literary attainment as enrolls them in the list 
of candidates for school keeping. Students in our colleges ; 
ambitious young men, who are looking forward to some other 
employment, actually more lucrative, and, in public estimation, 
more honorable, and who must obtain a little money as a 
means of securing their ultimate object ; many mechanics and 
farmers, possessed of more than ordinary intelligence and at- 
tainment, and who were renowned, when they went to school, 
for doing all the "hard sums " in the arithmetical text books ; — 
10 



74 

all these have been candidates for public school keeping. Ad- 
ded to this, the average rate of compensation given to teachers 
in Massachusetts has far exceeded that which has been given 
in any of the neighboring states. Hence, in the autumn of 
the year, hosts of adventurers flock hither, from Maine, from 
New Hampshire, from Vermont, and from Connecticut, in quest 
of employment as teachers in our schools. Some of these are 
full, not only of enterprise, but of talent ; but, under such cir- 
cumstances, it would be strange indeed, if among the fine gold 
there should not be found something of dross. All these are 
competitors for our Public Schools. They often exhibit recom- 
mendations of a highly imaginative character, — recommenda- 
tions which prove the good will of their signers, far more than 
their good sense or their trustworthiness ; for it is well known 
that the facility with which such recommendations can be ob- 
tained is the scandal of our people. What barrier, then, but 
the vigilance and intelligence of our school committees, shall 
prevent our schools from being invaded by practical immorality, 
by literary imposture, and by an inaptitude for all government 
except the government of fear and force ? What but the 
fidelity of school committees shall prevent sound knowledge 
and high talent from being thrust aside by ignorance and pre- 
tension ? The interests of all good teachers, emphatically the 
interests of the rising generation, demand, by every considera- 
tion that can appeal to patriotism, to philanthropy, or to the 
sense of religious obligation, that the legal duty of examining 
teachers should be performed without fear, or favor, or excep- 
tion. It has happened, a thousand times, that prosperity or 
adversity has shone or frowned upon the schools of a town, — 
like sunshine or frost upon the early flowers of spring, — as it 
has been blest or cursed with a faithful or a neglectful school 
committee. 

Yet it cannot be denied that, for every public consideration 
demanding a thorough examination of teachers, there is a self- 
ish one which resists it. Individuals in a district or a town, 
who, in their own minds, have appropriated to themselves the 
ensuing term of the schools, may, by management or collusion, 
secure the choice of a committee, who, either through inability 



75 

or favoritism, will make the examination only a polite and 
facile ceremony of introduction into the school ; or, — what 
has not unfrequently happened, — the expectants will secure 
the choice of a prudential committee, who will open to them 
the door of the schoolhouse without any examination at all. 
Sometimes it is not difficult for a person, through his relatives 
and friends, to create an apparent public opinion in a district, 
which shall seem to demand, that the individual shall be se- 
lected to keep the school who has himself been the fraudulent 
author of the factitious opinion that points to him. All per- 
sons, too, who are intending to obtain a school, but who are 
fearful of the results of an examination, will, of course, be op- 
posed to the principle of the law which requires an examina- 
tion, and will therefore be ready to aid those who strive to 
evade it. 

The statute of 1826, ch. 143, <§» 5, (passed March 10, 1827,) 
directed that school committees should ascertain the qualifica- 
tions of teachers, by personal examination, " or otherwise." 
Under the alternative clause, " or otherwise," committees 
might legally justify themselves for deciding the question of 
qualification, on written or oral evidence, produced by the can- 
didate, or by the prudential committee ; and, as a matter of 
fact, it is well known that the committees, either to avoid the 
labor of examination, or for some other reason, usually adopted 
such a course. But in the Revised Statutes, ch. 23, <§> 13, re- 
enacting, in other respects, the former provision, the words, " or 
otherwise," were purposely omitted. Hence the only mode 
now known to the law, of performing this duty, is by a per- 
sonal examination of the candidate, — that is, by question and 
answer, either oral or written. 

In the autumn of 1837, — two years after the enactment of 
the Revised Statutes, and during the first year of the existence 
of the Board of Education, — a circular letter was sent to each 
board of school committee men in the State, inquiring, among 
other things, to what extent teachers were examined before 
they comimenced their schools ; and, where an examination 
was had, whether it was genuine and thorough, or only formal 
and superficial. The result of the answers received was, that. 



76 

in regard to a majority of the teachers in the State, the exami- 
nation was either dispensed with altogether, or candidates 
were tried by tests which were not sure to make any discrimi- 
nation between the genuine and the spurious. What still fur- 
ther aggravated this difficulty was, that in two thirds of the 
towns in the Commonwealth, more or fewer of the teachers 
were allowed, in contravention of the express letter and true 
spirit of the law, to commence their schools without being 
examined at all. As a natural consequence, wherever this 
important provision of the law has been disregarded, a greater 
or less number of incompetent teachers have obtained illicit 
possession of the schools ; and their pupils, if afterwards sub- 
jected to a thorough scrutiny, have betrayed not only a mea- 
greness of general attainment, but shameful looseness and 
inaccuracy in what they professed to have learned. 

Public opinion, however, has now, for twelve years, been 
brought to bear upon this subject ; the positive requirements 
of the law have been urged home upon committees ; the ben- 
efits of a compliance with it have been experienced, and this 
experience has been contrasted with the evils of non-compli- 
ance, until, at the present time, this salutary law is professedly 
complied with in almost every town in the State, and, in the 
great majority of them, it is substantially so. 

138. Should the examination of a candidate prove satisfac- 
tory to the committee, they are to prepare two certificates of 
the same tenor and date. One of these constitutes the com- 
mission or credential of the teacher. It shows, to all parties 
concerned, that he has authority to enter the school and to 
assume the instruction and government of it. The other, as 
before stated, must be filed with the treasurer of the town, 
before any payment can lawfully be made to the teacher on 
account of his services. lb. <§> 14. 

139. It follows, from these provisions, as a necessary conse- 
quence, that a teacher who opens his school, without having 
previously received a certificate of qualification from the com- 
mittee, must forfeit all claim to wages, until such time as a 
certificate may be given him. Having entered the school, 
not only without law, but in defiance of law, he can recover 



77 

nothing in a court of law ; but is the object of punishment, 
rather than of remuneration. 

Neither can a committee antedate a certificate. To give 
their certificate an earUer date than the true one would be a 
plain violation of their duty, because they cannot say, offi- 
cially, that a man has been qualified, but only that he is now 
qualified. 

So, too, the practice which, in some few instances, has 
existed, of giving a conditional certificate, — that is, that a 
teacher may commence the school, provided he will submit to 
a further examination afterwards ; or that he may commence 
the school, but shall leave it, provided the committee are not 
satisfied, at their first visitation, with its appearance ; or, in- 
deed, on any other condition, — has no warrant in law. The 
statute provides only for the alternative of a full certificate, 
for the school for which it is given, or an absolute rejection. 

140. An important question has been agitated, whether a 
person illegally admitted, or smuggled, into a school, by the 
prudential committee, without a certificate, can legally exercise 
any of the prerogatives of a teacher ; — whether, for instance, 
if he should chastise a refractory or vicious scholar, so much 
only, as, under other circumstances, would be held justifiable, 
he could defend himself from fine or damages, in a prosecution 
or action for assault and battery, instituted against him in a 
court of law. 

On the one hand, it is maintained, that a supposititious teach- 
er, — a teacher without a certificate, — can no more justify a 
punishment inflicted by him on a scholar, than a sheriff, with- 
out a commission, can justify an arrest of person, or a seizure 
of chattels ; — no more than a constable or collector can justify 
the taking of property for non-payment of taxes, when he has 
received no warrant from the assessors to collect them ; — no 
more than a judge, who, without a commission from the execu- 
tive in conformity with the constitution and laws of the land, 
has usurped the bench, can, with impunity, pronounce sentence 
of imprisonment or of death against an offender arraigned at 
his bar. As, in the above cases, the sheriff cannot justify him- 
self by pleading, that the subject of his arrest was obnoxious 



78 

to punishment ; nor the collector, that the man whose property- 
he has taken was liable for taxes ; nor the judge, that the per- 
son arraigned had committed offences worthy of imprisonment 
or execution ,• so, it is said, the teacher cannot show, in his 
defence, that the pupil whom he has punished had been guilty 
of misconduct. The pretended teacher is not a teacher. It 
would be of the worst possible tendency to allow any man to 
derive lawful authority from the commission of an unlawful 
act. Public policy requires that a teacher, who has obtruded 
himself into a school without the necessary credentials, should 
be peremptorily debarred from pleading his own misconduct in 
justification of an act, which, if committed out of a school, 
would doubtless be unlawful. How can a teacher commend 
or enforce his own laws, for the well-ordering of the school, 
when his being where he is, and doing what he does, is a per- 
petual violation and contempt of the law of the Common- 
wealth ? Such is the course of argument usually presented, 
against the right of a teacher to punish, who has received no 
certificate of qualification from the committee. 

On the other hand, some incline to the opinion that a teacher, 
without a certificate, though not, in law, a teacher, yet is so, 
in fact; and that, while the actual relation of teacher and 
pupil subsists, all the legal powers of a teacher attach to this 
relation, and may therefore be exercised by him. If a school 
kept by a teacher, without a certificate, is not a Public School, 
then it must be a private school ; and the teacher of a private 
school has as clear a legal right to inflict punishment, in exi- 
gencies that require it, as any other teacher, or as any parent. 
Every parent who sends his child to a private school, is pre- 
sumed, by that very act, to transfer so much of his authority 
to the teacher, as may be necessary for the good government 
of that child ; and if a school, otherwise public, becomes a 
private school, because the teacher has no certificate, then 
every parent is to be presumed, in the same way, to transfer to 
the teacher so much of his authority as may be necessary to 
keep his child or children in order. It is maintained, too, that 
the right grows out of the relation, independently of any idea 
of transfer. Such is the course of argument on the other side. 



79 

The reply to this argument admits the correctness of its 
positions in regard to the rights and powers of a private school 
teacher ; but it avers that every person who sends a child to a 
Public School, has a right to suppose, and is bound to suppose, 
that it is a legally constituted Public School, and is kept by a 
legally qualified teacher ; and, therefore, that he is not to be 
subjected to any of the legal presumptions or conditions that 
appertain to the relation between a parent and a private school 
teacher. 

Without giving any opinion upon this debatable point, I 
would express an earnest hope, that a compliance with the law 
by all teachers may prevent so unpleasant a question from ever 
being litigated in our courts. 

141. The laws of the state of Maine, besides annulling the 
right of a teacher without a certificate to recover any compen- 
sation for his or her services, enact that every such teacher 
shall forfeit and pay a sum, not exceeding the sum agreed upon 
for his or her daily wages, for each day he or she shall so teach 
such school. 

Such a law would be very salutary in Massachusetts. It 
would save committees a vast amount of trouble and perplex- 
ity, and greatly improve the character of our schools, by ex- 
cluding those interlopers, who are afraid to go before a com- 
mittee for examination, but are not afraid to violate a law of 
the Commonwealth. 

142. A certificate given by a committee in one town, has no 
legal validity in any other town. 

143. A committee cannot give a certificate to continue in 
force for more than a year after its date ; they can neither post- 
date nor antedate a certificate. The better opinion seems to be, 
that they cannot give a certificate which will survive or outlast 
their own official term, (See Jackson v. Hampden, 20 Maine 
Rep. 37,) although to this limitation there may be excepted 
cases, arising under the charters of cities. 

144. The committee may, and generally should, designate 
the school or schools, and the term or terms, for which they 
declare a candidate to be qualified ; for, where there is a gra- 
dation of schools, a teacher may be well qualified to keep one 



80 

school, and not another ; or to keep a summer term, and not a 
winter term. 

145. 4th. Good Behavior. In addition to good morals and 
literary attainments, the law requires that every teacher shall 
be competent to teach "Good Behavior." Rev. St., ch. 23, 
<§> 1. Unfortunately, conduct scrupulously upright and exem- 
plary, and acquisitions extensive and profound, are not always 
accompanied by gentlemanly or lady-like demeanor; or, in 
other words, observation assures us, that awkward, rude, or 
grotesque manners, and personal habits uncleanly and even dis- 
gusting, are sometimes found in the company of spotless integ- 
rity and various knowledge. But it should not be so. We 
feel a painful sense of incongruity when it is so. Our children 
should be saved, not only from the contaminations of immoral- 
ity, but from the contagion of coarse manners. Before the 
habits of youth are formed, they are as easily formed to civility 
and decorum as to rudeness and vulgarity ; or, if they are not 
as easily moulded to the former as to the latter, then the need 
of good breeding, in order to make up this difference in natural 
tendency, becomes so much the more urgent. If preposses- 
sions for uncouth and inelegant manners are once formed in 
the minds of children, or natural aptitudes for what is low and 
unseemly once developed, they will remain a part of their con- 
stitution forever. Subsequent opportunities and efforts may 
relieve and partially conceal their grossness ; yet, like the inner 
layers of a tree which has been diseased in its youth, though 
the health and vigor of a hundred subsequent- years may cover 
them over with a hundred circles of beautiful fibre, the un- 
soundness within will remain forever. 

If the framers of this provision of the law comprehended 
its full meaning and significance, they were indeed sagacious. 
Manners easily and rapidly mature into morals. As childhood 
advances to manhood, the transition from bad manners to bad 
morals is almost imperceptible. Vulgar and obscene forms of 
speech keep vulgar and obscene objects before the mind, en- 
gender impure images in the imagination, and make unlawful 
desires prurient. From the prevalent state of the mind, actions 



81 

proceed as water rises from a fountain. Hence, what was orig- 
inally only a word or a phrase, becomes a thought, is mere- 
triciously embellished by the imagination, is inflamed into a 
vicious desire, gains strength and boldness by being always 
made welcome, until at last, under some urgent temptation, it 
dares, for once, to put on the visible form of action ; it is then 
ventured upon again and again, more frequently and less 
warily, until repetition forges the chains of habit ; and then 
language, imagination, desire, and habit bind their victim in 
the prison-house of sin. In this way, profane language wears 
away a reverence for things sacred and holy ; and a child, who 
has been allowed to follow, and mock, and hoot at an intem- 
perate man in the streets, is far more likely to become intem- 
perate himself, than if he had been accustomed to regard him 
with pity, as a fallen brother, and with a sacred abhorrence, as 
one self-brutified or demonized. So, on the other hand, purity 
and chasteness of language tend to preserve purity and chaste- 
ness of thought and of taste ; they repel licentious imaginings; 
they delight in the unsullied and the untainted, and all their 
tendencies and aptitudes are on the side of virtue. Excepting 
prior-formed habits, habit can overcome anything but instinct, 
and can greatly modify even that. 

There is another consideration which shows not only the 
importance, but the indispensableness, of ''good behavior," as a 
means of advancing the civilization of the race. Superstition, 
ignorance, cruelty, poverty, do not make up our entire con- 
ception of barbarism. We include in this idea, not only great 
enormities, but all minor offences against modesty, civility, and 
decorum. The flagitious deeds even of savages are committed 
with long intervals between, — as it were upon the holidays of 
license or revenge ; but their personal manners fill up all the 
intercourse of life, — a continual grit in the daily bread of exist- 
ence. Now, a people cannot pass from a state of barbarism to 
one of refinement and civilization without casting off this ex- 
terior of rude and rugged manners, as well as by becoming skilful 
in the arts and learned in the sciences. This change, from the 
coarse to the refined, is supposed to have first taken place in 
cities and in the courts of kings. From cities and from courts 
11 



82 

are derived almost all the words which we now use to express 
the manners of a lady or a gentleman ; while the words which 
express inelegance, or want of refinement, are borrowed from 
the country. Etymologically, the words urbane and urbanity 
are derived from a Latin word signifying a city ; while their 
opposites, rustic and rusticity, signify qualities which were sup- 
posed to belong to the country. The word polite also has a 
derivation precisely similar, though it comes from another lan- 
guage ; while impolite means something unlike the city. Civ- 
ility, in the same way, is an abstract term, derived from the 
manners of city residents ; incivility, from those who resided 
elsewhere. So courtesy was borrowed from the court, and in- 
dicates the elegance of manners, the complaisance and the 
kindness which belong to a true gentleman or lady. 

But since the signification and use of these and similar 
words have become fixed, great changes have taken place. 
On the one hand, refinement has often run into a hateful fas- 
tidiousness, while the spirit of true politeness and civility has 
evaporated, leaving nothing but heartless conventionalism be- 
hind ; and, as a natural consequence, an adherence to certain 
arbitrary forms in the intercourse of life, has been deemed of 
more value than benevolence and sincerity. On the other 
hand, the condition of the masses has been greatly improved. 
In many nations they have been elevated from the state of 
serfs and slaves to the enjoyment of a few natural and civil 
rights, and occasionally they have been allowed to exercise 
political franchises. In our own country, the whole people, 
by a single revolutionary act, have declared themselves to be 
freemen and sovereigns; — as freemen, repudiating all foreign 
authority, and as sovereigns, assuming the exclusive right to 
govern themselves. If, then, with us, every man calls himself 
a citizen, his conduct should be characterized by civility ; and 
if all the people, by virtue of their political franchises, are 
sovereigns, and have a right of presentation at court, the man- 
ners of all should be stamped with courtesy. 

And yet it cannot be denied that, in a life of unintermitting 
manual toil, there is something adverse to the cultivation of 
refined manners, of elegant tastes, and of that ease and grace 



83- 

of demeanor, which are the appropriate expression of well- 
trained kindness and benevolence. The general idea of man- 
ual labor includes, of course, all the various occupations and 
forms of employment, which the present highly artificial de- 
mands of society have originated. Though but very few of 
these employments are incompatible with cleanliness both of 
dress and person, yet, almost without exception, they tempt 
the laborer to forego this elementary or constituent part of 
"good behavior." If the laborer be in straitened circum- 
stances, he feels compelled to live in a tenement so small as to 
endanger those decencies which domestic life should cultivate, 
and grievously to encroach upon, if not to destroy, those deli- 
cate attentions or forbearances, which, each sex owes to the 
other. If pressed for time, he is tempted to take his meals 
with indecent haste ; — he is prone, on these oft-returning occa- 
sions, to cast off the restraints of propriety, and, in the eager 
indulgence of his own appetite, to forget the wants or the 
rights of others. If surrounded by children, the importunate 
demands of nature, clamoring for the means of subsistence, 
force every thing else to give way. Should poverty, with its 
cruel restrictions, invade the family, should its daily wants 
exceed its supplies, the selfishness of each of its members is 
brought into vigorous action. A hungry child, watching for 
his share of bread at the table, a cold one for his place at the 
fire, or for his portion of the scanty covering of the bed, is in 
a most untoward condition for the cultivation of kindness and 
generosity. And what, under such hostile circumstances, can 
the maternal head of the family do, to tame the wild energy 
of natural impulses, and to domesticate the virtues of gentle- 
ness and affection, of deference for the rights of others, and of 
forbearance in the assertion of one's own ? How grievously 
must all these difiiculties be aggravated, when sickness invades 
the humble dwelling, and subtracts greatly from the resources, 
which are already too scanty for the wants of its inmates ! 
Yet it is under circumstances at least similar to these, if not 
identical with them, that a portion of our children are reared. 

Take many retired spots in the country where the popula- 
tion is sparse ; where each family depends mainly for its sub- 



84 

sistence upon the productions of a small farm and upon house- 
hold industry ; where the children are born, and where they 
live until the years of majority, far away from the great thor- 
oughfares of the world, rarely, if ever, going beyond the neigh- 
boring hills ; and how few of them, comparatively speaking, 
during all the forming years of childhood and youth, ever 
enjoy the opportunity of a single hour's conversation or inter- 
course with any refined and educated man or woman j — with 
any one whose manners are a model for imitation ; whose con- 
versation is instructive and captivating ; who always seeks for 
useful topics of remark, and never seeks in vain ; whose lan- 
guage is pure and copious ; whose dress and address are comely, 
appropriate, and dignified ; and who exhibits, in all his words, 
and tones, and gestures, that vast difference, so difficult to be 
described, and yet so impossible to be unnoticed, which marks 
the distinction between a gentleman and a clown ! 

The members of the three learned professions, as they are 
called, are supposed to have enjoyed better opportunities for 
obtaining intelligence, and for acquiring polished manners and 
courteous habits, than any other class of our people. Almost 
without exception, they have enjoyed a collegiate education, 
and have had opportunities to move in refined and educated 
circles ; and there is scarcely a town in the Commonwealth, 
where there is not a clergyman, a lawyer, or a physician, who 
is an educated man. In the great majority of our towns, there 
are several members, of one or another of the professions, who 
come within this description. But how infrequent is the in- 
tercourse of either of these classes with the mass of the peo- 
ple, as they are scattered about in their farmhouses and their 
workshops ! The clergyman may make it a point of duty to 
visit the families belonging to his parish, at least once a year ; 
but how little effect can such an annual and perhaps hasty 
visit have in the formation of the tastes or the manners of 
children ! Physicians rarely visit the houses of their towns- 
men, except on the occasion of sickness, — that is, at times of 
some degree, at least, of peril and alarm, and when even the 
rules and forms of civility, which men are wont to observe in 
their common intercourse with each other, are liable to be sus- 



85 

pendedj amid the intrusive demands or fears of the hour. Still 
more seldom, perhaps, does a lawyer visit the private dwelling 
of the laborer, unless it be for the performance of some pro- 
fessional duty, — to take the deposition of a sick man, or to 
make the will of a dying one, or to superintend the legal 
transfer of property, when a family is broken up and dispersed 
by the cruel fate of an insolvency. In populous towns, there 
may be, it is true, a few others, who do something towards 
giving expression and authority to the usages of refined life. 
There are a few of the wealthy and the educated, who are ex- 
empt from the necessity even of professional labor, who devote 
themselves to literature and to a study of the works of art, and 
who have the resources and the leisure for commanding the 
objects and for indulging the pleasures of an imagination 
formed to the study and the appreciation of classic elegance. 
But, generally speaking, this class of persons, so far from ming- 
ling Avith the mass of the people, and exciting a desire for 
more polished manners, through a sympathy with the moral 
qualities of their possessors, almost invariably gather them- 
selves into a clan, — surrounding themselves with a partition- 
wall, high and thick, that they may shut out the offensiveness 
of the plebeian gaze, and bar out the contamination of a ple- 
beian foot. 

With children circumstanced as above supposed, born of 
illiterate parents, surrounded by neighbors as rustic as them- 
selves, and having no opportunity for companionship or ac- 
quaintance with well-bred people, why is it not inevitable, 
under all the existing arrangements of society, save one; — 
why is it not inevitable, that they should grow up without 
those restraints upon their feelings which decorum imposes, 
with offensive provincialisms or vulgarities in their speech, 
with habits of pronunciation uncouth and contrary to all the 
usages of good speakers, with voice and gesture untrained, 
and perhaps with ridiculous oddities of manner ? In the by- 
ways and crowded streets of a city, where poverty casts its 
victims into heaps, and stows them away in cellars and gar- 
rets, the condition of the children is even worse than in the 
most obscure and secluded portions of the country. Here it 



86 

often happens that the surface disease of coarse and untamed 
manners is aggravated and made virulent by moral distempers 
within. 

Now, to meet a great exigency of civilization ; to save a 
considerable portion of the rising generation from falling back 
into the condition of half-barbarous or of savage life, what 
other instrumentality does society afford, than to send, into 
every obscure and hidden district in the State, a young man or 
a young woman whose education is sound, whose language is 
well selected, whose pronunciation and tones of voice are cor- 
rect and attractive, whose manners are gentle and refined, all 
whose topics of conversation are elevating and instructive, 
whose benignity of heart is constantly manifested in acts of 
civility, courtesy, and kindness, and who spreads a nameless 
charm over whatever circle may be entered ? Such a person 
should the teacher of every Common School be. Such a 
teacher, by associating with the children of the school for a 
considerable portion of the time each day ,• by remaining with 
them for weeks and months successively ; by having an oppor- 
tunity to observe their conduct towards each other, and thus 
to become acquainted with their various dispositions ; by gain- 
ing access to their minds through the delightful medium of 
instruction ; and, finally, by prolonging this relationship through 
all the susceptive and impressible years of childhood and 
youth, — such a teacher, so far as it may be in the power of 
any mortal agency to do it, may mould the habits and manners 
of the rising generation into the pleasing forms of propriety 
and decorum, and, by laying their foundations in the princi- 
ples of justice, magnanimity, and aff'ection, may give them an 
ever-during permanence. 

146. Notwithstanding all the guards and precautions of an 
examination, it may still happen that a teacher, having the 
certificate of the committee in his pocket, may be found, on 
trial, unfit to keep a school ; or, at least, to keep the particular 
school for which he was approved. This may happen, either 
through some inherent quality of disposition or of tempera- 
ment, not revealed by the examination, or from some change 
of views or of purposes arising subsequently to it. To meet 



87 

this class of cases, the law has wisely empowered the school 
committee of each town " to dismiss from employment any 
teacher in such town, whenever the said committee may think 
proper." St. 1844, ch. 32. The teacher's wages cease from 
the time of his dismission. lb. This has proved a terrible 
law to incompetent teachers. 

DUTY OF THE TOWN COMMITTEE TO PROVIDE A SCHOOL WHEN 
THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE FAILS TO DO SO. 

Two provisions of the law may here be mentioned, which 
perhaps have not been brought out with sufficient distinctness 
under an appropriate head. 

147. If, through any refusal or neglect, a prudential com- 
mittee man be not chosen for a district, or if any one, who 
has been chosen, neglects or declines to serve, or expressly 
resigns, or becomes incapable of resigning through disease or 
insanity, and the vacancy be not filled, — then all the duties of 
the prudential committee of such a district devolve upon the 
town's committee. They are to see that there is a suitable 
place in which the school may be kept, and that all suitable 
furniture be provided for it. These provisions are to be made 
at the expense of the district, and, for these purposes, the com- 
mittee have the credit of the district at their command ; that 
is, they may incur whatever expense may be necessary, and 
the district is liable to pay it. In such a case, too, notwith- 
standing the town has voted that the prudential committees of 
the respective districts shall select and contract with their own 
teachers, it will be the duty of the town's committee to select 
and contract with a teacher, to make arrangements for his 
board, and to provide fuel for the school. The expenses of 
board and fuel may be defrayed from the district's distributive 
share of the money raised by the town. 

In a word, in all cases where no prudential committee man 
is chosen, or where, from any cause, he does not act, the town 
committees are not only to discharge their own proper duties, 
but those of the prudential committee also. The expenses 
must be borne by the same parties as before. The intent of 
the law evidently is, to prevent the neglect or perverseness of 



88 

any district committee from working a forfeiture of the chil- 
dren's school privileges. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 45. 

148. It may sometimes be a difficult question to be deter- 
mined, at what time the duties of a prudential committee, in 
making provision for a school, are transferred to the town's com- 
mittee. The only tangible rule seems to be this ; — there must 
have been a neglect on the part of the district, or of its pru- 
dential committee ; and then the town's committee must pro- 
ceed to repair the consequences of that neglect, sufficiently 
early to allow the school to be kept its full term of time, dur- 
ing the customary or appropriate season of the year. For 
instance, if the district draws a sum of money from the town 
sufficient to keep a summer school for four months, and if 
custom, convenience, and good policy point to the first of 
October as the most eligible period for closing the summer 
school, then the town's committee must see that a school be 
commenced in the district early in the month of June. There 
is no interim, or point of time, when the legal power to make 
provision for the school does not exist somewhere. It exists 
in the district, or in the prudential committee, until they forfeit 
it by non-performance of duty ; and, at the moment of for- 
feiture, it is transferred to the town's committee. Nor can the 
power exist in both parties at the same time. When the town 
committee have lawfully assumed its exercise, in regard to a 
particular school, the prudential committee cannot reclaim it. 

149. It is supposed that the town's committee are entitled 
to the same compensation for this class of services as for any 
other which the law imposes upon them. 

DUTY OF THE TOWN's COMMITTEE IN REGARD TO SCHOOLS KEPT 
FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL THE INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN. 

The other provision, above referred to, relates to the schools 
which are established for the benefit of all the inhabitants of 
the town. 

150. It will be recollected that every town containing five 
hundred families, or householders, is required to keep a school 
of a higher grade, for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the 
town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 5. This class of schools may he 



89 

kept by any town. Cushing v. Newburyport, 10 Metcalfs 
Rep. 508. 

151. In regard to the above class of schools, — viz., those 
kept for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the town, — the 
town's committee are required to make all the necessary ar- 
rangements, and to perform all the duties, which the prudential 
committees are required to do for district schools. In regard to 
this class of schools, no provision exists for the choice, in any 
case, of a prudential committee. In addition to the general 
duty of supervision, all the duties belonging to the prudential 
committees of districts, in regard to district schools, belong to 
the town's committee in regard to this class of schools. 

152. The school committee are to determine the number 
and qualifications of the scholars to be admitted into the school 
kept for the benefit of the whole town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 
15. See a7ite, (19,) and post^ " Visitation of Schools,^^ and 
'' School Books." 

If all the preceding legal requirements have been observed, 
then a suitable schoolhouse has been provided and furnished, 
and a teacher has been examined and rightfully installed over 
the school. The business of instruction is now to begin. 

VISITATION OF SCHOOLS. 

Here a new order of duties opens upon the school commit- 
tee. One class of these duties, — that of visiting the schools, — 
is specifically pointed out by the law ; other duties are too 
various and indefinable to be the subject of statutory enumera- 
tion. 

153. The duty of visiting alL the district and town schools 
not less than a certain number of times, depending in each 
case upon the length of the school, is expressly enjoined upon 
the committee. 

In regard to schools kept for the benefit of all the inhab- 
itants of the town, the committee must visit them at least 
"quarter yearly." Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 15. At the "quarter 
yearly" visitations, the committee are required to make a care- 
ful examination of the school, and to ascertain whether the 
scholars are supplied with books ; they must also inquire into 
12 



90 

the regulation and discipline of the school, and the habits and 
proficiency of the scholars therein. lb, 

154. In regard to district schools, the committee, or some 
one or more of them, are to visit each school in the town on 
some day during the first or second week after it is opened ; 
and also on some day during the two weeks preceding its close. 
Respecting these two visits, the law is silent on the point of 
giving previous notice of the visit, and it is therefore discre- 
tionary with the committee, whether to give such notice or not. 
lb. <§> 16. In practice, the notice is usually given. 

155. In addition to the two special visits above named, the 
committee, or some one or more of them, are to visit "all the 
schools kept by the town," once a month, without giving pre- 
vious notice thereof. lb. Hence there must be, in each term, 
two more visits than the number of months during which the 
school is kept. 

156. It has been sometimes contended, in regard to district 
schools, that the law requires but two visits to each, — one near 
the opening and the other towards the close, — and that the 
provision which requires the committee to visit " all the schools 
kept by the town," once a month, without giving previous 
notice, refers to those schools of a higher grade which are to 
be kept, in the language of the law, "for the benefit of all the 
inhabitants of the town." 

That such a construction is erroneous, it is believed will suf- 
ficiently appear, from two considerations. 

1st. In the section which provides for the visitation of the 
schools kept "for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the 
town," the number of visits enjoined is explicitly given. They 
are to be "at least quarter yeaiiy." After having thus expressly 
stated, in one section, the number of visits to be made by the 
committee to this class of schools, it is hardly conceivable, that 
the statute would go on, in the next section, to say that the 
visits to the same schools shall be monthly. 

2d. There are many towns in the State not districted. If 
the law had required the monthly visits to be made to district 
schools only, it might possibly have been contended, that it did 
not apply to schools in towns not districted ; but by requiring 



91 

that "all the schools kept by the town" should be visited once 
a month, it doubtless embraced all the schools, whether the 
town should be districted or not, except the particular class of 
schools which had been before provided for. 

157. The law prescribes the minimum of visits ; it does not 
prohibit the committee from making more than the specified 
number, when, in their discretion, the good of the school re- 
quires it. 

At these visits, the whole condition of the school is to be in- 
quired into. The order and proficiency of the scholars ; the 
course of instruction and discipline ; the sufficiency of school 
books, whether as to number or kind ; the classification of the 
scholars ; the fitness of the studies pursued ; and, indeed, all 
the elements are to be thoroughly investigated, which, in their 
combination, make up a school's prosperity. At the first visit- 
ation, the committee will naturally desire to learn the then 
present condition of the school ; to ascertain, as exactly as pos- 
sible, its state of progress, that they may measure, at the end 
of the term, the advancement it has made. They will observe 
the methods of the teacher, and, if they deem it useful, will 
give him, — in private, — such friendly counsel and advice as 
he may appear to need. They will urge upon the pupils, by 
the most powerful and persuasive arguments and incitements 
they can use, the indispensableness to their highest good of 
regularity and punctuality in attendance, of diligence and 
ardor in study, of correctness in deportment, of cheerful and 
prompt obedience to the requirements of the teacher, and of a 
sacred regard to duty in all their conduct. They will strive to 
incite in the minds of the school an invincible resolution to be 
diligent and dutiful children, that they may become useful and 
exemplary men ; and to kindle in their hearts a holy ambition 
to do right, — though unapplauded by the world, though un- 
observed, though in obscurity and in solitude, — because it is 
right. 

158. During the period of visitation, the committee have 
the entire control of the school. For the time being, it is their 
school, and the teacher is their servant. They may decide 
what classes shall be called upon to perform exercises, and in 



92 

what studies. They may direct the teacher to conduct the 
examination, or may conduct it wholly themselves, or they 
may combine both methods. In fine, they may dismiss the 
teacher for the hour, and pursue the examination in his absence. 
All these prerogatives are supposed to be indispensable to enable 
the committee, under such circumstances as have existed, and 
may possibly exist again, to ascertain the true condition of a 
school, and, therefore, they are necessarily incident to the office 
of an examining committee. Should any scholar misbehave 
himself, or prove refractory or contumacious to the committee, 
while they are engaged in examining the school, it is presumed 
they have authority to suspend, to expel, or to punish on the 
spot, in the same way that the teacher may do in case of like 
misconduct committed against himself. To the honor, how- 
ever, of the schools of Massachusetts, it should be said, that 
not more than two or three instances of such an exigency have 
come to my knowledge within the last twelve years. 

The examination of teachers and of scholars constitutes an 
unerring index of the condition of any system of schools. As 
these are thorough or ceremonial, the schools will rise to the 
zenith of prosperity and usefulness, or sink to the nadir of 
worthlessness and banefulness. 

159. Although the school committees, throughout the State, 
(with a very few special exceptions in the cities,) are chosen at 
an annual town meeting held in the month of February, March, 
or April, yet, for the single purpose of completing their official 
business for the year, they retain their offices, notwithstanding 
successors have been chosen. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§> 1. 

160. It is the duty of the school committee of each year to 
visit the winter schools at their close, and, after they have 
closed, to make a return of all such particulars in their con- 
dition as are indicated by the blank Form of Inquiry, pre- 
pared by the Board. (See post, under the head '■'■ Inquiries 
and Returns.^'') But the winter schools may not close until 
after the annual meeting at which the school committee are 
chosen. Were the newly elected committee to succeed to all 
the duties pertaining to the office, as soon as they have been 
■elected, they would be required, in many instances, to report 



93 

upon schools which they had never visited, and of whose con- 
dition they would be ignorant. Hence the law provides that 
the committee of the preceding year shall complete the work 
they had begun. So far as the examination of new teachers, 
and the visitation of schools belonging to the new year, are 
concerned, the newly elected committee are to enter upon the 
discharge of their duties immediately after their election. lb. 
There may be a time, therefore, when two school committees 
are rightfully in office, in the same town. But though two 
committees may exist, they exist only in relation to different 
duties. They have coordinate but not concurrent jurisdiction. 

SCHOOL BOOKS. 

161. The law is peremptory in declaring that the committee 
shall prescribe what books are to be used in the schools. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, ^ 17. They should prepare a list of such books as 
they may deem most conducive to the advancement of the 
scholars, and cause a copy thereof to be placed in the hands of 
each teacher before the opening of the school. Other means 
should be used by the committee to make known to all the 
inhabitants of the town, or of the several districts, what books 
are prescribed for their respective schools, so as to enable each 
parent or guardian to procure, in season, and without unneces- 
sary trouble, the requisite supply. As far as the varying con- 
dition of the schools will allow, the books should be the same 
for all the town ; but the committee, so far from being debarred 
from prescribing different books for different schools, would be 
bound to do so, should a difference in their proficiency de- 
mand it. 

162. ,The committee may direct what books shall be used in 
the respective classes. lb. It is optional with them to use this 
power or not. Their conduct must therefore be determined by 
their discretion. To prescribe what books shall be used in the 
respective classes would be nearly equivalent to classifying the 
school, and determining all the studies to be pursued therein. 
This may sometimes be expedient. 

163. When the committee have prepared the list, and certi- 
fied the same to the teacher and parents, it is a virtual exclu- 



94 

sion of all other text books from the school. No teacher or 
pupil is at liberty to substitute any other therefor. There 
would seem to be no legal impediment, nor indeed any reason- 
able objection, to making use of other books, as books of refer- 
ence, — as books for comparison or elucidation merely; but 
the lessons must be studied in, and recited from, the books on 
the committee's list. 

164. The above provisions have reference to text books 
only, — to books for the use of the classes or the teacher, in the 
regular routine of exercises. They have no relation to library 
books. The selection of these belongs to the town or the dis- 
trict, or to any committee to whom they may respectively del- 
egate the power of choice. 

165. It is the duty of all parents, masters, and guardians, to 
furnish the children, whom they send to school, with the kind 
and the number of books prescribed for their use by the com- 
mittee. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 18. 

166. In case any scholar shall not be furnished, by his par- 
ent, master, or guardian, with the requisite books, he must be 
supplied therewith by the school committee. lb. <§> 20. 

167. The expense of supplying books to scholars who come 
to school without them, is, in the first instance, to be directly 
charged to the town by the committee. lb. But this expense, 
except in certain specified cases, is to be reimbursed to the 
town in the following manner : — 

168. The school committee are to keep an account of all 
the books so supplied by them, with their prices, and also an 
account of the names of all children to whom they were fur- 
nished, and of their parents, masters, or guardians. At some 
convenient and proper time, after such supply is made, the 
committee are to give notice, in writing, to the assessors of the 
town, of the kinds and the cost of the books so by them sup- 
plied, together with the names of the children so supplied, and 
the names of the parents, masters, or guardians by whom the 
books should have been supplied. lb. <§> 21. 

169. When the list of the books which have been furnished 
to the children shall be delivered to the assessors, as above 
mentioned, they are, in the first place, to decide whether the 



95 

parents, masters, or guardians, whose names have been returned 
to them, are, or are not, pecuniarily able to pay therefor ; or, 
if not able to pay for the whole, then whether they are able to 
pay a part of the price of said books, and what part. Said 
price, or so much thereof as the assessors may adjudge the par- 
ents, masters, or guardians of ability to pay, they shall add to 
tlie next annual tax of said parents, masters, or guardians, and 
the amount so added is then to be levied, collected, and paid 
into the town treasury, in the same manner as town taxes, 
lb. <§.>§. 21, 22. In this way, the town reimburses itself for 
such portion of the original cost of the books furnished, as the 
parents, masters, or guardians of the children, so supplied, are 
able to pay. The residue is a gratuity to the poor, and is a 
charge upon the town. 

170. The deficiency of books intended by the statute is a 
deficiency in the kinds of books prescribed by the committee. 
No number of other books can be any legal substitute for those 
prescribed. If scholars bring other books instead of those 
enumerated on the committee's list, they are still to be consid- 
ered as destitute of books ; and they are to be supplied by the 
committee, and the cost charged to the parents, or other parties 
liable. 

171. As conducive to uniformity in books, by making the 
kinds which the committee have prescribed easily obtainable 
by all, the law authorizes the committee of each town to pro- 
cure, at the expense of the town, or otherwise, a sufficient sup- 
ply of class or text books for all the schools in the town. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, ^ 19. 13 Pick. 229, Hartwell v. Littleton. 

172. If the committee adopt this course, they are required 
to give notice of the place where the books are deposited j and 
they are bound to furnish said books to all the scholars belong- 
ing to the schools, at such prices as will merely reimburse to 
the town the expense of the same. lb. This "expense" must 
mean the original cost of the books, all reasonable charges for 
transportation, and commission for sales. If the committee are 
judicious in their purchases, this mode of furnishing school 
books is much the most economical. 

173. The requisition of the statute, in regard to giving 
notice of the place or places where the books which the com- 



96 

mittee have procured for the schools may be obtained, is sub- 
stantially complied with by furnishing the books to the school 
teachers, with notice to the schools that they may be procured 
from the teachers. 13 Pick. 229, Hartwell v. Littleton. The 
committee, however, should make the notice as extensive as 
possible. 

174. If any of the books so purchased by the committee re- 
main on hand, at the expiration of their official year, a question 
has arisen whether they should not be personally liable there- 
for ; and it is said that if the committee have unlimited power 
in this respect, they may purchase a favorite kind of books in 
such quantity as to control their successors, by limiting their 
free choice in the selection of books ,• or, as a necessary conse- 
quence, subject the town to great loss, by leaving in their pos- 
session a large amount of unsalable works. 

On this point it may be observed that, where the committee 
purchase books at the expense of the town, it will be impossi- 
ble for them to determine with exactness how many will be 
called for. If, then, they have acted in good faith in making 
the purchase, it would be an unreasonable hardship to compel 
them to take any excess of books v/hich might remain on hand 
at the end of the year. If, on the other hand, a committee 
should ever abuse their discretionary power, by purchasing an 
inordinate quantity of books, either for the sake of enforcing, 
under the penalty of a pecuniary loss, the continuance of a 
favorite book in the schools, or for any other sinister and repre- 
hensible end, the town could refuse payment of the bills, and 
would doubtless be sustained by the courts in its refusal, A 
suspicion of such a case has never arisen in Massachusetts, 
within my knowledge, but once. 

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 

175. The school committee shall never direct to be pur- 
chased or used, in any of the town schools, any school books 
which are calculated to favor the tenets of any particular sect 
of Christians. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 23.* 

*See Abstract of School Returns for 1843-4, " Templeton/' for a case where a teacher 
was dismissed, for persisting in his efforts to give sectarian instruction. 



97 

"It is the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society, 
publicly, and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, 
the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no sub- 
ject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, 
or estate, for worshipping GOD in the manner and season most 
agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; or for his 
religious professions or sentiments, provided he doth not dis- 
turb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious wor- 
ship." Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, Art. 2. 

"All religious sects and denominations, demeaning them- 
selves peaceably and as good citizens of the Commonwealth, 
shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no sub- 
ordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall 
ever be established by law." Amendments to the Constitution 
of Massachusetts, Art. 11. 

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Cotistitutiofi 
of the United States, Amendments, Art. 1. 

For other duties of the school committees, and for a defini- 
tion of the times when their offices begin and when they ter- 
minate, see post, ^^ Inquiries atid Returns,^' and ^^ Committees^ 
Reports. ^^ 

TEACHERS. 

176. Before leaving those provisions which the law has 
made for the internal management and regulation of the 
schools, it is necessary to say a few words respectmg the au- 
thority of teachers. 

Until a Public School teacher has received a certificate of 
qualification from the committee of the town where he teaches, 
it is at least questionable whether he has any authority at all 
as a teacher, and whether he would have any right to enforce 
his commands, however openly or contumaciously resisted. 
But, having a legal certificate in his possession, he has an in- 
disputable right to repress disobedience to his orders, and to 
enforce compliance with all lawful commands. For this pur- 
pose, he may, in the last resort, appeal to physical force, and 
13 



98 

inflict any bodily chastisement, not unsuitable to the age, sex, 
or condition of the offender. The circumstances which justify 
an appeal to this ultimate remedy must, in the first instance, 
be decided upon by the teacher himself; but this decision is 
always liable to be appealed from, and the soundness of the 
discretion used to be re adjudicated, by a court and jury of the 
country. It is true, there is no statutory provision in our law 
empowering teachers to inflict blows ; but the reason of this 
omission was, not because it was intended to withhold the 
power, but because the power was so universally known and 
recognized, as to supersede the necessity of conferring it. 
There is not a law book in the English language, which treats 
of the relative rights and duties of parents and children, of 
master and apprentice, of master and servant, or of teacher and 
pupil, which does not recognize in the former, in certain sup- 
posable cases, a right to inflict personal chastisement upon the 
latter ; and there is not a court of record either in England or 
America in which this right has ever been denied or ques- 
tioned, while it has been affirmed in innumerable instances. 
In all the legal adjudications that have ever been made, no 
question has ever been raised as to the abstract right. The 
only questions have been, either as to the sufficiency of the 
circumstances, alleged and proved, to justify its use ; or whether 
the punishment, considering the nature and circumstances of 
the particular offence, has not been excessive. 

177. But pupils have rights as well as teachers. They have 
as valid a right to immunity from punishment, when they have 
committed no offence ; they have as valid a right to exemption 
from severity or frequency of punishment, when their offences 
have been slight, or far between, as the teacher has to inflict 
punishment at all. 

178. Teachers have a right to expel, temporarily, from 
school ; committees have a right to expel, permanently, from 
school, — that is, during their continuance in office. If teachers 
have occasion to suspend or expel a scholar from school, the 
sentence should not cover a longer period of time than would 
be sufficient for convening the committee, in order to lay the 
<jase before them. (See Report made by the Committee on 



99 

Education to the House of Representatives, Feb. 8, 1841 ; cited 
at length in the Common School Journal, Vol. Ill, p. 65.) 

179. The question is not without some practical difficulty, 
how far the school committee and teachers may exercise au- 
thority over school children, before the hour when the school 
begins, or after the hour when it closes, or outside of the school- 
house door or yard. On the one hand, there is certainly some 
limit to the jurisdiction of the committee and teachers, out of 
school hours and out of the schoolhouse ; and, on the other 
hand, it is equally plain, if their jurisdiction does not com- 
mence until the minute for opening the school has arrived, nor 
until the pupil has passed within the door of the schoolroom, 
that all the authority left to them, in regard to some of the 
most sacred objects for which our schools were instituted, 
would be but of little avail. To what purpose would the 
teacher prohibit profane or obscene language among his schol- 
ars, within the schoolroom and during school hours, if they 
could indulge it with impunity, and to any extent of wanton- 
ness, as soon as the hour for dismissing the school should ar- 
rive ? To what purpose would he forbid quarrelling and fight- 
ing among the scholars, at recess, if they could engage in single 
combat, or marshal themselves into hostile parties for a general 
encounter, within the precincts of the schoolhouse, and within 
the next five minutes after the school should be closed ? And 
to what purpose would he repress insolence to himself, if a 
scholar, as soon as he had passed the threshold, might shake 
his fist in the teacher's face, and challenge him to personal 
combat? These considerations would seem to show that there 
must be a portion of time, both before the school commences 
and after it has closed, and also a portion of space between the 
door of the schoolhouse and that of the paternal mansion, 
where the jurisdiction of the parent, on one side, and of the 
committee and teachers, on the other, is concurrent. Many of 
the school committees in the Commonwealth have acted in 
accordance with these views, and have framed regulations for 
the government of the scholars, both before and after school 
hours, and while going to and returning from the school. The 
same principle of necessity by virtue of which this jurisdiction, 



100 

out of school hours and beyond school premises, is claimed, 
defines its extent and affixes its limit. It is claimed, because 
the great objects of discipline and of moral culture would be 
frustrated without it. When not essential, therefore, to the at- 
tainment of these objects, it should be forborne. 

180. Payment of a teacher's wages by the town to the com- 
mittee does not discharge the town, if the teacher does not 
receive the money. Clark v. Great Barrington, 11 Pick. 260. 

181. When the prudential committee of a district hires a 
teacher, he acts as the agent of the town and not of the dis- 
trict, and therefore the teacher's claim is not upon the commit- 
tee but upon the town. lb. 

182. The teacher of a town school is not liable to an action 
by a parent for refusing to instruct his children. Spear v. 
Cummings, 23 Pick. 224. 

BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

183. I now come to the consideration of an entirely distinct 
class of agencies and of duties, whose object it is to obtain in- 
formation respecting the true principles of Popular Education, 
and the most eligible means of promoting it ; and to diffuse 
that information among the people. 

If anything has been done within the last twelve 3?"ears to 
carry forward the cause of education in Massachusetts, it has 
been done by arguments and appeals, founded upon an unim- 
peachable basis of facts. The people of this Commonwealth 
are a highly reflecting people, — not so susceptible and volatile 
as to be suddenly carried away by any new theory, however 
brilliant or plausible, nor so bigotedly conservative, as to set 
their faces against improvement, because it is innovation. They 
well know that improvement is necessarily innovation. Our 
present form of government was a bold innovation upon that 
which preceded it ; and one of the greatest innovations in the 
whole history of mankind was the establishment of Free 
Schools themselves. One needs not hesitate to say that, if 
any new measure, depending upon the popular will, were to be 
attempted in Massachusetts, it would be necessary to convince 
a much larger portion of the people of its justice and its utility, 



101 

than in any other state in the Union, or country in the world. 
In a despotism it is only necessary to convince the sovereign 
of the expediency of a new measure, and his resistless fiat in- 
sures its execution. Many self-styled republics have been but 
little better than oligarchies, where, under a nominal govern- 
ment of the whole, a few politicians have ruled the state. But 
experience has proved that no organic change can be effected 
in the institutions of Massachusetts, but by carrying a convic- 
tion of the justness and the expediency of the proposed modi- 
fication home to the minds, — by satisfying both the intellect 
and conscience, — of a great majority of the people. 

Hence, the numerous and important additions which, within 
the last twelve years, have been engrafted upon the school sys- 
tem of Massachusetts, have been questioned at every step, and 
encountered by every conceivable objection. The advocates 
of each measure have been called upon, not merely to demon- 
strate its practical utility, but to answer imaginary forebodings 
respecting evils possibly consequent upon it. The demonstra- 
tion was easy, while the objections drawn from the imagina- 
tion have been confuted by time. So careful have the Board 
of Education, and their coadjutors, both in and out of the 
Legislature, been, not to venture upon any ill-considered or ill- 
digested schemes, that, in not a single instance, has it been 
necessary for them to retrace their steps. 

184. The Board of Education was established by an act of 
the Legislature, approved April 20, 1837, and it was organized 
on the 29th of June of the same year.* 

The Board consists of ten persons. The Governor and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor for the time being are, ex officiis, members of 
the Board. The remaining eight persons are nominated to the 
Council by the Governor, and, if the nomination be approved, 
they are appointed. The members appointed by the Governor 

* Immedialely after its organization, the Board issued an " Address to the People of 
Massachusetts," which was afterwards appended to their First Annual Report. (See, also, 
Common School Journal, Vol. I, p. 268.) In its internal organization, the Board has a stand- 
ing committee of visiters, (so called,) for each of the State Normal Schools, an executive 
committee, a committee on school libraries, a committee on accounts, and such other com- 
mittees as, from time to time, may be found necessary. The Secretary of the Board is 
chosen annually. He has a right to take part in the deliberations of the Board, but has no 
right of voting. The Board also chooses a Treasurer, who holds his office for one year. 



102 

and Council hold their office for the period of eight years ; but 
for the purpose of securing a rotation of office, it was provided, 
in the original constitution of the Board, that the person first 
named in the commission should go out of office at the end of 
one year, the second at the end of two years, and so on, till the 
whole Board should be changed. This provision of the law 
having been executed, each new member is now appointed for 
the term of eight years ; or, in case of the resignation of a 
member, to complete an unexpired term of eight years. In 
practice, the construction of the law has uniformly been, that 
no member is reappointable as his own immediate successor. 
St. 1837, ch. 241, ^ 1. 

185. In the act establishing the Board, (the provisions of 
which have since been very much modified and enlarged,) the 
following duties were enjoined upon them and upon their Sec- 
retary : — 

1st. They were required to prepare and lay before the Legis- 
lature, in a printed form, on or before the second Wednesday in 
January, annually, an Abstract of the School Returns, received 
by the Secretary of the Commonwealth. lb. <§> 3. 

186. 2d. They were to appoint a Secretary, at a salary not 
exceeding one thousand dollars a year, whose duty it should 
be, under the direction of the Board, "to collect information 
of the actual condition and efficiency of the Common Schools, 
and other means of Popular Education, and to diffuse, as widely 
as possible, throughout every part of the Commonwealth, infor- 
mation of the most approved and successful methods of arrang- 
ing the studies and conducting the education of the young, to 
the end that all children in this Commonwealth, who depend 
upon Common Schools for instruction, may have the best edu- 
cation which those schools can be made to impart." lb. 

187. 3d. The Board was required, annually, to "make a de- 
tailed Report to the Legislature of all its doings, with such ob- 
servations as their experience and reflection might suggest upon 
the condition and efficiency of our system of Popular Educa- 
tion, and upon the most practicable means for improving and 
extending it." lb. <§. 3. 

188. Afterwards, by St. 1838, ch. 55, it was provided that 



103 

the expenses actually incurred in the discharge of their official 
duties, by those members of the Board who are appointed by 
the Governor and Council, after being audited and allowed by 
the Governor and Council, should be reimbursed to them. 
These expenses consist in the cost of attending the annual or 
other meetings of the Board, in making visitations to the State 
Normal Schools, in postage, stationery, ifcc. Their average 
amount has been not far from two hundred dollars a year, for 
the whole Board. The services of the Board are gratuitously 
rendered. 

189. In 1838, the duties of the Secretary having been very 
much enlarged, his salary was fixed at $1500 a year. But no 
allowance was made for any expenses incurred in the discharge 
of his duties. During the continuance of the first Secretary 
in his office, no allowance was ever made for office-rent, clerk- 
hire, purchase of suitable or necessary books, and so forth, or 
for other incidental expenses. Though required, once in each 
year, at such time as the Board of Education should appoint, 
to "attend, in each county of the Commonwealth, a meeting 
of all such teachers of Public Schools, members of the school 
committees of the several towns, and friends of education gen- 
erally in the country, as might voluntarily assemble ;" yet no 
part of the travelling or other expenses of these circuits was 
ever provided for or refunded.* 

SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

190. The Secretary of the Board of Education is Librarian 
of the State Library. St. 1849, ch. 155, ■§> 1. As such libra- 
rian, the apartments in the State House, occupied by the State 
Library, are furnished for his accommodation, and set apart as 

* The first Secretary of the Board of Education never made application to the Legisla- 
ture himself, nor suffered his friends to make application for him, for any clerical or other 
assistance iu the discharge of the duties of his office, or for any relief from its pecuniary bur- 
dens. His ambition was to place the importance and utilitj' of the office on such high and 
incontestable grounds that, when he should resign it, it should be deemed worthy to be in- 
corporated into the government of the State as one of its integral and permanent depart- 
ments ; and that his successor should be placed upon such a footing of independence and 
dignity as should make his position an eligible one for any man of high talents, of varied 
attainments, and of philanthropic character. How far this ambition has been gratified, will 
appear by reference to the provisions subsequently enumerated in the text. 



104 

his office. He is to report annually, in the month of January, 
respecting the condition of the Library. lb. <§> 3. 

191. The Secretary has power to appoint an assistant, who, 
when necessary, shall act as clerk of the Board. 

192. The Secretary is to "apply himself diligently to the 
object of collecting information of the condition of the Public 
Schools ;" — "of the fulfilment of the duties of their office by 
all members of the school committees of all the towns, and 
the circumstances of the several school districts, in regard to 
all the subjects of teachers, pupils, books, apparatus, and meth- 
ods of education ; with the intent of furnishing all requisite 
materials for the report by law required from the Board of 
Education." St. 1838, ch. 159, *§, 1. 

193. The Secretary is to suggest to the Board and to the 
General Court, improvements in the present system of Common 
Schools. St. 1849, ch. 215. This provision, in connection 
with a clause in the first section of the sixty-fifth chapter of 
the statutes of 1849, clearly implies that the Secretary is to 
make an annual report. 

He is to visit, as often as his other duties will permit, differ- 
ent parts of the Commonwealth, for the purpose of arousing 
and guiding public sentiment in relation to the practical inter- 
ests of education j 

To collect in his office such school books, apparatus, maps 
and charts, as can be obtained without expense to the Com- 
monwealth ; 

To purchase rare and valuable works on education for the 
use of the Board, and for the benefit of teachers, authors and 
others, who wish to consult them ; for which purpose the sum 
of fifty dollars a year is placed at his disposal ; 

To receive and arrange in his office, the reports, returns and 
registers [blank,] now or hereafter in the office of the Secretary 
of the Commonwealth ; and 

To receive, preserve or distribute the State documents in re- 
lation to the Common School system. St. 1849, ch, 215, <§> 1. 

194. The Secretary of the Board is to make up the annual 
Abstracts of the School Returns. St. 1847, ch. 183, <§> 1. 

195. He is to cause the blank Forms of Inquiry, the School 
Registers, the Abstract of School Returns, and the annual Report 



105 

of the Board of Education and that of its Secretary, to be for- 
warded to the sheriffs of the several counties, for distribution 
to the clerks of the several towns and cities within their 
counties respectively. St. 1849, ch. 65, *§> 1. 

196. He is also to make an annual report to the Legislature 
of the several expenses incurred by the Board of Education, 
"for any object whatever." Res., March 1, 1842. 

197. The Secretary's salary is $1600 per annum, payable 
quarterly. St. 1849, ch. 215, <§> 2. 

198. All necessary travelling expenses, incurred by the Sec- 
retary in the performance of his official duties, after being ap- 
proved by the Board ; and all postages and other necessary ex- 
penses arising in his office, are to be paid by the State. St. 
1849, ch. 215, <§> 3. 

SCHOOL REGISTERS. 

199. The Board of Education are required to prescribe a 
blank Form for a School Register, to be used in all the Public 
Schools in the State. St. 1849, ch. 209. The Registers are 
to be forwarded from the office of the Secretary of the Board, 
through the hands of the sheriffs of the several counties, to the 
town clerks, by whom they are to be delivered to the school 
committees. St. 1849, ch. 65. 

200. Each school is to be furnished with a Register. The 
committees of the towns having received the Registers are 
thenceforth responsible for them ; and it is their duty to cause 
the Registers, in the form prescribed by the Board, to be faith- 
fully kept in all the schools. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 6. 

201. No teacher is entitled to receive any payment for his or 
her services, until the Register for his or her school, properly 
filled up and completed, shall be deposited with the school com- 
mittee, or with such person as they may designate to receive it. 
St. 1849, ch. 209. 

202. The following exhibits a condensed plan of the Regis- 
ter prescribed by the Board, and now in use in the schools of 
the State :* 

* It being understood that the Board had under its consideration the subject of making 
some change in the form of the present Register, application was made to them for a copy 

14 



106 



1. REGISTER of 

Kept by 

Coramencing 

Ending 



2. NAMES of School Committee for the Year 18 
NAME of Prudential Committee for the Year 18 



4^ 


5, Scholars. 


6. Record of Daily Attendance 
FOR THE Term. 


Names of 
Parents or 
•Guardians. 


Date of 

entering 

the 
School. 


Date of 
leaving 

the 
School, 


OJ 

B 

z 

o 

m 


Names of 
Scholars. 


Age. 


a 
o 




1 


5 






B 
O 












B 
O 

s 


3 




2 


S 


3 i-O 















15. Length of School in months and 
days, four weeks making a month, 



17. Average attendance of Scholars, 



16. Whole number of different Schol- 
ars attending the School, 



18. Wages of Teacher per month, $ 



Prefixed to the blank sheets of the Register are the following 

DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS : 

(1.) In the first blank are.to be entered the name or designation of the school, 
— as " District No. 1," " Central District," or whatever it may be, — the name 
of tlie teacher, and the date of the school's commencing and closing. 

(2.) This blank is for the names of the Superintending and Prudential Com- 
mittees. 

(3.) If school committees give the teacher a list of the books to be used in 
the school, he should immediately fill the blank, No. 3, by transcribing the list. 
The committee, if they prefer, may fill this blank, before delivering the Regis- 
ter to the teacher. 

(4.) No. 4 requires no explanation. 

(5.) The columns for the date of any scholar's entering or leaving the school 
may be left blank, unless when a scholar shall enter or leave during the term. 
If a scholar enters after the commencement of the term, let the date of tlie event 
be entered against his name, and let a horizontal black line be drawn from his 
" Age" to the colmnn denoting the day when his attendance begins. That is, 

of the new form, should a new one be adopted. But as the printing of this edition of the 
Report has already been delayed for some weeks awaiting the action of the Board, and as 
no new form has as yet been prepared, or decided upon by the Board, the existing form of 
the Register is inserted. Should any change be made before the last sheets of the Report 
go to press, the new form will be given in the Appendix. 



107 



3. LIST of Books prescribed by the School Committee. 



7. 

a 
n 

E 

s 
Z 

"o 

J3 


6. conlin'd. 
Record* 
continued. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11. Studies. 


12. Other' 

Studies, 
(if any ) 


13. 


14 


-6 


1 


fa 


*. 

CO 


-a 
S 

£ 

"5 
6 
Z 


O « 

z ■■ 


d S 
Z" 


bij'o 

°-= 

~ O 

z- 


> -a 
5.2 £ 

^b6 


D^ cs o 

S'itB 


u 

o 

o 


o 

as 




3 
£ 

£ 

"So 


o. 
a 

O 

o 
O 


C 

2 

< 


- 




- 


— 


Davs when visited 
by School Comm., 
di Names of Com. 
making; the visit. 


1 

















19. Value of Teacher's Board per 
month, $ 


Signed, 






Teacher. 



if a scholar comes in, for the first time, on the first day of tlie second week of 
the school, let a horizontal black line be drawn, against his name, through the 
first six days of the school's keeping. So, when a scholar leaves, let a horizon- 
tal black line be drawn, against his name, after the day on ivhich he left. In all 
other cases, it will be understood that the attendance commenced with the 
school, and that the scholar did not leave untU its close. 

In the colimin " Scholars' Nuunber," enter a number from 1, onward, against 
all the scholars' names. Where the school consists of thirty different scholars, 
they are to be numbered from 1 to 30 ; if of sixty, then from 1 to 60, and so on. 
The object of this will be seen hereafter. 

The names of the scholars may be entered in such order as the teacher may 
prefer ; but it is suggested that an entry of the names, according to the order 
of the seats occupied, will prove most convenient ; because, when the teacher 
is filling the Register, tlie arrangement of the scholars in their seats will then 
correspond with the order of their names in the Register, and will thus facilitate 
a reference from one to the other. As other circumstances, however, may con- 
flict with this suggestion, the intelligent teacher is left to adopt his o-wn course. 
Some teachers prefer the alphabetical order. 

(6) (6.) In providing a blank for the daily attendance of each scholar, it is 
obviously necessary to make provision for the longest term during which any 



* This Table of Daily Attendance, as contained in the Register, is so extended as to be 
sufficient for a period of six months. 



108 

of our schools are kept. As many of the schools, with the exception of vaca- 
tions, are kept through the year, and others four or five months, both summer 
and winter, it is necessary that each sheet of the Register should be suiEcient 
for any half year. The blank No. 6 wOl suffice for twenty-three weeks, and 
will doubtless be sufficient to meet the wants of any school for a half year.* 

The blank supposes the school to begin on Monday ; if it does not, but begins 
on Wednesday, for instance, let a horizontal line, or dash, be drawn, connecting 
the scholar's name with the column for the day when the school begins. 

In the blank, the iveeks are separated from each other by a heavy line ; and by 
drawing a brace over the days belonging to any particular month, the namt, (and, 
if desired, the day also,) of the month may be entered in writing, above them. 
It will then be seen, at a glance, during what months the school has been kept. 

As it is hoped that the number of scholars in attendance will very much 
overbalance the number of absentees, it is the plan of the Register to denote 
tardinesses and absences by appropriate marks, but to make no entry for signi- 
fying attendance. By adopting this mode, the labor of the teacher will be 
greatly lightened, and a mere inspection will show the number of marks for 
tardiness or absence standing against any scholar's name, and sullying and dis- 
figuring his portion of the Register. 

Half a caret, thus, / , will denote tardiness, and may be entered as soon after 
the school begins, as it is found that a scholar is not in his seat. If he after- 
wards comes in, the mark wUl stand, as evidence of his being late at school. 
If he does not come in during the half day, turn the half caret into a whole one, 
thus, A ) a^nd it will denote a half day's absence. If the absence or tardiness 
be in the morning, let the sign of it be made in the upper half of the space ; 
if it be in the afternoon, let it be entered in the lower half. There is sufficient 
room, in each space, for an entry, both morning and afternoon, if it be done 
neatly. As no entry, according to the plan of the Register, is to be made for 
indicating the presence of a scholar, the corresponding spaces against his name 
will be left vacant, unless teachers may choose to adopt some system of nota- 
tion for signifying the moral conduct of the scholar, or the character of his 
recitations, or both. If they choose to do this, the otherwise unoccupied space 
will afford them an opportunity for making the entry. As only a part of our 
teachers are accustomed to keep such a record, and as the modes of keeping it 
are various, no form is here given, but each teacher is left to do as he pleases. 

In the spaces where the days, Monday, Tuesday, &c., are printed, there is 
sufficient room for entering the state of the weather, as Fair, Cold, Snowy, &c. 
Such entries may serve to explain the causes for the tardiness or absence of 
some scholars, and they will also show that other scholars did not yield to them. 
If a thermometer belongs to the school, the teacher may enter here, if he 
pleases, the number of the degree at which the mercury stands at 12 o'clock, 
noon, of each day. 

(7.) The first, or left-hand column, on the right-hand page, is for entering 
again the number of the scholar, (or his initials, as the teacher may prefer,) so 
as to aid the inspector's eye hi running across the sheet. 

* See Note, page 107. 



109 

(8.) At the close of the school, tlie aggregate number of the tardinesses, and 
of the days of each scholar's absence and attendance, together with the number 
of days he may have belonged to the school, will be entered here. The num- 
ber of absences and attendances must be reduced to days before being entered 
in their respective colunms. 

(9) (10.) The marks / and /\, in either of these columns, will denote, (as 
before,) the tardiness or absence of the scholar, on the days, or half days, of the 
committee's visitation. If no entry be made, the scholar's presence will be in- 
ferred. 

(11.) Under this head, each of the studies required by the statute of tlie Com- 
monwealth to be taught in every Common School has a separate column. The 
sign for minus, thus, — , entered in any column, will signify that the scliolar is 
not pursuing the study named at its head. If no entry be made, it will indicate 
that tlie branches, named over the blank space, are pursued. 

(12.) Under this head, any other study pursued in the school may be entered. 
The teacher will enter, in writing, the name of the study, and then the letter S. 
placed under it, and against any scholar's name, will indicate that he is studying it. 

(13.) This requires no explanation. 

(14.) Under this head, the teacher may enter any such remarks respecting 
the scholar, — his deficiency in class books, his conduct, &.c. &c., — as he may 
deem proper. 

(1.5.) This requires no explanation. 

(16.) The whole number of different scholars who may have belonged to the 
school during the term, wUl be ascertained by looking at the bottom of the third 
column, under No. (5), " Scholars' Number." 

(17.) The average attendance of any one scholar ma}?^ be found by comparing 
the whole amount of his attendance, (reduced to days,) witli the whole number 
of tlie days, during which he may have belonged to the school. 

The average attendance of /Ae whole school, for the whole term, will be found 
in the following manner : — 

Add up the two columns, " No. of days' attendance," and " No. of days be- 
longing to the school." Reduce them by a common divisor to their lowest 
terms, (though the result will be the same if they are not so reduced,) and, as 
the latter, (" No. of days belonging to the school,") is to the former, (" No. of 
days' attendance,") so is the average number of scholars who have belonged to 
the school, to the average attendance.* 

For example, suppose the footing of the column, " No. of days belonging to 
the school," to be 5600 ; suppose, also, the footing of the column, " No. of 
days' attendance," to be 5040, (there having been 560 absences,) and suppose 
the average number of scholars who have belonged to the school to be 70 ; 
tlien m^ = '^°, and as 10 : 9 : : 70 : 63. Sixty-three, tlierefore, is the aver- 
age attendance. The result would be the same without the reduction ; thus, 
as 5600 : 5040 : : 70 : 63. 

The teacher, of course, will take into consideration the number of half days 

* The average number of scholars who have belonged to the school is found by dividing 
the amount or aggregate of the " No. of days belonging to the school," by the whole number of 
days the school has been kept. The quotient will be the average number belonging to the school . 



no 

which constitute a school week, according to the custom of the place where he 
teaches. If both Wednesday and Saturday afternoons are half holidays, then 
ten half days, whether of absence or attendance, will make a week. 

The above problem is so easy, that any teacher who cannot work it out cor- 
rectly should be cautious about becoming a candidate for school keeping. 

The Register books are of diiferent sizes. Where the number of scholars in 
a school does not exceed thirty-three, two pages will be sufficient for a term. 
If the number of scholars be more than thirty-three, but not exceeding sixty- 
six, four pages will suffice for a term. And so of stUl larger schools. 

Where more than one leaf is occupied, there will be some supernumerary 
headings ; but this it was impossible to avoid. 

It will be observed by school committees, that Register books of different 
sizes are sent to them. The different sizes of the books are intended to cor- 
respond with the different numbers of scholars belonging to their respective 
schools, as ascertained by an examination of the School Returns for the last 
and previous years. Where it has appeared by these Returns, that the number 
of scholars belonging to a school has been equal to twenty-Jive, a book sufficient 
for thirty-three has been prepared, in order to provide for an increase of the 
school. The same proportion has been observed in regard to larger schools. 
The school conmiittees, of course, will distribute the Registers according to the 
number of scholars respectively belongmg to tlieir districts, or schools. 

The books are designed to last for five tears. Should another sheet, or 
another hook, be wanted before the expiration of that tune, application must be 
made to the Secretary of the Board, stating the whole number of the scholars 
belonging to the school, and whether or not that number will probably increase, 
before the expiration of the five years above mentioned.* 

INQUIRIES AND RETURNS. 

203. During the month of January, — and, of course, some 
months before the expiration of the committees' official year, — 
a Blank Form of Inquiry is to be prepared, under the direction 
of the Board of Education. One copy of this blank form is 
to be sent by the Secretary of the Board, through the hands of 

* The above Form of a Register was prepared with great care, and after the examination 
of hundreds of different forms used in the schools of this country and in those of Europe. 
When the first sketch or outline of it was completed, it was exhibited, or a copy of it trans- 
mitted, to distinguished teachers in every county in Massachusetts, and to other teachers of 
the highest reputation, in the other New England States and in New York. As only one 
modification of any importance was suggested, it may be said to have had the unanimous 
approval of the most distinguished educators in this country. 

The advantages of a permanent Register book over fugitive sheets, aj-e almost too obvious 
to be enumerated. It is less expensive ; it is less liable to be lost, mislaid, or mutilated; it will 
exhibit the condition of a school for a series of years ; from its pages much can be learned of 
the early history of the scholars ; and hence it will be one of the strongest proofs to show the 
intimate connection between youthful conduct and adult character. A manufacturer may as 
well be without a Time book, or a merchant without a Journal, as a teacher without a Register. 



Ill 

the sheriffs, to the clerks of the several cities and towns, and 
the clerks are respectively to deliver said copy to the school 
committee of each city and town in the State. St. 1846, ch. 
223, <^ 3. 1849, ch. 65. 

A portion of this blank is of a permanent character, — being 
the same, or substantially the same, from year to year ; a por- 
tion of it is variable, being adapted to obtain information, on a 
certain class of facts, one year, and on another class, another 
year. The permanent part comprises all the great statistical 
facts, — such as the amount of money appropriated, the length 
of the schools, the total attendance and average attendance of 
the scholars, (fcc, — which constitute the basis, and denote the 
prosperity, of the system. The Inquiries propounded by the 
other part are of such a nature that they need not be repeated 
from year to year. The Board has discretionary power to in- 
sert, in the blanks, whatever questions they deem expedient.* 

* Among other questions propounded, within the last ten years, to school committees, pro- 
fessional men, and others, in order to obtain information bearing upon the question of Pop- 
ular Education, are the following' :— 

Is inconvenience or discomfort suffered from the construction or location of schoolhouses 
in your town, and, if so, in what manner ? Are the requisitions of law complied with in 3'our 
town, in relation to the aggregate lengths of time in which schools are kept j the different 
kinds of schools kept, and the qualifications of the teachers employed ? Does your town 
choose a school committee each year ? Do they organize as a committee, and do they visit 
and examine the schools, as required by law ? Are school committee men paid for their 
services, and, if so, how much ? Are teachers employed for the Public Schools, without 
being examined and approved, or before being examined and approved, by the committee ? 
Do parents in general exhibit any public interest in the character and progress of 
schools, by attending examinations or otherwise ? Do the school committee select the 
kinds of books to be used in schools, or is it left to parents and teachers ? Do the school 
committee cause books to be furnished, at the expense of the town, to such scholars as are 
destitute of those required ? Is there a uniformity of books in the same school ? Is any 
apparatus used in your schools ? If so, in how many, and of what kinds is it ? Have any 
teachers been employed who practise school keeping as a regular employment, or profes- 
sion ? If any, how many ? Are they male or female ? 

Are scholars in your schools kept in spelling classes, from the time of their earliest com- 
bination of letters, up to the time of their leaving school j or what is the course ordinarily 
pursued, in regard to teaching orthography, and how long is it continued ? Are there de- 
fects in teaching scholars to read ? This inquiry is not made in regard to the pronunciation 
of words and the modulation of the voice; but do the scholars fail to understand the mean- 
ing of the words they read 1 Do they fail to master the sense of the reading lessons ? Is 
there a presence, in the minds of the scholars, when reading, of the ideas and feelings in- 
tended to be conveyed and excited by the author ? 

Is there in your town Euiy Town, Social, or District School Library ? If so, how many ? 
What number of volumes do they contain, and what is their present value, as nearly as you 
can estimate it ? What number of persons have a right of access to them ? Are the books 
of which they consist adapted to the capacities of children and youth, and have they good 



112 

intellectual and moral tendencies ? Please be as particular as your convenience will allow, 
respecting the character of the books. 

Have you any Mechanics' Institute in your town, either with or without reading rooms ? 
If any, what number of members belong to it ? Have you Lyceums, Literary Societies, or 
Associations under any name, before which courses of Popular Lectures, on literary or scien- 
tific subjects, have been delivered within the year last past ? If any, what number of persons 
have usually attended the Lectures ? What amount of money has been expended for Lec- 
tures within the last year ? What is the probable amount of incidental expenses for Lecture 
rooms, fuel, lights, attendance, tfec. ? At what time were the above institutions established, 
and are they in a flourishing or declining condition ? 

How many schoolhouses are owned in your town, either by the town or school districts ? 
How many schoolrooms are hired by the town or by districts ? How many schoolhouses 
have been built in your town, since the beginning of the year 1838, to the present time ? At 
what cost, including the price of land, and ail fixtures and appurtenances ? How many 
schoolhouses have been substantially repaired or remodelled during the same period ? At 
what cost 1 

In how many of your Public Schools, (if in any,) are there regular exercises in vocal music ? 

On what basis is the money raised by your town apportioned or distributed among the 
school districts, and what is the lowest sum apportioned to any one district ? 

Please state how many schools have been broken up (if any) during the school year, and 
for what cause,— whether from incompetency of the teacher, insubordination of the scholars, 
or any other. Please stale, in months, or in years and months, (as the case may be,) for 
what period of time your teachers have been engaged, respectively, in keeping school, and 
how many of them have taught, during the current year, for the first time. 

How many of your schoolrooms have a black-board ? How many have none ? How 
many of your schoolrooms have outline maps ? How many have none ? How many of 
your schoolrooms have a globe ? How many have none ? What other apparatus is there 
in your schools ? 

Questions contained in a Circular addressed to Manufacturers, Rail- 
road Contractors, Agriculturists, &c. 1st. Have you had large numbers of 
persons in your employment or under your superintendence ? If so, will you please to state 
how many ? Within what period of time ? In what department of business ? Whether at 
different places ? Whether natives or foreigners ? 2d. Have you observed diiferences 
among the persons you have employed, growing out of differences in their education, and 
independent of their natural abilities; that is, whether, as a class, those who, from early life, 
have been accustomed to exercise their minds by reading and studying, have greater docil- 
ity and quickness in applying themselves to workj and, after the simplest details are mas- 
tered, have they greater aptitude, dexterity, or ingenuity in comprehending ordinary pro- 
cesses, or in originating new ones ? Do they more readily or frequently devise new modes 
by which the same amount of work can be better done, or by which more work can be done 
in the same time, or by which raw material or motive-power can be economized ? Li short 
do you obtain more work and better work with less waste, from those who have received 
what, in Massachusetts, we call a good Common School education, or from those who have 
grown up in neglect and ignorance 1 Is there any difference in the earnings of these two 
classes, and consequently in their wages 1 3d. What, within your knowledge, has been the 
effect of higher degrees of mental application and culture upon the domestic and social 
habits of persons in your employment ? Is this class more cleanly in their persons, their 
dress, and their households 5 and do they enjoy a greater immunity from those diseases 
which originate in a want of personal neatness and purity ? Are they more exemplary in 
their deportment and conversation, devoting more time to intellectual pursuhs or to the re- 
fining art of music, and spending their evenings and leisure hours more with their families, 
and less at places of resort for idle and dissipated men ? Is a smaller portion of them ad- 
dicted to intemperance 1 Are their houses kept in a superior condition 1 Does a more eco- 
nomical and judicious mode of living purchase greater comforts at the same expense, or 
equal comforts with less means ? Are their families better brought up, more respectably 



113 

dressed, more regularly atteiuliint upon the school and the church 5 and do their children, 
when arrived at years of maturity, enter upon the active scenes of life with better prospects 
of success ? 4th. In regard to standing and respectability among co-laborers, neighbors, 
and fellow-citizens generally, how do those who have enjoyed and improved the piivilcge of 
good Common Schools, compare with the neglected and the illiterate 1 Do the former ex- 
ercise greater influence among their associates ? Are the}' more often applied to for advice 
and counsel in cases of difficulty 5 or selected as umpires or arbitrators for the decision of 
minor controversies 1 Are higher and more intelligent circles for acquaintance open to 
them, from conversation and intercourse with which their own minds can be constantly im- 
proved ? Are they more likely to rise from grade to grade in the scale of labor, until they 
enter departments where greater skill, judgment, and responsibility are required, and which, 
therefore, command a larger remuneration ? Are they more likely to rise from the condi- 
tion of employees, and to establish themselves in business on their own account? 5th. 
Have you observed any difference in the classes above-named, (I speak of them as classes, 
for there will, of course, be individual e.xceptions,) in regard to punctuality and fidelity in 
the performance of duties ? Which class is most regardful of the rights of others, and most 
intelligent and successful in securing their own ? You will, of course, perceive that this 
question involves a more general one, viz., from which of the above described classes, have 
those who possess property, and who hope to transmit it to their children, most to fear from 
secret aggression, or from such public degeneracy as will loosen the bands of society, cor- 
rupt the testimony of witnesses, violate the sanctity of the juror's oath, and substitute, as a 
rule of right, the power of a numerical majority, for the unvarying principles of justice. Gth. 
Finally, in regard to those who possess the largest shares in the stock of worldly goods, 
could there, in your opinion, be any police so vigilant and effective, for the protection of all 
the rights of person, property, and character, as such a sound and comprehensive education 
and training as our system of Common Schools could be made to impart 5 and would not 
the payment of a sufficient tax to make such education and training universal, be the cheap- 
est means of self-protection and insurance ? And in regard to that class which, from the 
accident of birth and parentage, are subjected to the privations and the temptations of pov- 
erty, would not such an education open to them new resources in habits of industry and 
economy, in increased skill, and in the awakening of inventive power, which would yield re- 
turns a thousand fold greater than can ever be hoped for, from the most successful clandes- 
tine depredations, or open invasion of the property of others ? 

Extract from a Circular addressed to Physicians. From a retrospect of 
your extensive medical practice, and from your observations on health and longevity, I trust 
you will be able to arrive at, or at least to approximate, some pretty definite conclusion res- 
pecting the proportion of sickness, physical disability, and premature death, which may be 
fairly attributed to an ignorance of physiological principles, already discovered, and which 
most persons would avoid, if proper attention were paid to early education and habits. Or, 
in other words, — in the present state of the science of Physiology, how great a proportion of 
disease, of suflering, of a diminution of the physical capacity of usefulness, and of the 
abridgment of life, comes from sheer ignorance, (as contradistinguished from that which 
proceeds from causes not known, or from inordinate indulgences,) and which, therefore, we 
might hope to see averted, if the community had that degree of knowledge which is easily 
attainable by all. 

By so doing, I think you will furnish a powerful argument in favor of making those condi- 
tions, on which health and life depend, a subject of study, not only for adults, but especially 
for tlie young 5 — and, in order to teach the latter class as extensively as possible, you would 
prove the expediency of introducing the study of Physiology into our Common Schools, 
after the primary studies have been mastered. 

204. The following is a copy of the permanent part of the 
Blank Form of Inquiry : 
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116 

205. When these forms are sent out, they are called " Blank 
Forms of Inquiry ;" when returned by the committees, they 
are called "Returns." 

206. If, through accident or mistake, any committee should 
fail to receive a Blank Form of Inquiry on or before the last 
day of March, it is their duty forthwith to give notice of such 
failure to the Secretary of the Board, who must then transmit 
such blank as soon as may be. St. 1846, ch. 223, >§( 3. 1849, 
ch. 65, <§) 1. This leaves committees without any excuse for 
not making their Returns within the period prescribed by law. 

207. The committees, having received the Blanks, are to 
take the Registers which have been kept through the year, to 
collate and condense, (or transcribe, as the case may require,) 
the respective entries made therein, to answer all the inquiries 
which the blank contains, to make oath to a certificate of the 
number of persons between the ages of 5 and 15, within the 
town, on the first day of the preceding May, and of the amount 
of money which the town has raised by tax during the then 
current year, for the payment of the wages and board of teach- 
ers, and for providing fuel for the schools, to sign the same, by 
a majority at least of their members, and to return it to the 
office of the Secretary of State, on or before the last day of 
April. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. 

In order to make the Return a valid one, it has recently been 
decided by the House of Representatives, (on the petition of 
the school committee of Boston, 1845,) that said Return must 
be signed by a majority of the committee. 

208. But whenever, in consequence of vacancies occurring 
in the committee of any city or town, after the date of the 
warrant for the annual town meeting for the election of their 
successors, or the inability, arising after the said date, of any of 
the members of said committee to act, such committee shall be 
reduced to a minority of the original number, the remaining 
members of the committee are competent to make the returns 
required to be made and transmitted to the office of the Secre- 
tary of the Commonwealth, In such case, however, the re- 
turns must be accompanied by a certificate of the person or 
persons so making them, setting forth the existence of such 



117 

vacancies or disabilities, and the time when they arose. St. 
1849, ch. 144. 

209. If the respective parties, before mentioned, have per- 
formed the duties required of them by law, the following 
things have now been done : — 

1. A School Register has been prepared by the Board of 
Education, and a number of copies of the same has been for- 
warded to the several school committees sufficient to supply 
each school in their respective towns with one copy. 

2. The committees have distributed the Registers among 
the teachers, at or before the commencement of their respective 
schools. 

3. The teachers have made their daily entries in the Reg- 
isters, and each teacher, at the close of his school, has, as a 
condition precedent to his right to demand payment for his ser- 
vices, delivered his book to the committee, or to some person 
authorized by them to receive it. 

The Board of Education has also prepared a Blank Form of 
Inquiry, and one copy of the same has been transmitted by the 
Secretary of the Board to each school committee in the State. 

5. The school committee have taken the Registers of all 
the schools in the town, collated and condensed their statistical 
items, and transferred the results to the Blank Form of Inquiry, 
They have also answered all such questions as may have been 
inserted in the Forms, have authenticated the whole by the 
proper signatures and certificates, and have returned the same, 
(on or before the last day of April of each year,) to the office 
of the Secretary of State for the use of the Board of Education. 

It is obvious that a vast body of statistical information, com- 
prehensive, exact, and touching all the vital interests of the 
schools, will now have been collected, and deposited in the 
hands of the Board. 

SCHOOL committees' REPORTS. 

210. But there is another fruitful field of wisdom, whose 
productions have not yet been gathered. 

By the law of 1838, ch. 105, <§. 1, and a reenactment of the 



118 

same, with slight modij&cations, — St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 4, — the 
school committees of all the towns are required annually to make 
a "detailed report" of the condition of the several Public 
Schools, in their respective towns, which report shall contain 
such statements and suggestions in relation to these schools as 
the said committee shall deem necessary or proper to promote 
the interests thereof. This report is to be read before the as- 
sembled citizens, at an annual town meeting to be held in each 
town, in the month of February, March, or April ; or, at the 
discretion of the school committee, to be printed for the use of 
the inhabitants. 

It will be seen that, by virtue of the above provision, the 
report prepared by the committee must be either read in open 
town meeting, or printed for the use of the inhabitants ; and 
that it is left optional with the committee to decide which 
course shall be taken. 

211. The law, requiring the committee, as one of the alter- 
natives of their duty, to print their report, while it does not 
prescribe the number of copies to be printed, leaves the deter- 
mination of this question, of course, with the committee. If 
they exercise their discretion in an unimpeachable manner, 
their decision is final and binds the town. The town thereby 
becomes liable to defray all the necessary expenses incident to 
the printing and distribution of the report. 

212. The report, if printed, is to be printed "for the use of 
the inhabitants." A fair construction of this would seem to 
imply that one copy at least should be supplied to every head 
of a family or householder in the town, and to every voter, 
whether or not he might be the head of a family or a house- 
holder, together with a few extra copies for the use of the 
committee, to enable them to exchange reports with the com- 
mittees of other towns. In populous cities, where it cannot be 
expected that every householder or voter would read the re- 
port, a less number may be sufficient. 

213. The original report, whether read in open town meet- 
ing, or printed for the use of the inhabitants, is to be deposited 
in the office of the town clerk. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§> 4 ; 1838, 
ch. 105, ^ 1. 



119 

No jurisdiction or control over this report seems to be given to 
the town. They may accept it in testimony of their approval ; 
but they have no authority to reject it, or to modify it. The 
law points out the path which the original report must take : — 
it must be read in open town meeting, or be printed for the 
use of the inhabitants, and then go to its place of deposit in 
the office of the town clerk. Neither, on the other hand, has 
the report, as such, any legal force or validity. It may recom- 
mend new measures or propose the abolition of old ones ; but, 
if not accepted or made authoritative and binding by the act 
of the town, the old measures will continue in force, and the 
newly proposed ones will have no legal existence. 

214. The school committee of each town must make a copy 
of the report and transmit it to the office of the Secretary of 
State, on or before the last day of April. This copy must be 
certified or attested ; but the law does not say by whom. 
Doubtless, any member of the committee, by law required to 
make the report, or the clerk of the town, who is made the 
legal depositary of it, would be held a proper certifying officer, 
within the meaning of the law. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 4; 1838, 
eh. 105, ^ 1. 

SCHOOL ABSTRACTS. 

215. When the Returns, — which were described above, and 
which embrace all the statistics of the schools, — together with 
the Reports which contain the committees' "detailed" state- 
ments of the condition of the schools, are received by the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth, both classes of documents 
are handed over to the Board of Education. From these doc- 
uments, the Secretary of the Board prepares a volume, entitled 
"The Abstract of the Massachusetts School Returns." 

216. The Reports of the committees are all carefully read 
by the Secretary of the Board, and selections are made from 
them of such parts as possess the greatest interest and value, 
and to such an extent as is compatible with the limits of the 
volume to be prepared. In his office, also, the Returns are all 
collated and condensed, and arranged in convenient tabular 
forms, so as to show, as far as statistics can show it, both the 



120 

actual and relative condition of the schools, in every town in 
the State. St. 1838, ch. 105, ^ 7. 

217. It is obvious, from the nature of the case, that the sta- 
tistical returns of our schools, if accurately made, and made by 
all the towns in the State, must possess an intrinsic and perma- 
nent value. The tables, (if prepared as they have hitherto 
been,) will show the population and valuation of each town, 
and the number of persons belonging to it between the ages of 
5 and 15 years. Thus they give direct and authentic informa- 
tion of the number of children to be provided for, and of the 
extent of the town's pecuniary resources, from which its ability 
to make provision arises. They will show the number of Public 
Schools in each town, the whole number of children who 
have attended these schools at any time during the year ; how 
many of them were between the ages of 5 and 15 years, how 
many were under 5 and how many were over 15 ,• and, in con- 
nection with these items, they also show the average number 
in attendance. They show the aggregate length of all the 
schools in each town, both for the summer and winter terms, 
and the number of teachers in each town and their sex. They 
show the average compensation made to teachers, both male 
and female, and the value of their board. They show the 
amount of money raised by tax in each town, and, as the 
amount of the valuation of each town is also given, it is easy 
to determine what percentage the respective towns levy upon 
themselves for this object. The number of children between 
5 and 15 being also given, it is easy to see how much the 
towns raised per capita for the education of the children within 
them. If the inhabitants of any town have the public spirit 
which prompts them to contribute something, either in the 
way of supplying board for the teachers, or fuel for the schools, 
beyond the regular appropriation made by the town in its cor- 
porate capacity, that amount also appears ; and if there are any 
funds or revenues devoted by any town to this purpose, the 
town is credited with their amount. 

218. The existence of any other educational means is also 
recognized and reported. The number of incorporated acade- 
mies, with the number of months they may have been kept 



121 

during the year, the average number of scholars belonging to 
them, and the aggregate paid for tuition therein ; the number 
of private schools of all kinds, together with the number of 
months kept, average of scholars, and aggregate of tuition, — 
all have their appropriate heads, and are matters of distinct 
statement. From these last-mentioned items, it may be seen, 
at a glance, whether the academies of the State are in a flour- 
ishing or a declining condition, and whether the private schools, 
in any town, are gaining upon and supplanting the Public 
Schools, or whether the spirit of republicanism and Christianity 
is gradually levelling up the privileges of the poorer classes to 
an equality with those of their more wealthy townsmen. 

For a complete specimen of the Statistical Tables, as they 
are annually prepared, see Appendix. 

219. The Reports of the committees embrace a species of 
information which statistics can never exhibit. If the commit- 
tees have performed their duty, they have thoroughly exam- 
ined every teacher before he was allowed to enter his school. 
They have made themselves acquainted not only with the' text 
books already in the schools, but with such of their competitors 
for public favor as present any reasonable claims to superiority. 
They have visited all the schools within their jurisdiction, both 
summer and winter, — once shortly after their commencement, 
to ascertain their condition ; once each month during their prog- 
ress, to inspect, to counsel, and to encourage ; and once near 
their close, to winnow the chaff from the wheat, by a thorough 
examination. At these visitations, they have had an opportu- 
nity to learn the condition of the schoolhouse and its appurte- 
nances, and to determine their fitness or unfitness as a place for 
physical, mental, and moral growth. They have had an op- 
portunity to observe the manners of the teacher in his inter- 
course with the children, — to learn whether he has been actu- 
ated by a proper spirit in the relation which he has sustained 
to the future citizens of a republic and to heirs of immortality, 
and whether he has had the tact and the talent successfully to 
execute the good things he may have devised for their benefit. 
They have had an opportunity to ascertain on what principles 
the school has been classified, the regular or irregular attend- 
16 



122 

ance of the scholars, their supply or deficiency of text books, 
the presence or absence of black-boards, charts, maps, globes, 
and other apparatus, the possession or non-possession of a 
school library, and so forth. They have had an opportunity to 
know whether the irrevocable lapse of a most important period 
of the pupils' lives has left its equivalent of improvement be- 
hind it, — in fine, whether the teacher has carried the children 
successfully forward through one of the stages of that immense 
distance that lies between the weakness, the ignorance, and 
the irresponsibility of infancy, and the power, the knowledge, 
and the majestic and glorious attributes of full-developed man- 
hood. 

220. Nor has the attention of the faithful and intelligent 
school committee been circumscribed even within the ample 
outline of duties above denoted. They have inquired what 
has been done in other towns, and with what results of success 
or of failure, and they have investigated the causes of either ; 
they have cautiously experimented, wherever the probabilities 
of reason or the preponderance of testimony gave hope of im- 
provement ; and they have critically examined into all those 
external relations, those circumstances of the neighborhood, 
which bear with favorable or with adverse influence upon the 
schools. Surveying the vast interests intrusted to their care, 
foreseeing the mighty events to be one day evolved from in- 
ceptive processes, now so minute, and, to most minds, so triv- 
ial, and pervaded by a sense of religious obligation for the 
faithful discharge of their duties, the committee have sought 
for wisdom as for hid treasure, and have studied to turn all 
their acquisitions to practical account. 

It is. under these circumstances, that the faithful committee 
sit down to deliberate upon and to prepare their report. They 
award personal commendation or censure ; they point out im- 
provements and defects in modes or systems ; they detail the 
results of experiments, whether successful or unsuccessful ; 
they propose changes, or give their reasons for adhering to ex- 
isting usages ; in fine, — having formed opinions, by the aid of 
experience, observation, and study, — they seek to advance 
those opinions from theory to practice. 



123 

221. Beyond any thing hitherto spoken of, it must also be 
mentioned, that one most conspicuous and fsir-shining quality, 
in many of the committees' reports, has been their eloquent 
advocacy of the precious and enduring interests connected 
with our Common Schools ; — not any brilliant declamation or 
rhetorical artifices do I mean ; but there has been a calm and 
steady transfusion into the public mind of the great thoughts 
which belong to this great theme, until many, who before 
looked upon the institution as valueless, or even as oppressive, 
have come to regard it as containing the only guaranties of 
liberty, order, and law. Just in proportion as the community 
has appreciated this interest, it has itself been elevated. Such, 
indeed, is the efiect with which nature invariably rewards the 
attainment of any new truth. Truth enfranchises its recipient. 
It gives prerogatives and dominion unknown before ; and, 
wherever it restrains, it makes its disciple see that the freedom 
of which he before boasted was but bondage. The devotee of 
sensual and sordid propensities, if once he can be made to taste 
the refined and exquisite gratifications of generosity and no- 
bleness, will turn and dash in pieces the idol pleasures which 
before he had worshipped as gods. 

222. The Reports of the committees, containing the ma- 
tured results of their observation and experience, and the Re- 
turns, comprising the statistics of the schools, being placed in 
the hands of the Secretary of the Board of Education, are the 
materials from which the Annual Abstract is compiled. Hith- 
erto the volumes of Abstracts have averaged nearly or quite 
three hundred closely printed octavo pages. The number of 
copies of the Abstract, which are to be printed for distribution, 
has never been determined by law. The customary number, 
since they were first required to be printed, has been 1750. 
When ready for distribution, one copy is given to each mem- 
ber of the Legislature, so that the rulers of the State may have 
the means of knowing the condition of its schools, and be ex- 
culpated from the criminality of that ignorance and indiffer- 
ence which attach to so vast a proportion of all the legislators 
of the country, whether State or National. One copy is sent 
to each town and city clerk, and two or more copies to each 



124 

board of school committee men in the Commonwealth. Thus 
each town and each school committee, in requital for its own 
contribution to the common stock, receives back the views, 
plans, suggestions, and experimental results, of all the other 
committees in the State. The light emanating from each town 
is concentrated in a focus, from which its whole radiance is re- 
flected back to every point, whence any beam of it was origi- 
nally rayed forth. 

In reading the reports from year to year, it has been inter- 
esting to remark, how a voice of wisdom emanating from one 
committee, perhaps in a remote or obscure section of the State, 
would, the succeeding year, be echoed back from a hundred 
points ; and how an original or important suggestion, thrown 
out for consideration in one town, would come back, the sub- 
sequent year, reported upon as tried by the test of experiment, 
and ratified. In some instances, two different towns have tried 
the same experiment with different results, and hence, have 
sent forth opposite opinions respecting its utility. Upon this 
conflict of testimony, a third town has re-subjected the case to 
experiment, detected the causes of the different results which 
had been reported, and determined more accurately the condi- 
tions of success. 

In only one instance has there been too free a use, by any 
committee, of the labors of others. In that case, an entire 
report, made in a previous year by the committee of a distant 
town, was transcribed, without alteration or acknowledgment, 
and submitted as original, — a bold, bald, unmitigated, uncon- 
scionable plagiarism ! 

REPORTS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, AND ITS SECRETARY. 

223. Another instrumentality provided by the Legislature 
for diffusing information, not only on the subject of Common 
Schools, in particular, but on the general principles of educa- 
tion and on educational systems, is the following : — 

By the act establishing the Board of Education, they were 
authorized to appoint a Secretary, whose duty it should be to 
" collect information," &c. See ante, 186. St. 1837, ch. 241, 
^2. 



125 

224. By the same act, the Board of Education was required, 
annually, to " make a detailed report to the Legislature of all 
its doings, with such observations as their experience and re- 
flection might suggest, upon the condition and efiiciency of 
our system of Popular Education, and the most practicable 
means of improving and extending it." St. 1837, ch. 241, 

225. By the act of 1849, ch. 65, <§» 1, the Secretary of the 
Board is required, among other things, to forward to the sher- 
ifis " the Annual Report of the Board of Education, and that 
of its Secretary. ^^ This clearly implies that it is now the legal 
duty, as it has heretofore been the practice, of the Secretary, 
to make an Annual Report. 

226. It is the duty of the clerk of the Senate, for the time 
being, to cause to be printed annually, before the meeting of 
the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as may be, eight thou- 
sand copies of the Report of the Board of Education, three 
thousand copies of which are to be reserved for the members 
of the Legislature. Resolve, 1849, ch. 52. 

227. It has been before mentioned that all documents, sent 
out by the Secretary of the Board, are to be sent to the sheriffs 
of the respective counties. Ante, 195. St. 1849, ch. 65, <§. 1. 

228. These documents are to be distributed, by each sheriff, 
to the clerks of the cities and towns within his county, for 
which service he is entitled to receive three cents a copy, to 
be paid by the treasurer of the Commonwealth. lb. 

229. When the clerks of the several cities and towns receive 
the documents so transmitted, they are to deliver the blank 
Forms of Inquiry and the Registers to the school committee. 
St. 1849, ch. 65, <§> 2. They are also to deliver one copy of the 
Annual Abstract of School Returns and one copy of the Re- 
port of the Board of Education and of its Secretary, to the sec- 
retary of the school committee, to be by him carefully kept for 
the use of the committee, and handed over to his successor in 
office ; and also two additional copies of said reports for the 
use of said committee ; and it is further the duty of said clerks 
to deliver one copy of the said report to the clerk of each of 
the school districts in his city or town, to be by said district 



126 

clerk deposited in the district school library, if there be one, 
and if not, to be carefully kept by himself for the use of the 
prudential committee, the teachers, and the inhabitants of the 
district, during his continuance in office, and then to be handed 
over to his successor ; and in case the city or town shall not 
be districted, the said reports shall be delivered to the school 
committee, and so placed by them that they shall be access- 
ible to the several teachers and to the citizens ; and said re- 
ports shall be deemed to be the property of the city or town, 
and not of any officer, teacher, or citizen thereof. St. 1849, 
ch. 65, <§, 2. 

All the direct means for diffusing information among the 
citizens at large, on the subject of schools and of education, 
have now been enumerated. 

Among other provisions for increasing the efficiency of our 
schools, are the laws and resolves on the subject of Apparatus, 
District School Libraries, State Normal Schools, Teachers' In- 
stitutes, &c. 

SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND APPARATUS. 

230. The inhabitants of any school district, in any city or 
town, and of any city or town not divided into school districts, 
may, at any meeting called for that purpose, raise money for 
the purchase of libraries and necessary school apparatus, in the 
same manner as school districts may now raise money for 
erecting and repairing schoolhouses in their respective districts. 
St. 1849, ch. 81, <§, 1. 

231. In addition to the above liberal provisions, the State 
offers a bounty to encourage the purchase of school libraries, 
on the following conditions : — 

Each school district, in every town legally divided into 
school districts, however small may be the number of the chil- 
dren belonging to it, on exhibiting proof to the treasurer of the 
Commonwealth that it has raised and appropriated the sum of 
fifteen dollars or more for a district school library, is entitled to 
receive fifteen dollars from said treasurer, to be expended for 
the same object. Said moneys are to be paid over by the treas- 



127 

iirer to the order of the selectmen of the town, or the mayor of 
the city, in which such district is situated. Resolve, March 3, 
1842. 

232. If any school district has twice sixty children between 
the ages of 4 and 16 years, and shall produce evidence to the 
treasurer that it has raised and appropriated, for a school li- 
brary, twice fifteen dollars, then, and on the same terms and 
conditions as above specified, it is entitled to draw from the 
treasurer twice fifteen dollars, for the same purpose. Any dis- 
trict containing three times sixty scholars between the ages of 
4 and 16, /o?/r times sixty, or any higher number of times sixty, 
has the same ratable or proportional claim upon the treasurer, 
on exhibiting the same proof of its title. Resolves, March 7, 
1843, and March 11, 1844. 

233. Any town or city in the Commonwealth, whose terri- 
tory is not legally divided into school districts, on producing 
evidence to the treasurer that it has raised and appropriated for 
school libraries as many times fifteen dollars, as the number 
sixty is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of 
children between 4 and 16 years of age belonging to such 
town or city, is entitled to receive from said treasurer, to be 
expended for the same purpose, as many times fifteen dollars, 
as the number sixty is contained in the number of its children 
between the above-mentioned ages. Resolve, March 7, 1843. 

234. For special provisions in regard to school libraries for 
the schools of the city of Boston, see Resolve, March 25, 1845. 

235. The question has been once or twice asked, and under 
circumstances which authorized the suspicion that some ul- 
terior action was contemplated, whether a school district, after 
having received and expended the bounty of the State for the 
purchase of a school library, could then sell the library and 
dispose of the money for any other purpose, — either by divid- 
ing it among the inhabitants of the district, or in any other 
way. Disclaiming all authority and desire to adjudicate upon 
the merits of such a case, I have, nevertheless, expressed the 
individual opinion, that any disposition of a library, purchased 
in part by means derived from the State, for any other purpose 
than that of re-investing the proceeds of the sale in other libra- 
ry books, would not be warranted by law. 



128 

The object and intent of the law evidently were to establish 
a library for the benefit of the school district. A school dis- 
trict has the nature and qualities of a perpetual corporation. 
The library, therefore, was as much designed for those who are 
to belong to the district in future, as for those who are now 
members of it. Hence, each district holds its library not only 
for the benefit of the children now belonging to it, but for the 
benefit of their successors. To dispose of it, therefore, and 
appropriate the proceeds of the sale for any other purpose, even 
though in itself a laudable one, would seem to be a breach of 
trust ; and, if so, it would, of course, be unlawful. The Legis- 
lature of the State doubtless has power, — should it ever see 
good reason, — ^for granting a dispensation. 

236. It is supposed that a town would have no more right 
than a district to abolish its school libraries, after having availed 
itself of the bounty of the State for their procurement. 

237. Any town or district, being the legal owner of a school 
library, has, according to the principles of the common law, a 
right to make all reasonable rules and regulations for its care 
and management. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

238. One of the most efficient agencies for improving not 
only the Common Schools, but all the schools in the State, has 
been the State Normal Schools. 

In a communication made by the Secretary of the Board of 
Education to the Legislature, dated March 12, 1838, it was 
stated that private munificence had placed at his disposal the 
sum of ten thousand dollars, to be expended, under the direc- 
tion of the Board of Education, for qualifying teachers for our 
Common Schools, on condition that the Legislature would 
place in the hands of the Board an equal sum, to be expended 
for the same purpose. 

On the 19th day of April of the same year, resolves were 
passed, accepting the proposition, and authorizing the Governor, 
with the advice and consent of the Council, to draw his war- 
rant upon the treasurer for the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
be placed at the disposal of the Board for the purpose specified 
in the communication made by the Secretary. 



129 

239. The Board, after mature deliberation, decided to estab- 
lish three Normal Schools, — one for the northeastern, one for 
the southeastern, and one for the western part of the State. 
Accordingly, one was opened at Lexington, in the county of 
Middlesex, on the 3d day of July, 1839. This school, having 
outgrown its accommodations at Lexington, was removed to 
West Newton, in the same county, in September, 1844, where 
it now occupies a commodious building. 

The second Normal School was opened at Barre, in the 
county of Worcester, on the 4th day of September, 1839. 
This school has since been removed to Westfield, in the county 
of Hampden, both on account of the insufficiency of the ac- 
commodations at Barre, and because the latter place is situated 
far east of the centre of population of the western counties. 

The third school was opened at Bridgewater, on the 9th day 
of September, 1840, and is permanently located at that place. 

240. For the two last-named schools, there had been, from 
the beginning, very inadequate schoolroom accommodations. 
In the winter of 1845, a memorial, on behalf of certain friends 
of education in the city of Boston and its vicinity, was pre- 
sented to the Legislature, offering the sum of five thousand 
dollars, to be obtained by private subscription, on condition 
that the Legislature would give an equal sum, for the purpose 
of erecting two Normal Schoolhouses, — one for the school at 
Westfield and one for that at Bridgewater. By resolves of 
March 20, 1845, the proposition of the memorialists was ac- 
cepted and the grant made ; and by the same resolves it was 
ordered, '' that the schools, heretofore known as Normal Schools, 
shall be hereafter designated as State Normal Schools." 

241. The school at West Newton is appropriated exclusively 
to females ; those at Bridgewater and Westfield admit both 
sexes. 

242. Among the standing regulations adopted by the Board, 
for the government of the State Normal Schools, are the fol- 
lowing : — most of which were adopted in the beginning, and 
have been constantly in force, — only a few modifications, and 
those very slight ones, having since been introduced. 

Admission. As a prerequisite to admission, candidates must 
17 



130 

declare it to be their intention to qualify themselves to become 
school teachers. If they belong to the State, or have an inten- 
tion and a reasonable expectation of keeping school in the 
State, tuition is gratuitous. Otherwise, a tuition-fee is charged, 
which is intended to be about the same as is usually charged 
at good academies in the same neighborhood. If pupils, after 
having completed a course of study at the State Normal Schools, 
immediately engage in school-keeping out of the State, or in a 
private school or an academy, they are considered as having 
waived the privilege growing out of their declared intention to 
keep a Common School in Massachusetts, and are held bound 
in honor to pay a tuition-fee for their instruction. 

If males, pupils must have attained the age of seventeen 
years complete, and of sixteen, if females ; and they must be 
free from any disease or infirmity, which would unfit them for 
the office of school teachers. 

They must undergo an examination, and prove themselves 
to be well versed in orthography, reading, writing, English 
grammar, geography, and arithmetic. 

They must furnish satisfactory evidence of good intellectual 
capacity and of high moral character and principles. 

Examinations for admission take place at the commencement 
of each term, of which there are three in a year. 

Term of Study. At West Newton and Bridgewater, the 
minimum of the term of study is one year, and this must be 
in consecutive terms of the schools. In regard to the school 
at Westfield, owing to the unwillingness of the pupils in that 
section of the State to remain at the school even for so short 
a time as one year, the rule requiring a year's residence has 
been from time to time suspended. It is found to be univer- 
sally true, that those applicants, whose qualifications are best, 
are desirous to remain at the school longest. 

Course of Study. The studies first to be attended to, in 
the State Normal Schools, are those which the law requires to 
be taught in the district schools, namely, orthography, reading, 
writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic. When 
these are mastered, those of a higher order are progressively 
taken. 



131 

For those pupils who wish to remain at the school more 
than one year, and for all belonging to the schools, so far as 
their previous attainments will permit, the following course is 
arranged : — 

1. Orthography, reading, grammar, composition, rhetoric, and 
logic. 

2. Writing, drawing. 

3. Arithmetic, mental and written, algebra, geometry, book- 
keeping, navigation, surveying. 

4. Geography, ancient and modern, with chronology, statis- 
tics, and general history. 

5. Human Physiology, and Hygiene, or the Laws of Health. 

6. Mental Philosophy. 

7. Music. 

8. Constitution and History of Massachusetts and of the 
United States. 

9. Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. 

10. Natural History. 

11. The Principles of piety and morality common to all sects 
of Christians. 

12. The science and art of teaching with reference to 
all the above-named studies. 

Religious Exercises. A portion of the Scriptures shall be 
read daily in every State Normal School. 

"*" Visiters. Each Normal School is under the immediate in- 
spection of a Board of Visiters, who are in all cases to be mem- 
bers of the Board of Education, except that the Secretary of 
the Board may be appointed as one of the visiters of each 
school. 

The Board appoints one Principal Instructor for each school, 
who is responsible for its government and instruction, subject 
to the rules of the Board, and the supervision of the visiters. 
The visiters of the respective schools appoint the assistant in- 
structors thereof. 

243. To each Normal School an Experimental or Model 
School is attached. This school is under the control of the 
Principal of the Normal School. The pupils of the Normal 
School assist in teaching it. Here, the knowledge which they 



132 

acquire in the science of teaching is practically applied. The 
art is made to grow out of the science, instead of being empiri- 
cal. The Principal of the Normal School inspects the Model 
School, more or less, daily. He observes the manner in which 
his own pupils exemplify, in practice, the principles he has 
taught them. Sometimes, all the pupils of the Normal School, 
together with the Principal, visit the Model School in a body, 
to observe the manner in which the teachers of the latter, for 
the time being, conduct the recitations or exercises. Then, 
returning to their own schoolroom, in company with the assist- 
ant teachers themselves, who have been the objects of inspec- 
tion, each one is called upon to deliver his views, whether com- 
mendatory or otherwise, respecting the manner in which the 
work has been performed. At this amicable exposition of 
merits and defects, the Principal of the Normal School presides. 
After all others have presented their views, he delivers his own ; 
and thus his pupils, at the threshold of their practice, have an 
opportunity to acquire confidence in a good course, of which 
they might otherwise entertain doubts, and to rectify errors 
which otherwise would fossilize into habit. 

The salaries of the teachers of the State Normal Schools 
are paid by the State. 

244. An appropriation of seven thousand dollars a year, 
(by a Resolve which will expire in April, 1852,) is made for 
the support of the Normal Schools. Resolve, 1849, ch. 89. 

teachers' institutes. 

245. Teachers' Institutes are assemblies of teachers, of one 
or of both sexes, for the purpose of being taught. In other 
words, a Teachers' Institute is a school composed of teachers, 
and of persons intending to become such, who assemble to 
spend a longer or a shorter time together, for the purpose of 
improvement in the art of teaching. The duration of the 
meeting is not fixed. It is longer or shorter, according to the 
ability and zeal of the members. It is not known that any 
one has been held for a shorter period than one week. Some 
have continued six weeks. As an instrumentality adapted to 
the improvement of teachers at large, Institutes were first in- 



133 

trodiiced in the state of New York. They are now held in 
various states, — New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, 
Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, Ohio, Michigan, 
Pennsylvania, and perhaps others. 

246. Massachusetts was the first State to afford legislative 
encouragement to Teachers' Institutes. The sum of twenty- 
five hundred dollars a year is placed at the disposal of the 
Board of Education, to defray certain expenses incident to this 
class of meetings. St. 1846, ch. 99, <§> 3. 

247. Whenever "reasonable assurance" is given to the 
Board, that a number of teachers of Common Schools, not less 
than fifty, shall desire to assemble for the purpose of forming 
a Teachers' Institute, and to remain in session for such period 
of time as the Board shall determine, then the Board, by a 
committee, or by their Secretary, or, in case of his inability, 
by such person or persons as they may delegate, are to appoint 
a time and place for a meeting, make suitable arrangements 
therefor, and give due notice thereof. St. 1846, ch. 99, <§> 1 ; 
1848, ch. 10 ; 1849, ch. 62. 

248. The Board, or their committee or appointee, must en- 
gage teachers and lecturers for each Institute that may be 
called ; provide rooms, fires, lights, attendance, and so forth ; but 
for these purposes, they are not authorized to expend on any one 
Institute a greater sum than two hundred dollars. By a regu- 
lation of the Board, the personal expenses of the Secretary of 
the Board, incurred in calling and attending the Institutes, may 
be defrayed from said sum of two hundred dollars ; but no 
extra allowance is made for his services. The personal ex- 
penses of the members for travel, board, and so forth, are to be 
defrayed by themselves. 

249. The committee of the Board, its Secretary, or, in his 
absence, the person appointed by them, or him, stands in the 
same relation to the Institute in which a teacher stands to his 
school. 

250. The instruction at the Institutes is designed to be of 
such a character as shall furnish a model for Common School 
exercises, although the former will naturally partake more of 
the oral method than the latter. Owing to the shortness of 



134 

the time during which the Institutes are usually held, they can 
do but little besides giving some practical skill, — some knowl- 
edge of the art of teaching. For a mastery of principles, or 
an indoctrination into the science of teaching, Normal Schools 
must be the main and the only unfailing reliance, in any sys- 
tem of Common Schools. 

251. The evenings of the session are usually occupied by 
debates, or by lecturers, who treat of any of the important 
topics embraced in the vast range of Common School interests. 

PENALTIES rOR DISTURBING SCHOOLS, FOR NOT PROVIDING, AND 
FOR WITHHOLDING, THE MEANS OF EDUCATION. 

252. Every person who shall wilfully interrupt or disturb 
any school, or other assembly, met for a lawful purpose, within 
the place of such meeting or out of it, shall be punished by 
imprisonment in the county jail, not more than thirty days, or 
by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. St. 1849, ch. 59. 

253. In addition to the penalties to which any town, school 
district, or school officer may be liable, at common law, for 
malfeasance or nonfeasance in the performance of ofiicial duty, 
it is expressly provided by statute, that if any town shall refuse 
or neglect to raise money for the support of schools, as required 
by law, such town shall forfeit a sum equal to twice the highest 
sum which had ever before been voted for the support of 
schools therein. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 60. 

254. If any town shall refuse or neglect to choose a school 
committee to superintend its schools, or to choose a prudential 
committee for its several districts, when it is the duty of the 
town to choose such prudential committee, such town shall 
forfeit a sum not less than one hundred nor more than two 
hundred dollars, which shall be paid into the treasury of the 
county. One fourth of said sum shall be for the use of the 
county ; the other three fourths shall be paid by the county 
treasurer to the school committee of the town on which the 
fine had been imposed ; or, if no such committee exists, then 
to the selectmen of the town for the use of the schools 
therein. lb. 

255. Every such school committee or board of selectmen 



135 

must forthwith receive, from the treasurer of the county, any 
money so payable to them, and must apportion and appropriate 
the same to the support of the schools of such town, in the 
same manner as it should have been appropriated, if it had 
been regularly raised by the town for that purpose. lb. §61. 

256. Children in Manufacturing Establishments. No 
child under the age of fifteen years shall be employed in any 
manufacturing establishment, unless such child shall have at- 
tended some public or private day school, — where instruction 
is given by a teacher qualified according to law to teach 
orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, 
arithmetic, and good behavior, — at least one term of eleven 
weeks of the twelve months next preceding the time of such 
employment, and for the same period during any and every 
twelve months in which such child shall be so employed. St. 
1836, ch. 245, <§, 1 ; 1849, ch. 220, <§, 1. 

257. The above prohibition does not apply to any child who 
shall have removed into this Commonwealth from any other 
state or country, until such child shall have resided six months 
within this Commonwealth. 1849, ch. 220, ■§> 1. 

258. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any manufactur- 
ing establishment, who shall employ any child in such estab- 
lishment contrary to the above provision, shall forfeit a sum not 
exceeding fifty dollars for each offence, to be recovered by in- 
dictment, to the use of Common Schools in the town where 
such establishment may be situated. St. 1836, ch. 245, <§> 2 ; 
St. 1842, ch. 60, «§. 2 ; 1849, ch. 220, <^ 3. 

259. If any owner, agent, or superintendent of a manufac- 
turing establishment, before employing any child under the age 
of fifteen years, shall obtain and preserve a certificate, signed 
by the instructor of the school where such child did attend, at 
least one term of eleven weeks of the twelve months next pre- 
ceding the time of such employment, declaring that said child 
has received the instruction required by law, and if the truth 
of the certificate shall be sworn to by the instructor before 
some justice of the peace for the county where the instructor 
resides, and, upon the certificate, shall also be certified the fact 
of the administration of an oath or afiirmation by said justice, 



136 

then the person otherwise liable to said penalty shall be ex- 
empted therefrom. St. 1838, ch. 107 ; 1849, eh. 220, <^<§> 1, 3. 

260. It is the special duty of the school committees in the 
several towns and cities of the Commonwealth to prosecute 
the owners, agents, or superintendents of manufacturing estab- 
lishments, for employing children under fifteen years of age, 
who have not received the instruction above described. St. 
1842, ch. 60, <§> 1. 

261. No child under the age of twelve years can be law- 
fully employed to labor, in any manufacturing establishment, 
more than ten hours in any one day. St. 1842, ch. 60, <§> 3. 

262. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any manufac- 
turing establishment, who shall knowingly employ any child, 
under the age of twelve years, more than ten hours in any one 
day, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be 
recovered in any court competent to try the same, to the use 
of the person prosecuting. St. 1842, ch. 60, <§> 4. 

263. Any child, unlawfully excluded from public school in- 
struction in this Commonwealth, may recover damages there- 
for, in an action on the case, to be brought in the name of said 
child by his guardian or next friend, in any court of competent 
jurisdiction to try the same, against the city or town by which 
the public school instruction is supported. St. 1845, ch. 214. 
This act was passed in order to secure to all colored children 
equal privileges with the whites, in all our schools. 

AIDS AND ENCOURAGEMENTS TOWARDS UNIVERSAL EDUCATION. 

264. It is the duty of all resident ministers of the gospel, of 
the selectmen and the school committees, in the several towns 
and cities of the State, to exert their influence and use their 
best endeavors, that the youth of their towns or cities shall 
regularly attend the schools established for their instruction. 
Rev. St., ch. 23, <5> 8 ; ch. 2, <§. 6, art. 17. 

265. All property belonging to Common School districts, the 
income of which is appropriated to the purposes of education, 
is exempt from taxation. St. 1843, ch. 85. 

266. Massachusetts School Fund. In the year 1834, it 
was enacted that from and after the first day of January theii 



137 

next, all moneys in the treasury derived from the sale of lands 
in the state of Maine, and from the claim of the State on the 
government of the United States for military services, and not 
otherwise appropriated, together with fifty per cent, of all 
moneys thereafter to be received from the sale of lands in the 
state of Maine, should be appropriated to constitute a perma- 
nent fund for the aid and encouragement of Common Schools • 
provided, that said fund shall never exceed one million of dol- 
lars. St. 1834, ch. 169, ^ 1. Rev. St., ch. 11, <§, 13. St. 1844, 
ch. 6, <§> 1. 

267. The investment of all moneys appropriated to the 
school fund is to be made by the treasurer of the Common- 
wealth, with the approbation of the Governor and Council. 
Rev. St., ch. 11, -^ 14. 

268. When the lands are sold, notes are usually, if not al- 
ways, taken. The usage and practice under the act have al- 
ways been, to add the interest accruing on the notes to the 
principal. When the notes are paid, the moneys received are 
invested, and then become a part of the funded capital. It is 
the income of the funded capital only which is distributed 
among the towns. 

269. The Massachusetts School Fund, therefore, consists of 
two parts. 1. " Notes for la?ids,^^ the interest of which is 
added to the principal of the fund, until the notes are paid. 2. 
" The funded capital,'^ — that is, stocks, notes of banks, cash 
deposited and bearing interest, &c., — the interest of which is 
annually distributed. The whole amount of the fund, on the 
first of June, 1849, was $868,452 60. The amount of in- 
come which was apportioned to cities and towns, on the same 
day, (besides f340 given to certain tribes of Indians,) was 
$33,763 20. A part of the fund bears an interest of six per 
cent. ; no part of it bears a less interest than five per cent. 

270. All sums of money drawn from the treasury, by virtue 
of appropriations made for educational purposes, are a charge 
upon the moiety of the proceeds of the sales of the public 
lands now set apart for the purpose of constituting a "" school 
fund ;" and all payments made on account of such appropria- 
tions are to be deducted from the amount received into the 

18 



138 

treasury from the moiety of the sales of the public lands, be- 
fore such moiety shall be credited to the school fund. If the 
sum received on account of said moiety should not be suffi- 
cient to pay the sum drawn, on account of any appropriation 
for educational purposes, such draft must then be paid from the 
" school fund" already invested. St. 1846, ch. 219, <§. 2. 

271. The income of the funded capital, to the first day of 
June, in each year, (excepting the sum of two hundred and 
forty dollars appropriated to the Indians, as hereafter men- 
tioned,) is apportioned by the secretary and treasurer of the 
Commonwealth, and is payable by the treasurer, on the tenth 
day of July, to the treasurers of the several cities and towns 
for the use of the Common Schools therein, according to the 
number of persons in said cities and towns between the ages 
of 5 and 15 years, provided certain conditions have been com- 
plied with by said cities and towns. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 5 ; 
1849, ch. 117; 1840, ch. 7, § I] 1839, ch. 56, <^ 3. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, ^ 67. See ante, 269. 

272. The conditions, whose performance entitles a city or 
town to a distributive share of the income of the fund, are the 
following : — 

1st. It must have raised by taxation, upon the polls and es- 
tates therein, for the payment of the wages and board of teach- 
ers, and for fuel for the schools, a sum equal at least to one 
dollar and fifty cents for each person, between the ages of 5 
and 15 years, belonging to said city or town on the first day of 
May. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 5 ; 1849, ch. 117, ^ 3. 

273. 2d. It must have ascertained, through the agency of 
the school committee, as soon as practicable after the first day 
of May, and by their actual examination, or in such other way 
as they may direct, the number of persons belonging to said 
city or town, on said first day of May, between the ages of 5 
and 15 years, and the said number must be certified by the 
oath of the committee. The committee must also certify under 
oath the amount of money which the town has raised by tax- 
ation, for the payment of the wages and board of the teachers, 
and for fuel for the schools. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. The cer- 
tificates of the committee must be signed and sworn to by a 



139 

majority of the committee, with an exception previously men- 
tioned. See ante, 208, and St. 1849, ch. 144. 

274. 3d. It must, by its school committee, have answered 
all the inquiries and filled all the blanks contained in the 
Blank JForm of Inquiries prepared by the Board of Education, 
and transmitted by its Secretary. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 3. 

275. 4th. The school committee of said town or city must 
have made a detailed report of the condition of the several 
Public Schools within their jurisdiction, which report must 
contain such statements and suggestions, in relation to said 
schools, as the committees may deem necessary or proper in 
order to promote the interests thereof. This report must be 
read in open town meeting, at one of the annual meetings of 
the town, or, at the discretion of the committee, be printed for 
the use of the inhabitants of the town. The original report 
must be deposited in the office of the town clerk, and a certi- 
fied copy of it be transmitted by the committee to the Secre- 
tary of the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April, 
lb. ^ 4. 

Indians. Within the limits of Massachusetts there are a 
few small tribes or communities of Indians. According to an 
actual enumeration of them, made by commissioners, in 1848, 
their whole number, including all people of color connected 
with them, amounted to 847. See Report of F. W. Bird, 
Whiting Griswold, and Cyrns Weeks. Honse Document for 
1849, No. 46. 

276. That there may not be a child in the State destitute 
of the means of education, the Commonwealth annually appro- 
ates the following sums for the support of Common Schools 
among these Indians, namely : — 

For the Marshpee Indians, one hundred dollars. Rev. St., 
ch. 23, <§, 68. 

For the Gay Head Indians, sixty dollars. St. 1838, ch. 154. 

For the Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, sixty 
dollars. lb. 

For the Herring Pond Indians, twenty dollars. lb. 

These sums are to be paid over on the first of January, an- 
nually. Rev. St., ch. 23, <^ 68. St. 1838, ch. 154. 



140 

An annual account of the appropriation of these moneys is 
to be rendered to the Governor and Council. 

277. In addition to the above, the sum of twenty-five hun- 
dred dollars was reserved from the Surplus Revenue, and has 
been loaned by the treasurer of the Commonwealth, the in- 
come of which is distributed as follows, namely : — 

To the Marshpee Indians, the income of one thousand dol- 
lars. St. 1837, ch. 85, <§, 7. 

To the Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, the in- 
come of six hundred dollars. lb. 

To the Gay Head Indians, the income of six hundred dol- 
lars, lb. 

To the Herring Pond Indians, the income of three hundred 
dollars. lb. All of said sums are to be paid over in the month 
of March, annually, and to be appropriated to the purposes of 
Common School education among said Indians. lb. 

278. American Institute of Instruction. This society 
was formed in the year 1830. It held its first meeting in the 
hall of the House of Representatives, in Boston, on the 19th 
day of August of the same year. At this meeting, eleven states 
were represented. A constitution was adopted, which declares 
that the object of the society shall be " the diffusion of useful 
knowledge in regard to education." Discussions were held 
and twelve lectures delivered. In 1831, the society was in- 
corporated under the name of " The American Institute of 
Instruction." St. 1831, ch. 67. It has since held annual meet- 
ings, and has published nineteen volumes of lectures delivered 
before it. The twentieth volume is now in press. 

279. To enable the society to publish its lectures, and oth- 
erwise to promote the object of its formation, the Legislature 
of Massachusetts, since the year 1835, has granted it an annu- 
ity of three hundred dollars. Res. 1835, March 14; 1840, 
March 23 ; 1845, ch. 112. 

280. The Institute may justly be considered as the source 
of all the improvements in education, which have since been 
made in New England and the other Northern States ; and its 
influence is slowly diffusing itself through the uncongenial re- 
gions of the South. 



141 

281. Massachusetts Teachers' Association, The sum of 
one hundred and fifty dollars is to be paid annually, in the 
month of August, to the president or treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Teachers' Association, to be applied to the purposes of 
said association. Resolve, 1849, ch. 75. 

282. County Associations of Teachers. Whenever any 
County Association of Teachers and others shall hold semi- 
annual meetings of not less than two days each, for the express 
purpose of promoting the interests of Common Schools, such 
associations are entitled to receive fifty dollars a year from the 
State. St. 1848, ch. 301, «§> 1. 

283. For obtaining said sum of fifty dollars, the president 
and secretary of the association must certify under oath, to the 
Governor, that two such semi-annual meetings have been held. 
The Governor will then draw his warrant on the treasurer of the 
Commonwealth. lb. <§> 2. 

284. The Deaf and Dumb. The State of Massachusetts 
makes an annual grant of eight thousand five hundred dollars 
to defray the expenses of instruction, board, washing, lodging, 
and stationery of all the indigent deaf and dumb persons, be- 
longing to it, who are between the ages of 8 and 25 years. 
These beneficiaries of the State are educated at the American 
Asylum in Hartford, Connecticut. Res. Feb. 18, 1825, ch. 83 ; 
March 24, 1843 ; 1847, ch. 94. 

285. To encourage and assist those parents, who have suffi- 
cient pecuniary ability to pay for the education of their chil- 
dren, at Hartford, the State will, in the first instance, become 
responsible to the asylum for all expenses of instruction, board, 
(fcc, and will accept the obligation of the parents to make re- 
imbursement. Res. Feb. 18, 1825, ch. 83. 

286. The beneficiaries of the State are entitled, under the 
above provisions, to remain at the institution at Hartford, for 
the period of six years. Res. Feb. 18, 1825 ; March 24, 1843. 

287. The Blind. The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts 
Asylum for the Blind was opened in 1833. By virtue of the Re- 
solves of the sixteenth and twenty-eighth of February, 1833, 
and others of a subsequent date, the institution has received not 
less than a hundred and twenty thousand dollars from the 



142 

treasury of the State ; and yet no one doubts that it has saved 
the community much more than this sum, by turning those, 
who would otherwise have been dependents and burdens upon 
their friends or upon society, into intelligent, industrious, and 
useful citizens. All this, however, is nothing when compared 
with the sufferings it has relieved and the happiness it has be- 
stowed. 

288. By the -Resolve of 1847, ch. 49, the sum of |9000 is 
annually appropriated to the institution, during the pleasure of 
the Legislature. The condition attached to this grant is, that 
the institution shall receive, board, lodge, and educate forty in- 
digent blind persons, belonging to the Commonwealth, if there 
shall be so many applicants. In point of fact, the institution 
has always received and educated all the indigent blind be- 
longing to the State, who have brought themselves within the 
general rules for admission adopted by its government. 

289. By the Resolve of 1849, ch. 77, the sum of $5000 was 
given to the institution for the purpose of erecting, on the land 
of the institution, a suitable workshop for the employment of 
adult blind poor persons ; on condition that the institution 
should add thereto the like sum of $5000, and any further 
sum that might be found necessary to complete the building. 
This establishment is to be under the general superintendence 
of the trustees of the Blind Institution. It will furnish em- 
ployment and the means of a comfortable subsistence to the 
adult blind poor. 

290. Idiots. A sum, not exceeding twenty-five hundred 
dollars a year, is appropriated for three years for the purpose 
of testing the teachableness and improvability of idiots. Re- 
solve, 1848, ch. 65. Under this Resolve, a school for idiots 
has been opened in the Blind Institution, at South Boston. 
The effects already produced upon the members of the school 
furnish the most gratifying auguries of its ultimate success. 

291. Prisoners in the State Prison, in Jails, and in 
Houses of Correction. The county commissioners of the 
several counties in the Commonwealth are authorized, at their 
discretion, and at the expense of their respective counties, to 
provide moral and religious instruction for the prisoners con- 
fined in their jails and houses of correction. St. 1848, ch. 29. 



143 

292. The sum of one hundred dollars annually is appropri- 
ated, from the funds of the State Prison, to be expended by the 
warden, under the direction of the inspectors of the prison, for 
the increase, preservation, and care of the library of said prison. 
Res. 1847, ch. 16. 

293. The warden and inspectors of the State Prison, the 
county commissioners of each county, the mayor and alder- 
men of the city of Boston, with the sheriffs of each county 
respectively, are authorized to furnish, at the expense of said 
counties, suitable instruction in reading and writing, for one 
hour each evening, (Sundays excepted,) to all such prisoners 
as may be benefited by said instruction, and are desirous to 
receive the same. St. 1848, ch. 324, '§> 3. 

294. Lyceums, &c. Any twenty or more persons, in any 
county or town in the State, may associate together for the 
purpose of mutual improvement and the promotion of common 
education, and may become a corporation by any name they 
may choose to adopt. Rev. St., ch. 41, <§> 7. St. 1846, ch. 94, 
<§> 1. Such corporation may hold real and personal estate to 
any amount not exceeding twenty thousand dollars. St. 1846, 
ch. 94, -^ 2. 

295. State Reform School. The State Reform School 
is located at Westborough, in the county of Worcester. It is 
about twelve miles distant from the city of Worcester, and two 
and a half from the Boston and Worcester Railroad. This 
school was established by the State, by the act of 1847, ch. 
165. It was opened for the admission of members, November 
1, 1848. The buildings afford accommodation for 300 boys, 
besides all necessary apartments for superintendent, teachers, 
and attendants. A farm of about 225 acres belongs to the es- 
tablishment. The grants made by the State for the erection 
of buildings, and other objects connected with the institution, 
amount to ^115,000. Besides this, an individual, who con- 
cealed his person, and showed only his bountiful hand, gave 
$22,500 for the school.* 

296. The object of the school is declared to be, ^'■for the in- 

* Since ascertained to be the Honorable Theodore Lyman, who died July 17, 1849. 



144 

siruction, employment, and reformation of juvenile offenders." 
The government is vested in a board of seven trustees, to be 
appointed and commissioned by the Governor, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Council. St. 1847, ch. 165, <§. 1. 

Two trustees are to be appointed and commissioned annu- 
ally ; and, for this purpose, the places of the two senior mem- 
bers, as they stand arranged in their commission, are to be an- 
nually vacated. The actual expenses of the trustees are to be 
refunded to them. No trustee receives any compensation for 
his services. lb. <§> 14. 

297. The trustees of the school, for the time being, are a 
corporation for the purpose of taking and holding, to them- 
selves and their successors, in trust for the Commonwealth, 
any grant or devise of lands, and any donation or bequest of 
money, made for the use of the institution, and for the purpose 
of preserving and investing the proceeds of any such grant, de- 
vise, donation, or bequest, in notes, bonds, or other securities. 
St. 1848, ch. 305, ^ 1. 

298. The trustees have charge of the general interests of the 
institution ; they appoint its officers, and have full visitatorial 
powers. St. 1847, ch. 165, ^ 2. 

299. Whenever any boy, under the age of sixteen years, 
shall be convicted of any offence known to the laws of the 
Commonwealth, and punishable by imprisonment, other than 
such as may he punished hy imprisonment for life, the court 
or justice, before whom such conviction shall be had, may, at 
their discretion, sentence such boy to the State Reform School, 
or to such punishment as i^ now provided by law for the same 
offence. If the sentence shall be to the school, then it shall be 
in the alternative, to the State Reform School, or to such pun- 
ishment as would have been awarded, without this act. lb. <§. 4. 

300. Any boy, convicted and sent to the school, may be 
there kept, disciplined, instructed, employed, and governed un- 
til he shall be either reformed or discharged ; or he may be 
bound out by the trustees ; or, if adjudged by them to be in- 
corrigible, or an unfit subject for the school, he may be re- 
manded to prison under the sentence of the court. lb. •§.<§> 5, 6. 

301. No commitment of any boy can be for a longer term 



145 

than for his minority, nor for a shorter term than one year. 
Boys, however, whom the trustees adjudge to be reformed, 
may be discharged at any time. Whenever any boy is dis- 
charged, as reformed, or by the expiration of his term, or as 
having arrived at the age of twenty-one, such discharge is a 
full and complete release from all penalties and disabilities, 
created by the sentence. lb. <§> 7. 

302. The trustees may bind out the boys, as apprentices or 
servants. When any boy is so bound, all the parties to the 
indentures come within the provisions of the eightieth chap- 
ter of the Revised Statutes, ^'- Of Masters, Apprentices, and 
Servants.'' lb. '§. 8. 

303. The trustees are to cause the boys under their charge 
to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of 
useful knowledge as shall be adapted to their age and capacity. 
The boys are also to be instructed in some regular course of 
labor, either mechanical, manufacturing, agricultural, or horti- 
cultural, or a combination of them, as shall be best suited to 
their age and strength, disposition and capacitor ; or in any 
such other arts and trades, as may seem to the trustees best 
adapted to secure the reformation, amendment, and future ben- 
efit of the boys. In binding them out, the trustees must have 
scrupulous regard to the religious and moral character of those 
to whom they are bound, to the end that they may secure to 
the boys the benefit of a good example and wholesome instruc- 
tion, and the sure means of improvement in virtue and knowl- 
edge, and thus the opportunity of becoming intelligent, moral, 
useful, and happy citizens of this Commonwealth. lb. >§> 9. 

304. The superintendent, together with such subordinate 
officers as the trustees may appoint, are to have the immediate 
charge and custody of the boys. The superintendent must be 
a constant resident at the institution, and must discipline, gov- 
ern, instruct, and employ, and use his best endeavors to reform 
the inmates, in such a manner, as, while preserving their 
health, will secure the formation, as far as possible, of moral, 
religious, and industrious habits, and regular, thorough progress 
and improvement in their studies, trades, and various employ- 
ments, lb. *§> 10. 

19 



146 

305. The superintendent must keep a register, containing 
the name and age of each boy, and the circumstances con- 
nected with his early history ; and he is also to add such facts 
as may come to his knowledge relating to the subsequent his- 
tory of each boy, while at the institution, and after he shall 
have left it. lb. <§> 11. 

306. One or more of the trustees must visit the school once 
in every two weeks, for the examination of the boys in the 
schoolroom and workshop. Once in every three months, the 
school, in all its departments, is to be thoroughly examined by 
a majority of the board, and a report made. Annually, in De- 
cember, an abstract of the quarterly reports is to be prepared, 
which, together with a full report by the superintendent, is to 
foe laid before the Governor and Council, for the information of 
the Legislature. lb. <§. 15. 

For other information respecting the management of the 
farm, the pecuniary responsibility of certain officers, &c. &c., 
see the statute itself, 1847, ch. 165. 

307. International Literary and Scientific Exchanges. 
By a standing Resolve, the sum of three hundred dollars is ap- 
propriated annually to promote the system of international lit- 
erary and scientific exchanges, introduced by M. Yattemare. 
Res. 1849, ch. 115. See also Resolves of 1845, ch. 51, and of 
1847, ch. 41. 

provision for answering the requests of other states 
and foreign countries. 

308. The constitution of Massachusetts, after having de- 
clared the obvious truths, that the encouragement of arts and 
sciences and all good literature tends to the honor of GOD, the 
advantage of the Christian religion, and the benefit of the 
State, proceeds to recognize and to act upon the principles of 
a wise and broad philanthropy, by superadding, that it tends 
also to the benefit of " the other United States of America^ 
Ch. 5, sec. 1, art. 1. 

309. In pursuance of this noble and beneficent sentiment, 
the Legislature, by a standing provision, has instructed the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth, under the direction of the 



U7 

Governor, to obtain and forward, at the public expense, books 
and other documents containing information respecting the lit- 
erary, charitable, and other institutions of this Commonwealth, 
as applications for the same are received, from time to time, 
from the authorities of other states or of foreign countries. 
Res. March 20, 1845, ch. 101. 

I have now completed, as well as I have been able, the pro- 
posed account of our laws and decisions on the subject of 
Public Instruction. The recital of this provision for sending 
abroad, to other states and foreign countries, gratuitous infor- 
mation respecting our education and our charities, brings the 
work I had undertaken to an appropriate close. It is the top- 
most spire of light shooting its beams high up and afar oif, 
from the Pharos of our educational and charitable institutions, 
for the enlightening of mankind ; — at once illuminating the 
earth and pointing to heaven. 

Massachusetts is parental in her government. More and 
more, as year after year rolls by, she seeks to substitute pre- 
vention for remedy, and rewards for penalties. She strives to 
make industry the antidote to poverty, and to counterwork the 
progress of vice and crime by the diffusion of knowledge and 
the culture of virtuous principles. She seeks not only to miti- 
gate those great physical and mental calamities of which man- 
kind are the sad inheritors, but also to avert those infinitely 
greater moral calamities which form the disastrous heritage of 
depraved passions. Hence it has long been her policy to endow 
or to aid asylums for the cure of disease. She succors and 
maintains all the poor within her borders, whatever may have 
been the land of their nativity. She founds and supports hos- 
pitals for restoring reason to the insane ; and even for those 
violators of the law whom she is obliged to sequestrate from 
society, she provides daily instruction and the ministrations of 
the gospel at the public charge. To those who, in the order 
of nature and providence, have been bereft of the noble facul- 
ties of hearing and of speech, she teaches a new language, and 
opens their imprisoned minds and hearts to conversation with 



148 

men and to communion with God ; and it hardly transcends the 
literal truth to say, that she gives sight to the blind. For the 
remnants of those aboriginal tribes who, for so many ages, 
roamed over this land, without cultivating its soil or elevating 
themselves in the scale of being, her annual bounty provides 
good schools ; and when the equal, natural and constitutional 
rights of the outcast children of Africa were thought to be in- 
vaded, she armed her courts of judicature with power to pun- 
ish the aggressors. The public highway is not more open and 
free for every man in the community, than is the public school- 
house for every child ; and each parent feels that a free edu- 
cation is as secure a part of the birthright of his offspring, as 
Heaven's bounties of light and air. The State not only com- 
mands that the means of education shall be provided for all, 
but she denounces penalties against all individuals, and all 
towns and cities, however populous or powerful they may be, 
that shall presume to stand between her bounty and its recipi- 
ents. In her righteous code, the interception of knowledge is 
a crime ; and if parents are unable to supply their children 
with books, she becomes a parent and supplies them. 

The policy of the State promotes not only secular but reli- 
gious instruction ; yet in such a way, as leaves to every indi- 
vidual the right of private judgment and the sacred freedom of 
conscience. 

Public sentiment exceeds and excels the law. Annually, 
vast sums are given for eleemosynary and charitable purposes ; 
— to promote the cause of temperance, to send the gospel to the 
heathen, and to diffuse the doctrines of peace, which are the 
doctrines of the Prince of Peace. 

For public, free education alone, including the direct outlay 
of money, and the interest on capital invested, Massachusetts 
expends, annually, more than a million of dollars. To support 
religious institutions for the worship of God and the salvation 
of men, she annually expends more than another million ; and 
what she gives away, in the various forms of charity, far ex- 
ceeds a third sum of equal magnitude. She explores the world 
for new objects of beneficence ; and so deep and common is the 
feeling which expects and prompts all this, that she is grad- 
ually changing and ennobling the definition of a cardinal word 



149 

in the language of morals, — doing what no king or court with 
all their authority, nor royal academy with all its sages and lit- 
erary men, can do, — she is changing the meaning of Charity 
into Duty. 

For the support of the poor, nine tenths of whose cost origi- 
nate with foreigners or come from one prolific vice, whose last 
convulsive energies she is now struggling to subdue, she annu- 
ally pays more than three hundred thousand dollars ; for the 
support and improvement of public highways, she pays a much 
larger sum ; and within the last dozen or fourteen years, she 
has invested a capital in railroads, within and without the 
State, of nearly or quite sixty millions of dollars. 

Whence come her means to give, with each returning year, 
more than a million of dollars to public education ; more than 
another million to religion ; and more than a third to ameliorate 
and succor the afflicted and the ignorant at home, and to bless, 
in distant lands, those who sit in the region and shadow of 
death ? How does she support her poor, maintain her public 
ways, and contribute such vast sums for purposes of internal 
improvement, besides maintaining her immense cornmercial 
transactions with every zone in the world ? 

Has she a vast domain ? Her whole territory would not 
make a court-yard of respectable dimensions to stand in front 
of many of the states and territories belonging to the Union. 

Does she draw revenues from conquered provinces or sub- 
jugated realms ? She conquers nothing, she subdues nothing, 
save the great elemental forces of nature, which God gives 
freely, whenever and wherever they are asked for in the lan- 
guage of genius and science ; and in regard to which no profu- 
sion or prodigality to one can diminish the bounty always 
ready for others. 

Does she live by the toil of a race of serfs and vassals whom 
she holds in personal and hereditary bondage, — by one com- 
prehensive and sovereign act of violence seizing upon both 
body and soul at once, and superseding the thousand acts of 
plunder which make up the life of a common robber ? Every 
man who treads her sacred soil is free ; all are free alike ; and 
within her borders, for any purpose connected with human 
slavery, iron will not be welded into a fetter. 



150 

Has she rich mines of the precious metals ? In all her cof- 
fers, there is not a drachm of silver or of gold which has not 
been obtained by the sweat of her brow or the vigor of her 
brain. 

Has she magazines of mineral wealth imbedded in the earth, 
or are her soil and climate so spontaneously exuberant that she 
reaps luxuriant harvests from uncultivated fields ? Alas ! the 
orator has barbed his satire, by declaring her only natural pro- 
ductions to be granite and ice ! 

Whence, then, I again ask, comes her wealth ? — I do not 
mean the gorgeous wealth which is displayed in the voluptuous 
and too often enervating residences of the affluent, but that 
golden mean of property, — such as Agur asked for in his per- 
fect prayer, — which carries blessings in its train to thousands 
of householders ; which spreads solid comfort and competence 
through the dwellings of the land ; which furnishes the means 
of instruction, of social pleasures and refinement, to the citi- 
zens at large ; which saves from the cruel sufferings and the 
more cruel temptations of penury. The families, scattered over 
her hills and along her valleys, have not merely a shelter from 
the inclemencies of the seasons, but the sanctuary of a home. 
Not only food, but books, are spread upon their tables. Her 
commonest houses have the means of hospitality ; they have 
appliances for sickness, and resources laid up against accident 
and the infirmities of age. Whether in her rural districts or 
her populous towns, a wandering, native-born beggar is a prod- 
igy, and the twelve millions of dollars deposited in her Savings' 
Institutions do not more loudly proclaim the frugality and 
providence of the past, than they foretell the competence and 
enjoyments of the future. 

One copious, exhaustless fountain supplies all this abundance. 
It is Education, — the intellectual, moral, and religious education 
of the people. Having no other mines to work, Massachusetts 
has mined into the human intellect, and, from its limitless re- 
sources, she has won more sustaining and enduring prosperity 
and happiness than if she had been founded on a stratification 
of silver and gold, reaching deeper down than geology has yet 
penetrated. From her high religious convictions, she has 



151 

learned that great lesson, — to set a value upon time. Regard- 
ing the faculties as the gift of God, she has felt bound both to 
use and to improve them. Mingling skill and intelligence with 
the daily occupations of life, she has made labor honorable ; 
and, as a necessary consequence, idleness is disgraceful. Knowl- 
edge has been the ambition of her sons, and she has reverenced 
and venerated the purity and chastity of her matrons and her 
daughters. At the hearth-stone, at the family table, and at the 
family altar, — on all those occasions where the structure of 
the youthful character is huilded up, these sentiments of love 
for knowledge and of reverence for maidenly virtue have been 
huilded in ; and there they stand, so wrought and mingled with 
the fibres of being, that none but God can tell which is nature 
and which is education ; which we owe primarily to the grace 
of Heaven, and which to the cooperating wisdom of the insti- 
tutions of men. Verily, verily, not as we ought, have we 
obeyed the laws of Jehovah, or imitated the divine example of 
the Savior ; and yet, for such imperfect obedience and distant 
imitation as we have rendered, God has showered down manna 
from the heavens, and opened a rock whence flow living waters 
to gladden every thirsty place. He who studies the present or 
the historic character of Massachusetts will see, — and he who 
studies it most profoundly will see most clearly, — that what- 
ever of abundance, of intelligence, or of integrity, whatever 
of character at home or of renown abroad she may possess, — 
all has been evolved from the enlightened, and at least par- 
tially Christianized mind, not of a few, but of the great masses 
of her people. They are not the result of outward riches or 
art brought around it, or laminated over it, but of an awakened 
inward force, working energetically outwards, and fashioning 
the most intractable circumstances to the dominion of its own 
desires and resolves ; and this force has been awakened and its 
imspent energies replenished, more than from all things else, by 
her Common Schools. 

When we witness the mighty achievements of art, — the 
locomotive taking up its burden of a hundred tons, and trans- 
porting it for hundreds of miles, between the rising and the 
setting sun ; the steamboat cleaving its rapid way, triumphant 



152 

over wind and tide ; the power-loom, yielding products of 
greater richness and abundance, in a single day, than all the in- 
habitants of Tyre could have manufactured in years ; the print- 
ing-press, which could have replaced the Alexandrian library 
within a week after it was burnt ; the lightning, not only do- 
mesticated in the laboratories of the useful arts, but employed 
as a messenger between distant cities ; and galleries of beauti- 
ful paintings, quickened into life by the sunbeams ; — when 
we see all these marvels of power and of celerity, we are prone 
to conclude that it is to them we are indebted for the increase 
of our wealth and for the progress of our society. But were 
there any statistics to show the aggregate value of all the 
thrifty and gainful habits of the people at large ; — the greater 
productiveness of the educated than of the brutified laborer ; 
the increased power of the intelligent hand and the broad sur- 
vey and deep intuition of the intelligent eye ; — could we see a 
leger account of the profits which come from forethought, 
order, and system, as they preside over all our farms, in all our 
workshops, and emphatically in all the labors of our house- 
holds, — we should then know how rapidly their gathered units 
swell into millions upon millions. The skill that strikes the 
nail's head, instead of the finger's ends ; the care that mends a 
fence and saves a cornfield, that drives a horseshoe nail and 
secures both rider and horse, that extinguishes a light and saves 
a house ; the prudence that cuts the coat according to the 
cloth, that lays by something for a rainy day, and that post- 
pones marriage until reasonably sure of a livelihood ; the fore- 
thought that sees the end from the beginning, and reaches it 
by the direct route of an hour instead of the circuitous grop- 
ings of a day ; the exact remembrance impressed upon child- 
hood to do the errand as it was bidden ; and, more than all, the 
economy of virtue over vice ; of restrained over pampered de- 
sires ; — these things are not set down in the works on Political 
Economy ; but they have far more to do with the Wealth of 
Nations than any laws which aim to regulate the balance of 
trade, or any speculations on capital and labor, or any of the 
great achievements of art. That vast variety of ways in 
which an intelligent people surpass a stupid one, and an exem- 



153 

plary people an immoral one, has infinitely more to do with 
the well-being of a nation, than soil, or climate, or even than 
government itself, excepting so far as government may prove 
to be the patron of intelligence and virtue. 

From her earliest colonial history, the policy of Massachu- 
setts has been to develop the minds of all her people, and to 
imbue them with the principles of duty. To do this work 
most effectually, she has begun it with the young. If she 
would continue to mount higher and higher towards the sum- 
mit of prosperity, she must continue the means by which her 
present elevation has been gained. In doing this, she will not 
only exercise the noblest prerogative of government, but will 
cooperate with the Almighty in one of his sublimest works. 

The Greek rhetorician Longinus quotes from the Mosaic ac- 
count of the creation what he calls the sublimest passage ever 
uttered: "God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light." 
From the centre of black immensity effulgence burst forth. 
Above, beneath, on every side, its radiance streamed out, silent, 
yet making each spot in the vast concave brighter than the line 
which the lightning pencils upon the midnight cloud. Dark- 
ness fled, as the swift beams spread onward and outward, in an 
unending circumfusion of splendor. Onward and outward, 
still they move to this day, glorifying, through wider and wider 
regions of space, the infinite Author from whose power and 
beneficence they sprang. But not only in the beginning when 
God created the heavens and the earth, did he say " Let there 
be light." Whenever a human soul is born into the world, its 
Creator stands over it, and again pronounces the same sublime 
words, "Let there be light." 

Magnificent, indeed, was the material creation, when, sud- 
denly blazing forth in mid space, the new-born sun dispelled 
the darkness of the ancient night. But infinitely more mag- 
nificent is it, when the human soul rays forth its subtler and 
swifter beams ; — when the light of the senses irradiates all out- 
ward things, revealing the beauty of their colors and the ex- 
quisite symmetry of their proportions and forms ; when the 
light of reason penetrates to their invisible properties and laws, 
and displays all those hidden relations that make up all the 
20 



154 

sciences ; when the light of conscience illumines the moral 
world, separating truth from error, and virtue from vice. The 
light of the newly-kindled sun, indeed, was glorious. It struck 
upon all the planets, and waked into existence their myriad 
capacities of life and joy. As it rebounded from them, and 
showed their vast orbs all wheeling, circle beyond circle, in 
their stupendous courses, the sons of God shouted for joy. 
That hght sped onward, beyond Sirius, beyond the Pole-star, 
beyond Orion and the Pleiades, and is still speeding onward 
into the abysses of space. But the light of the human soul 
flies swifter than the light of the sun, and outshines its merid- 
ian blaze. It can embrace not only the sun of our system, but 
all suns and galaxies of suns ; ay ! the soul is capable of know- 
ing and of enjoying Him who created the suns themselves ; 
and when these starry lustres that now glorify the firmament 
shall wax dim, and fade away like a wasted taper, the light 
of the soul shall still remain ; nor time, nor cloud, nor any 
power but its own perversity, shall ever quench its brightness. 
Again I would say, that whenever a human soul is born into 
the world, God stands over it, and pronounces the same sublime 
fiat, "Let there be light ;" and may the time soon come when 
all human governments shall cooperate with the divine govern- 
ment in carrying this benediction and baptism into fulfilment. 



155 



LA.WS OF MASSACHUSETTS 

ON THE SXJBJECT OF 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION; 

CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 



MASSACHUSETTS DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, ART. II. 

" It is the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society, 
publicly, and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, 
the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no sub- 
ject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, 
or estate, for worshipping GOD in the manner and season most 
agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; or for his 
religious professions or sentiments, provided he doth not dis- 
turb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious wor- 
ship." 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS, ART. XI. 

"All religious sects and denominations, demeaning them- 
selves peaceably and as good citizens of the Commonwealth, 
shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no sub- 
ordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall 
ever be established by law." 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, AMENDMENTS, ART. I. 

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." 



CHAPTER 169. 

AN ACT TO ESTABLISH THE MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FUND. 



Section 

2. Investment of moneys. 

3. Income only to be appropriated. 



Section 

1. Moneys derived from the sale of lands in 
the state of Maine to be appropriated to 
the encouragement of Common Schools. | 

Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives^ in General Court assembled, and by the authority of 
the same, That, from and after the first day of January next, 
all moneys in the treasury, derived from the sale of lands in 
the state of Maine, and from the claim of the State on the 
government of the United States for military services, and not 
otherwise appropriated, together with fifty per centum of all 



156 

moneys thereafter to be received from the sale of lands in 
Maine, shall be appropriated to constitute a permanent fund for 
the aid and encouragement of Common Schools : provided, that 
said fund shall never exceed one million of dollars. 

Sect. 2. Be it further enacted, That the investment of the 
moneys hereby appropriated shall be made by the treasurer and 
receiver general, with the approbation of the Governor and 
Council first obtained. 

Sect. 3. Be it /wither enacted, That the income only of 
said fund shall be appropriated to the aid and encouragement 
of Common Schools, and that a just and equal distribution 
thereof shall be made to the city of Boston and the several 
towns and districts in the Commonwealth, in such manner as 
the Legislature shall hereafter appoint : provided, that there 
never shall be paid to any city, town or district a greater sum 
than is raised therein respectively for the support of Common 
Schools. [March 31, 1834.] 



REV. STAT.— CHAP. 11. 

MONET RECEIVED OF THE UNITED STATES FOR MILITIA SERVICES. 

Section Section 

13. Proceeds of Maine lands and militia 14. Investment of school fund, 
claim appropriated to school fund. 

Sect. 13. All moneys and stocks in the treasury, on the 
first day of January in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and thirty-five, which shall have been derived from sales of the 
Commonwealth's lands in the state of Maine, and from the 
claim of the Commonwealth on the government of the United 
States for military services, and which shall not be otherwise 
appropriated, together with one half of the moneys thereafter 
received from the sale of lands in Maine, shall constitute a 
permanent fund, to be called the Massachusetts School Fund, 
for the encouragement of Common Schools, according to the 
provisions of the twenty-fourth chapter ; provided, that said 
fund shall never exceed one million of dollars. 

Sect. 14. The investment of all moneys, appropriated to 
the said school fund, shall be made by the treasurer of the 
Commonwealth, with the approbation of the Governor and 
Council. 



REV. STAT.— CHAP. 15. 

Sect. 12. Towns shall have power, at any legal meeting, 
to grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge 
necessary for the following [among many other] purposes, that 
is to say : — For the support of town schools. [See also. Rev. 
St., ch. 23, ^ 9.] 



157 



REV. STAT.— CHAP. 23. 



OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



Section 

of the public schools. 

1. What schools shall be provided by 

towns of 50 families. 

2. " " 100 " 

3. " " 150 " 

4. " " 500 " 

5. Additional school in towns of 500 fam- 
ilies ; — in towns of 4000 inhabitants. 

6. Towns of less than 500 families, au- 
thorized to maintain school, &c. 

7. Duty of instructors in colleges, &c. 
S. " ministers and town officers. 
9. Towns may raise money for schools. 

10. School committee to be chosen annu- 
ally. 

11. Duty of school committee, where school 
is kept for benefit of all the inhabitants. 

12. School committees, additional members 

of, in towns of more than 4000 
inhabitants. 

13. " to examine as to qualifications 

of instructors. 

14. Instructors, not to be paid unless the 
committee certify, &c. 

15. Committee, to decide on admission of 

scholars into schools kept 
for the whole town. 

16. " to visit all the district 

schools. 

17. Authority of committee as to school 
books. 

18. Scholars to be supplied by their par- 
ents, &c., with the books prescribed. 

19. Books may be provided by school com- 

mittee. 

20. " when to be furnished to scholars 
at expense of the town. 

21. Expense of books so supplied, to be 
taxed to parents, &c. 

22. If parents, &c., are unable to pay, 
such tax for books may be wholly or 
partially omitted. 

23. Books not to be bought, which favor 
any particular sect of Christians. 

SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

24. School districts, formation of in each 
town. 

25. Pnidential committee in each district. 

26. " " may be chosen 

by the districts. 

27. Clerk shall be chosen and sworn, who 
shall keep records, itc. 

28. Districts may raise money for the erec- 
tion of houses and other purposes — may 
fix the site of schoolhouses. 

29. Clerk liable only for want of integrity; 
district for illegality in assessing taxes. 

30. Selectmen, to determine the places for 
schoolhoases, in case, &c. 

31. If prudential committee is not chosen, 
town committee shall perform his duties. 

32. Towns may provide schoolhouses, &c., 
at common expense. 

33. Where personal and real estate may be 
taxed. 

34. Property in manufacturing corpora- 
tions, where taxed. 



Section 

35. Non-resident's estate, where taxed. 

36. All lands of any non-resident, to be 
taxed in one district. 

37. School taxes assessed in same manner 
as town taxes. 

38. Assessors, to issue warrants to collect- 
ors. 

39. Money raised, to be at the disposal of 
committees. 

40. Collectors, to have same power as in 
case of town taxes. 

41. Treasurers, to have like powers, as in 
case of town taxes. 

42. Assessors, &c., to have same compen- 
sation as in case of town taxes. 

43. Assessors may abate, as in town taxes. 

44. If inhabitants of district refuse to raise 
money, the town may order it. 

45. If districts neglect to establish schools, 
town committee may do it. 

46. Selectmen or prudential committee may 
issue warrants for district meetings. 

47. Manner of warning meetings. 

48. The districts may direct the mode of 
calling meetings. 

CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN AD- 
JOINING TOWNS. 

49. Contiguous districts, of adjoining towns, 
may unite themselves into one. 

50. No such union to be formed without 
consent of the districts and towns. 

.51. United districts may be again separated. 

52. First and other meetings of united dis- 
tricts, how called. 

53. Prudential committee to be chosen. 
64. Moneys raised, to be in proportion, &c. 

55. Moneys to be assessed by assessors of 
respective towns. 

56. School committees of adjoining towns, 
to officiate alternately, &c. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

57. School districts, to be corporations for 
certain purposes. 

68. Same subject. 

59. Provisions of this chapter not to affect 
funds, &c., of corporations for support- 
ing schools. 

60. Forfeiture, if towns neglect to raise 
money for schools 5 and now appropri- 
ated. 

61. School committee, &c., to receive and 
appropriate sums forfeited. 

SCHOOL RETURNS. 

62. School committees, to make returns to 
the Secretary. 

63. Returns respecting the school districts. 

64. Returns respecting all the schools of a 
town. 

65. Secretary, to furnish towns with blank 
forms of returns. 

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCHOOL FUND. 

66. No allowance of school fund to towns 
neglecting to make returns, or to raise 
a sum of money equal, &c. 

67. Manner of apportioning school fund 
among towns. 

68. Allowance to the Marshpee Indifins. 



158 



Section 

regulations in furtherance of the 
discipline of colleges. 
69. Innholders, &c., not to g-ive credit to 
under graduates, except, &.C. 



Section 

70. Licenses not to be granted to persons 
violating, &c. 

71. Penalty for giving such credit. 



or THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

Sect. 1. In every town containing fifty families, [since ex- 
tended to all towns, however few the population. St. 1839, 
ch. 56, >§> 1,] or householders, there shall be kept in each year, 
at the charge of the town, by a teacher or teachers of compe- 
tent ability and good morals, one school for the instruction of 
children in orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, 
geography, arithmetic, and good behavior, for the term of six 
months, or two or more such schools, for terms of time, that 
shall together be equivalent to six months. 

Sect. 2. In every town, containing one hundred families or 
householders, there shall be kept in each year one such school, 
for the term of twelve months, or two or more such schools, 
for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to twelve 
months. 

Sect. 3. In every town, containing one hundred and fifty 
families or householders, there shall be kept in each year two 
such schools, for nine months each, or three or more such 
schools, for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to 
eighteen months. 

Sect. 4. In every town, containing five hundred families 
or householders, there shall be kept in each year two such 
schools for twelve months each, or three or more such schools, 
for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to twenty- 
four months. 

Sect. 5. Every town, containing five hundred families or 
householders, shall, besides the schools prescribed in the pre- 
ceding section, maintain a school, to be kept by a master of 
competent ability and good morals, who shall, in addition to 
the iDranches of learning before mentioned, give instruction in 
the history of the United States, book-keeping, surveying, ge- 
ometry, and algebra ; and such last mentioned school shall be 
kept for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the town, ten 
months at least, exclusive of vacations, in each year, and at 
such convenient place, or alternately at such places in the 
town, as the said inhabitants at their annual meeting shall de- 
termine ; and, in every town, containing four thousand inhab- 
itants, the said master shall, in addition to all the branches of 
instruction, before required in this chapter, be competent to in- 
struct in the Latin and Greek languages, and general history, 
rhetoric, and logic. [This section modified by St. 1840, ch. 
76. Modification repealed by St. 1848, ch. 283.] 



159 

Sect. 6. Any town, containing less than five hundred fam- 
ilies or householders, may establish and maintain such a school, 
as is first mentioned in the preceding section, for such term 
of time, in any year, or in each year, as they shall deem ex- 
pedient. 

Sect. 7. It shall be the duty of the president, professors, 
and tutors of the university at Cambridge, and of the several 
colleges, and of all preceptors and teachers of academies and all 
other instructors of youth, to exert their best endeavors, to im- 
press on the minds of children and youth, committed to their 
care and instruction, the principles of piety, justice, and a sa- 
cred regard to truth, love to their country, humanity and uni- 
versal benevolence, sobriety, industry, and frugality, chastity, 
moderation, and temperance, and those other virtues, which 
are the ornament of human society, and the basis upon which 
a republican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty 
of such instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their 
ages and capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of 
the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues to preserve and 
perfect a republican constitution, and secure the blessings of 
liberty, as well as to promote their future happiness, and also 
to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices. 

Sect. 8. It shall be the duty of the resident ministers of 
the gospel, the selectmen, and the school committees, in the 
several towns, to exert their influence, and use their best en- 
deavors, that the youth of their towns shall regularly attend 
the schools established for their instruction. 

Sect. 9. The several towns are authorized and directed, at 
their annual meetings, or at any regular meeting called for the 
purpose, to raise such sums of money, for the support of the 
schools aforesaid, as they shall judge necessary ; which sums 
shall be assessed and collected in like manner as other town 
taxes. [See Rev. St., ch. 15, <§> 12.] 

Sect. 10. The inhabitants of every town shall, at their an- 
nual meeting, choose, by written ballots, a school committee, 
consisting of three, five, or seven persons, who shall have the 
general charge and superintendence of all the Public Schools in 
such town. [As to the expiration of the committee's office, see 
St. 1846, ch. 223, <^ 1.] 

Sect. 11. In any town, containing five hundred families, 
and in which a school shall be kept for the benefit of all the 
inhabitants, as before provided in this chapter, the school com- 
mittee, chosen under the preceding section, shall perform all 
the like duties, in relation to such school, the house where it 
shall be kept, and the supply of all things necessary therefor, 
which the prudential committee of a school district may per- 
form in such district. 



160 

Sect. 12. Any town, containing more than four thousand 
inhabitants, may choose an additional number, not exceeding 
six, on such committee. 

Sect. 13. The school committee shall require full and satis- 
factory evidence of the good moral character of all instructors, 
who may be employed in the Public Schools in their town, and 
shall ascertain, by personal examination, their literary qualifi- 
cations and capacity for the government of schools. 

Sect. 14. Every instructor of a town or district school 
shall obtain, of the school committee of such town, a certifi- 
cate in duplicate of his qualifications, before he opens such 
school, one of which shall be filed with the town treasurer, be- 
fore any payment is made to such instructor on account of his 
services. 

Sect. 15. The school committee shall determine the num- 
ber and qualifications of the scholars, to be admitted into the 
school, kept for the use of the whole town as aforesaid, and 
visit such school, at least quarter yearly, for the purpose of 
making a careful examination thereof, and of ascertaining that 
the scholars are properly supplied with books ; and they shall, 
at such examination, inquire into the regulation and discipline 
of the school, and the habits and proficiency of the scholars 
therein. 

Sect. 16. The school committee, or some one or more of 
them, shall, for the purposes aforesaid, visit each of the district 
schools in their town, on some day during the first or second 
week after the opening of such schools, respectively, and also 
on some day during the two weeks preceding the closing of 
the same ; and shall also, for the same purposes, visit all the 
schools kept by the town, once a month, without giving pre- 
vious notice thereof to the instructors. 

Sect. 17. The school committee of each town shall direct 
what books shall be used in the several schools kept by the 
town ; and may direct what books shall be used in the respec- 
tive classes. 

Sect. 18. The scholars at the town schools shall be sup- 
plied by their parents, masters, or guardians, with the books 
prescribed for their classes. 

Sect. 19. The school committee of each town may procure, 
at the expense of the town, or otherwise, a sufficient supply of 
such class books, for all the schools aforesaid, and shall give 
notice of the place, where such books may be obtained ; and 
the books shall be supplied to the scholars, at such prices, as 
merely to reimburse the expense of the same. 

Sect. 20. In case any scholar shall not be furnished by his 
parent, master, or guardian, with the requisite books, he shall 



161 

be supplied therewith by the school committee, at the expense 
of the town. 

Sect. 21. The school committee shall give notice, in writ- 
ing, to the assessors of the town, of the names of the scholars 
so supplied by them with books, and of the books so furnished, 
the prices thereof, and the names of the parents, masters, or 
guardians, who ought to have supplied the same ; and said as- 
sessors shall add the price of the books so supplied, to the next 
annual tax of such parents, masters, or guardians ; and the 
amount so added shall be levied, collected, and paid into the 
town treasury, in the same manner as the town taxes. 

Sect. 22. In case the assessors shall be of opinion, that any 
such parent, master, or guardian, is unable to pay the whole 
expense of the books so supplied on his account, they shall 
omit to add the price of such books, or shall add only a part 
thereof, to the annual tax of such parent, master, or guardian, 
according to their opinion of his ability to pay. 

Sect. 23. The school committee shall never direct to be 
purchased or used, in any of the town schools, any school 
books which are calculated to favor the tenets of any particu- 
lar sect of Christians. 

SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

Sect. 24. The inhabitants of every town may, at any town 
meeting to be called for that purpose, divide their town into 
school districts, and determine the limits of such districts, [this 
power of towns limited in a certain case. St. 1849, ch. 206,] 
or they may, if they think it expedient, carry into effect the 
provisions of this chapter, without forming such districts. 

Sect. 25. Every town, which is or may be divided into 
school districts, shall, at their annual meeting, in addition to 
the school committee for the town, choose one person, [or 
three, in a certain class of cases. St. 1839, ch. 137,] resident 
in each school district, to be a committee for that district, and 
to be called the prudential committee ; who shall keep the 
schoolhouse of such district in good order, at the expense of 
the district ; and, in case there be no schoolhouse, provide a 
suitable place for the school of the district, at the expense 
thereof; provide fuel, and all things necessary for the comfort 
of the scholars therein ; select and contract with a schoolmaster 
for the district ; [if the town shall expressly so vote. St. 
1838, ch. 105, § 2, J and give such information and assistance 
to the school committee of the town, as may be necessary to 
aid them in the discharge of the duties required of them. 

Sect. 26. In any town, which shall so determine, the said 
prudential committee may be chosen by the inhabitants of the 
several school districts, to which they respectively belong, in 
such manner as the district may direct. 
21 



162 

Sect. 27. The inhabitants of each school district, quahfied 
to vote in town affairs, shall choose a clerk, who shall be sworn 
to the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, by the mod- 
erator, in open meeting, or by any justice of the peace, and 
who shall make a fair record of all votes, passed at any meet- 
ing of the district, and certify the same when required, and 
who shall hold his office until another shall be chosen and 
sworn in his stead. 

Sect. 28. The said inhabitants may, at any meeting called 
for that purpose, raise money for erecting or repairing school- 
houses in their respective districts ; for purchasing or hiring 
any buildings to be used as schoolhouses, and land for the use 
and accommodation thereof; [see St. 1848, ch. 237,] for pur- 
chasing fuel, furniture, and other necessary articles for the use 
of schools ; they may also determine, in what part of their 
respective districts such schoolhouses shall stand, and may 
choose any committee to carry into effect the provisions afore- 
said ; and they may also, by the prudential committee of the 
district, select, contract with, and employ, an instructor for 
each school in the district. 

Sect. 29. The clerk of a school district shall be answerable 
only for want of integrity on his own part ; and, if he shall 
certify truly, to the assessors of the town, the votes of the dis- 
trict for raising by a tax any sum of money, the district shall 
be liable, in case of any illegality in the proceedings, which 
may have been had, in relation to raising such money. 

Sect. 30. If any school district cannot determine where to 
place their schoolhouse, the selectmen of the town, to which 
the district belongs, upon application made to them by the 
committee appointed to build or procure the schoolhouse, or 
by five or more of the legal voters of the district, shall deter- 
mine where such schoolhouse shall be placed. 

Sect. 31. In all cases, Avhere a prudential committee shall 
not be chosen for any school district, the school committee of 
the town shall perform all the duties of the prudential commit- 
tee thereof. 

Sect. 32. The inhabitants of every town may, if they shall 
think it expedient, carry into effect the provisions of the twen- 
ty-eighth section, at the common expense of the town, so far 
as relates to providing schoolhouses for the several school dis- 
tricts of the town ; and the town in such case may, at any le- 
gal meeting, raise money and adopt all other proper measures 
for this purpose. 

Sect. 33. In raising and assessing money in the several 
school districts, every inhabitant of the district shall be taxed, 
in the district in which he lives, for all his personal estate, and 
for all the real estate which he holds in the town, being under 



163 

his own actual improvement ; and all other of his real estate, 
in the same town, shall be taxed in the district in which it lies. 
[See St. 1839, ch. 139, ^ 1.] 

Sect. 34. In the assessment of all taxes, pursuant to the 
preceding section, all real estate and machinery, belonging to 
manufacturing corporations, shall be taxed in the school dis- 
tricts where the same are situated ; and in assessing the shares 
in such corporation, for the like purposes, the value of said ma- 
chinery and real estate shall be first deducted from the value of 
such shares. [See St. 1839, ch. 139, § 1.] 

Sect. 35. Whenever the real estate of a non-resident owner 
shall be taxed to such owner, it may be taxed in such district 
as the assessors of the town shall determine ; and the said as- 
sessors, before they assess a tax for any district, shall determine 
in which district the lands of any such non-resident shall be 
taxed, and certify, in writing, their determination to the clerk 
of the town, who shall record the same; and such land, while 
owned by any person resident without the limits of the town, 
shall be taxed in such district accordingly, until the town shall 
be districted anew. [See St. 1849, ch. 206.] 

Sect. 36. All the lands, within any town, owned by the 
same person, not living therein, shall be taxed in the same 
district. 

Sect. 37. The assessors of the town shall assess, in the 
same manner as town taxes are assessed, on the polls and es- 
tates of the inhabitants of each school district, and on all lands 
liable to be taxed therein, as aforesaid, all moneys voted to be 
raised by the inhabitants of such districts, for the purposes 
aforesaid ; and such assessment shall be made within thirty 
days after the clerk of the district shall certify to said assessors 
the sum voted by the district to be raised. 

Sect. 38. The said assessors shall make a warrant, substan- 
tially in the form heretofore used, except that a seal shall not 
be required thereto, directed to one of the collectors of the 
town, to which such district belongs, requiring him to collect 
the tax so assessed, and to pay the same to the treasurer of the 
town within a time to be limited in the warrant ; and a certifi- 
cate of the assessment shall be made by the assessors, and de- 
livered to the said treasurer. 

Sect. 39. The money so collected and paid shall be at the 
disposal of the committee appointed by the district, to be by 
them applied to the building or repairing of schoolhouses, or 
to the purchase of buildings to be used as schoolhouses, or to 
the purchase of land for the sites of schoolhouses, as before 
provided, and according to the votes or directions of the in- 
habitants of the district. [See St. 1848, ch. 274.] 

Sect. 40. Every collector, in collecting such tax, shall 



164 

have the same powers, and proceed in the same manner, as is 
by law provided in collecting town taxes. 

Sect, 41. The treasurer of any town, to whom a certifi- 
cate of the assessment of a district tax shall be transmitted as 
aforesaid, shall have the like authority, to enforce the collection 
and payment of the money so assessed and certified, as in the 
case of moneys raised by the town, for the use of the town. 

Sect. 42. The assessors, treasurer and collector shall have 
the same compensation, respectively, for assessing, collecting 
and paying out all moneys, assessed for the use of a school 
district, as is allowed by the town for the like services in 
respect to town taxes. 

Sect. 43. The assessors of the several towns shall have 
the same power to abate the tax, or any part thereof, assessed 
on any inhabitant of a school district, as they have to abate 
any town taxes. 

Sect. 44. Whenever a meeting of the inhabitants of any 
school district shall be called, for the purpose of raising money, 
and a majority of the voters present shall be opposed to the 
raising of the money, any five inhabitants of such school dis- 
trict, who pay taxes, may make application in writing to the 
selectmen of the town, in which the school district is situated, 
requesting them to insert, in their warrant for the next town 
meeting, an article requiring the opinion of the town relative 
to the expediency of raising such moneys as were proposed in 
the warrant for said district meeting ; and if the majority of 
the voters, present in such town meeting, shall think the rais- 
ing of any of the sums of money, proposed in said warrant, 
to be necessary and expedient, they may vote such sum as 
they shall think necessary for the said purposes, [and may 
appoint a committee to expend it. St. 1848, ch. 274, *§> 1,] 
and the same shall be assessed on the polls and estates of the 
inhabitants of such district, and be collected and paid over, in 
the manner before provided. 

Sect. 45. If any school district shall neglect or refuse to 
establish a school and employ a teacher for the same, the 
school committee of the town may establish such school, and 
employ a teacher therefor, as the prudential committee might 
have done. 

Sect. 46. The selectmen of the several towns, divided 
into school districts as aforesaid, and the prudential committee 
of every such district, upon application made to them., respec- 
tively, in writing, by three or more residents in any district 
who pay taxes, shall issue their warrant, directed to one of the 
persons making such application, requiring him to warn the 
inhabitants of such district, qualified to vote in town affairs, to 



165 

meet at such time and place in the same district, as shall be 
expressed in the warrant. 

Sect. 47. The warning aforesaid shall be given seven days 
at least before the time appointed for the meeting, and shall be 
either by personal notice to every inhabitant of the district 
qualified to vote in town affairs, or by leaving, at his last and 
usual place of abode, a written notification, expressing therein 
the time, place, and purpose of the meeting, unless the district 
shall prescribe another mode of warning their meetings. 

Sect. 48. Every school district may, at any regular meet- 
ing, having an article in the warrant for that purpose, pre- 
scribe the mode of warning all future meetings of the district ; 
and they may also direct by whom and in what manner such 
meetings shall be called. 

CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ADJOINING TOWNS. 

Sect. 49. Where two or more contiguous school districts, 
in adjoining towns, are too small to maintain schools advan- 
tageously in each, such districts may, if they see fit, unite and 
form one district, with all the powers and privileges, and sub- 
ject to all the liabilities, which now are, or hereafter may be, 
allowed or prescribed in regard to school districts. 

Sect. 50. No districts shall be so united, unless the inhabit- 
ants of each shall, at legal meetings called for the purpose, 
agree thereto ; nor, unless the respective towns shall, at legal 
town meetings called for the purpose, assent to the same ; and 
when any such vote shall be passed by any school district, the 
clerk thereof shall forthwith send a certified copy of said vote 
to the clerk of his town. 

Sect. 51. Whenever the voters in such united district shall, 
at any legal meeting called for the purpose, deem it expedient 
to separate, and again form two or more districts, they may so 
do, first obtaining the consent of the respective towns. 

Sect. 52. The first meeting of such united district shall 
be called in such manner as may be agreed upon by the respec- 
tive districts, at the time of forming the union ; and the united 
district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
of calling and warning the meetings, in like manner as other 
school districts may do. 

Sect. 53. Such district, at the first meeting, and annually 
thereafter, shall choose a prudential committee, who shall re- 
ceive and expend the money, raised and appropriated in each 
town, for said united district, and shall possess all the powers, 
and discharge all the duties, allowed or prescribed to the pru- 
dential committees of other districts. 

Sect. 54. The inhabitants of every such united district 
shall, at the time of voting to raise such moneys, determine 
the amount to be paid by the inhabitants in each town, which 



166 

shall be in proportion to their respective polls and estates ; and 
the clerk of the district shall certify such vote to the assessors 
of each of the said towns. 

Sect. 55. All moneys, duly voted to be raised by any such 
united district, shall be assessed, by the assessors of the respec- 
tive towns, upon the polls and estates of the inhabitants of the 
district, and collected in the same manner that taxes are as- 
sessed and collected in other school districts. 

Sect. 56. The respective school committees of the towns, 
from which such united district is formed, shall discharge the 
duties of school committees for the district, in alternate years, 
commencing with the most ancient town. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

Sect. 57. Every school district shall be a body corporate, 
so far as to prosecute and defend in all actions relating to the 
property or affairs of the district. 

Sect. 58. They shall also have power, as a corporation, to 
take and hold, in fee simple or otherwise, any estate, real or 
personal, which has been, or may be given to, or purchased by 
them, for the supporting of a school or schools in the district. 

Sect. 59. Nothing contained in this chapter shall affect the 
right of any corporation, which is or may be established in 
any town, to manage any estate or funds given or obtained 
for the purpose of supporting schools therein, or, in any wise, 
to affect any such estate or funds ; but such corporate powers 
and such estate and funds shall remain, as if these provisions 
had not been enacted. 

Sect. 60. If any towns shall refuse or neglect to raise 
money for the support of schools, as required by this chapter, 
such town shall forfeit a sum, equal to twice the highest sum 
which had ever before been voted for the support of schools 
therein ; and, if any town shall refuse or neglect to choose a 
school committee to superintend said schools, or to choose, for 
the purposes before mentioned in this chapter, prudential com- 
mittees in their several districts, when it is the duty of the 
town to choose such prudential committee, such town shall 
forfeit a sum not less than one hundred nor more than two 
hundred dollars, which shall be paid into the treasury of the 
county ; and one fourth thereof shall be for the use of the 
county, and three fourths thereof shall be paid by the county 
treasurer to the school committee of such town, if any, and if 
not, to the selectmen of the town, for the support of schools 
therein. 

Sect. 61, Every such school committee, or board of select- 
men, shall forthwith receive, from the treasurer of the county, 
any money so payable to them, and shall apportion and appro- 
priate the same, to the support of the schools of such town, in 



167 



the same manner it should have been appropriated, if it had 
been regularly raised by the town for that purpose. 

SCHOOL RETURNS. 

[Sections 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, and 67, relating to " School Returns" and the " Distribution 
of tlie School Fund," have all been repealed or superseded by subsequent enactments.] 

Sect. 62. The school committees of the several towns and of the city of Boston shall, 
on or before the first day of November, in each j^ear, make official returns, to the Secretary 
of tJie Commonwealth, of all the Public Schools m such towns and city respectively, whether 
such schools are kept for school districts, or for the common benefit of ail th^ inhabitants ; 
which said school returns shall be made, as is provided in the two following- sections. 

Sect. 63. The said school returns shall, so far as respects the school districts of each 
town, contain true answers to the following inquiries concerning said school districts, and 
shall be made in the following form : — 



— 




Children not at- 













a 




Children at- 


tending Common 


Time of 




Wages in 


Price of 


o 




tending Com- 


Schoolsany portion 


keeping 






money, exclu- 


Board per 






mon Schools. 


of the year, from 4 


School. 


or.,. 


sive of board. 


week. 


m 






to 16 years of age. 












']" 




From 4 to 


1 
























o 


i 


16 yrs. of 
age. 




4; 


a 
E 


> 


= 




6 
E 


E 

c 
c 
a 

ii 

o 




V 3 


6 
ee 


6 

S 
fa 


5 c 

1:1 


Q 






- 



































Sect. 64. The said school returns shall, in addition to the answers required by the pre- 
ceding section, concerning the school districts in each town, contain also true answers to the 
following general inquiries respecting all the schools kept in such town ; and shall be in the 
following form : — 

Inquiries with respect to all the schools in the tmcn. 

1. — What amount of money is raised by taxes in the town, for supporting the Common 
Schools ; and vi'hat by voluntary contributions 1 

"2. — What part of the money raised by taxes is paid for furniture, wood, and incidental 
expenses, and what part for instruction only ? 

3. — Are there any private schools or academies ; what portion of the year have they been 
kept; and what is the average number, in the year, attending them ? 

4. — What is the estimated amount paid for tuition in such schools and academies ? 

5. — Are the school committees regularly chosen each year ; do they organize themselves 
as a committee, and do they visit and examine the schools as required by law; how are the 
examinations conducted ? 

6. — Do parents interest themselves in the character of the schools, and attend the exami- 
nations ? 

7. — What are the books in general use ; specifying spelling books, grammars, arithmetics, 
geographies, reading and other books ? 

8. — Who selects books ? 

9. — What is the furniture of the schoolhouse, and the apparatus, including maps ? 

10. — Is it desirable to increase the number of studies ? 

11. — Are tliere any local funds ? 

Sect. 65. The Secretary of the Commonwealth shall annually furnish every town with 
blank forms of returns, corresponding to the forms contained in the two preceding sections. 
distribution of the school fund. 

Sect. 66. No apportionment of the school fund, as provided in the following sections, 
shall be made to any town, which shall have failed to make school returns, for the year next 
preceding the time of such apportionment, or which shall have failed, at the annual meeting 
preceding the time when the annual appropriation shall be made, to raise by taxation, for 
paying the wages of instructors solely, a sum equal at least to one dollar for each person 
belonging to said town on the first day of May preceding, between the ages of four and 
sixteen years. 

Sect. 67. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund, except the sum of one hundred 
dollars mentioned in the following section, shall be apportioned by the secretary and treas- 
urer, and paid over by the treasurer, on the fifteenth of January in each year, to the mayor 
and aldermen of the city of Boston, and to the selectmen of the several towns, for the use 



168 

of Common Schools therein, which shall have made the returns, and raised the sums of 
money required by the preceding section, and which shall have returned to the secretary 
the certificate required by this section, according to the number of persons in such city and 
towns, between the ages of four and sixteen 3"ears, to be enumerated and ascertained in the 
following manner, to wit : the school committee of each town shall, annuallj', in the months 
of May or June, ascertain from actual examination, or otherwise, the number of persons 
belonging to such town on the first day of May in each year, between the ages of four and 
sixteen years, and shall make a certificate thereof, and also of the sum raised by the town 
at the annual meeting in the same year, for paying the wages of instructors solely, and 
shall transmit the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, on or before the first da3' of 
November following, which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : 

We, the school committee of , do certify, from the best information we have been 

able to obtain, that on the first day of May, in the year , there were belonging to 

said town the number of persons, between the ages of four and sixteen years ; and we 

further certify, that said town, at their last annual meeting, raised the sum of dollars, 

to pay the wages of instructors solely, in the Common Schools for the current year. 

I School Committee. 

ss. 

On this day of , personally appeared the above-named school committee 

of the town of , and made oath that the above certificate by them subscribed is tiaie. 

Before me, 

Justice of the Peace. 

Sect. 68. There shall be allowed and paid, out of the 
income of said Massachusetts School Fund, the sum of one 
hundred dollars, on the first day of January annually, to the 
commissioner of the Marshpee Indians, to be applied, under 
his direction, to the support of Common Schools among the 
said Indians. 

REGULATIONS IN FURTHERANCE OF THE DISCIPLINE OF 
COLLEGES. 

Sect. 69. No innholder, tavern keeper, retailer, confec- 
tioner, or keeper of any shop, or boarding-house, for the sale 
of drink or food, or any livery stable keeper, for horse or car- 
riage hire, shall give credit to any undergraduate of either of 
the colleges within this State, without the consent of the pres- 
ident, or of such officer as may be thereto authorized by the 
governments of such colleges, respectively, nor in violation of 
any rules and regulations of said colleges. 

Sect. 70. No person shall be approved, by the selectmen 
of any town, to be licensed for either of the employments 
aforementioned, nor shall any such license be granted to any 
person, if it shall appear that he has, within the year then last 
past, given credit to any undergraduate of said colleges, con- 
trary to the provisions of this chapter. 

Sect. 71. If any person shall give credit to any undergrad- 
uate of a college, contrary to the provisions of this chapter, he 
shall forfeit a sum equal to the amount so unlawfully trusted 
or credited, whether the same shall have been paid or not. 
[Nov. 4, 1835.] 



169 



REV. STAT.— CHAP. 41. 



OF LIBRARY CORPORATIONS AND LYCEUMS. 



Section 

5. Assessments, by-laws, transfers, &.c. 

6. Corporation may hold real and person- 
al estate. 

TOWN AND COUNTY LYCEUMS. 

7. Incorpoiation, &c., of town and coun- 
ty lyceums. 



Section 

social libraries. 

1. Proprietors of libraries may constitute 
themselves a corporation. 

2. Choice of officers. 

3. Powers and liabilities of such corpora- 
tion. 

4. Treasurer to give bond. 

SOCIAL LIBRARIES. 

Sect. 1. Any seven or more proprietors of a library may 
form themselves into a corporation, under such corporate name 
as they shall adopt, for the purpose of preserving, enlarging, 
and using such library ; and, for that purpose, any justice of 
the peace may, on the application of five or more of such pro- 
prietors, issue his warrant to one of them, directing him to call 
a meeting of the proprietors, at the time and place and for the 
purposes expressed in the warrant ; and said meeting shall be 
called, by posting up the substance of the warrant in some 
public place, in the town where the said library is kept, seven 
days at least before the time of the meeting. 

Sect. 2. Any seven or more of the proprietors of such 
library, met in pursuance of such notice, may choose a presi- 
dent, a clerk, who shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of 
his duty, a librarian, collector, treasurer, and such other officers 
as they may find necessary ; and they may also determine upon 
the mode of calling future meetings. 

Sect, 3. When such proprietors shall be organized as a 
corporation, in the manner before provided, they shall have all 
the powers and privileges, and be subject to all the duties and 
liabilities, of a corporation organized according to the provis- 
ions of the forty-fourth chapter, so far as the said provisions 
shall be applicable in such case, and not inconsistent with this 
chapter. 

Sect. 4. The treasurer shall give bond, with sufficient 
sureties, to the satisfaction of the proprietors, for the faithful 
discharge of his duties. 

Sect. 5, The said proprietors may raise such money, by 
assessments on the several shares, as they shall judge necessary 
for the purposes of preserving, enlarging and using the library ; 
and the shares may be transferred according to the provisions 
of the forty-fourth chapter. 

Sect. 6. The said proprietors may hold real and personal 
estate, to any amount not exceeding five thousand dollars, in 
addition to the value of their books. 
22 



170 

TOWN AND COUNTY LYCEUMS. 

Sect. 7. Any twenty or more persons, in any town or 
county within this State, who shall, by writing, associate for 
the purpose of mutual improvement and the promotion of com- 
mon education, may become a corporation by the name of 
" The Lyceum of the town of" (here insert the name of the 
town,) or " The Lyceum of the county of" (here insert the 
name of the county,) as the case may be, by calling their first 
meeting and being organized, in like manner as is provided in 
this chapter in the case of social libraries ; and every lyceum, 
upon becoming a corporation as aforesaid, shall have, during 
the pleasure of the Legislature, all the like rights, powers, and 
privileges as the proprietors of such libraries, and may hold 
real and personal estate not exceeding ten thousand dollars. 
[See St. 1846, ch. 94.] 



CHAPTER 245. 

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH 
EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Section I Section 

L Children under 13 years of age not to 2. Penalty on owners, &c., for employ- 

be employed in factories, unless they ing- children contrary to this statute — 

have attended school 3 months in the ! and to what use and how recoverable, 

preceding year. I 

Sect. 1. From and after the first day of April, in the year 
eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, no child under the age of 
fifteen years shall be employed to labor in any manufacturing 
establishment, unless such child shall have attended some 
public or private day school, where instruction is given by a 
teacher qualified according to the first section of the twenty- 
third chapter of the Revised Statutes, at least three months of 
the twelve months next preceding any and every year in which 
such child shall be so employed. [See also St. 1838, ch. 107; 
1842, ch. 60, <^ 2, and 1849, ch. 220, <§, 1.] 

Sect. 2. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any man- 
ufacturing establishment, who shall employ any child in such 
establishment contrary to the provisions of this act, shall forfeit 
the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be recovered by 
indictment, to the use of Common Schools in the towns re- 
spectively where said establishments may be situated, [This 
section repealed by St. 1849, ch. 220.] [April 16, 1836.] 



171 



CHAPTER 147. 

AN ACT AUTHORIZING SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO ESTABLISH LIBRA- 
RIES FOR THE USE OF COMMON SCHOOLS. 



Section 

2. How assessed aiul collected. 



Section 

]. Districts authorized to raise money for 
libraries, &c. 

Sect. 1. Each legally constituted school district in this 
Commonwealth is hereby authorized to raise money for the 
purpose of establishing and maintaining a Common School 
Library and apparatus for the use of the children therein, 
under such rules and regulations as said district may adopt : 
provided^ that no greater sum than thirty dollars the first year, 
or ten dollars in any subsequent year, shall be expended for the 
purpose aforesaid. [See also Resolves of March 3, 1842 ; 
March 7, 1843; March 11, 1844; March 25, 1845, (this re- 
lates to school libraries in Boston;) and St. 1849, ch. 81, <§> 1.] 

Sect. 2. Any sum of money raised by virtue of this act, at a 
meeting called for the purpose, shall be assessed, collected, and 
paid over, as other school district taxes are. [April 12, 1837.] 



Act of 1837, ch. 227, passed April 19, 1837, concerning the Re- 
turns of Common Schools, repealed by subsequent enactments. 

CHAPTER 241. 

AN ACT RELATING TO COMMON SCHOOLS. 



Section 

3. Board to make yearly report of its 
doings, with suggestions, &c. 

4. Governor may draw for Secretary's 
salary. 



Section 

1. Board of Education, how constituted; 
term of office, &c. 

2. Board to make yearly abstract of 
school returns ; may appoint a Secre- 
tary ; his duty, &c. 

Sect. 1. His excellency the Governor, with the advice and 
consent of the Council, is hereby authorized to appoint eight per- 
sons, who, together with the Governor and Lieutenant Governor 
ex offlciis, shall constitute and be denominated the Board of 
Education ; and the persons so appointed shall hold their offices 
for the term of eight years : provided, the first person named 
in said Board shall go out of office at the end of one year, the 
person next named shall go out of office at the end of two 
years, and so of the remaining members, one retiring each 
year, and in the order in which they are named, till the whole 
Board be changed ; and the Governor, with the advice and 
consent of the Council as aforesaid, shall fill all vacancies in said 
Board, which may occur from death, resignation, or otherwise. 

Sect. 2. The Board of Education shall prepare and lay 
before the Legislature, in a printed form, on or before the 



172 

second Wednesday of January, annually, an abstract of the 
school returns received by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
and the said Board of Education may appoint their own Secre- 
tary, who shall receive a reasonable compensation for his ser- 
vices, not exceeding one thousand dollars per annum, [altered, 
St. 1838, ch. 159, ^ 1, and St. 1849, ch, 215, <§, 2,] and who 
shall, under the direction of the Board, collect information of 
the actual condition and efficiency of the Common Schools, 
and other means of popular education, and diffuse as widely as 
possible, throughout every part of the Commonwealth, infor- 
mation of the most approved and successful methods of arrang- 
ing the studies, and conducting the education of the young, to 
the end that all children in this Commonwealth, who depend 
upon Common Schools for instruction, may have the best edu- 
cation which those schools can be made to impart. [See St. 
1838, ch. 159, ^ 1 ; Resolve, March 1, 1842 ; St. 1847, ch. 
183, and 1849, chs. 65, 155, and 215.] 

Sect. 3. The Board of Education, annually, shall make a 
detailed report to the Legislature of all its doings, with such ob- 
servations as their experience and reflection may suggest, upon 
the condition and efficiency of our system of popular education, 
and the most practicable means of improving and extending it. 

Sect. 4. For the salar}^ of the Secretary of the Board of 
Education, provided for in the second section of this act, the 
Governor is authorized to draw his warrants from time to time, 
as the same may be required. [April 20, 1837.] 



CHAPTER 85. 

APPROPRIATIONS FOR SCHOOLS AMONG CERTAIN INDIAN TRIBES. 

Reservation by State, for benefit of certain Indians. 

Sect. 7. Two thousand five hundred dollars of said moneys 
[Surplus Revenue,] shall be reserved and loaned by the treas- 
urer and receiver general of the Commonwealth, and the 
income therefrom paid annually, in the month of March, as 
follows, to wit : to the treasurer of the district of Marshpee, 
the income of one thousand dollars ; to the guardian of the 
Chappequiddick and Christiantown Indians, the income of one 
thousand two hundred dollars ; one half of said income for the 
benefit of said Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, and 
the other half for the benefit of the Indians at Gay Head ; — 
and to the treasurer of the Herring Pond Indians, the income 
of three hundred dollars, — all of said income to be appropri- 
ated to the purposes of Common School education in said 
places, and no other distribution shall be made to said Indians 
from said moneys. [See St. 1838, ch. 154.] [March 21, 1837.] 



173 



CHAPTER 55. 

AN ACT TO DEFRAY THE EXPENSES OF THE BOARD OF EDUCA- 
TION. 

Expenses of members to be reimbursed; their accounts to be audited, &c., by the Executive. 

The members of the Board of Education, appointed by the 
Governor and Council, pursuant to the provisions of an act 
relating to Common Schools, passed April twentieth, in the 
year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, shall be 
reimbursed for all expenses incurred in the discharge of their 
official duties, their accounts being first audited and allowed 
by the Governor and Council ; and the incidental expenses of 
said Board shall be allowed and paid in the same manner. 
[March 31, 1838.] 



CHAPTER 105. 



AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOLS. 



Section 

1. Committees to make yearly detailed 
reports of condition of schools : how 
such reports shall be disposed of. 

2. Shall select and contract with teach- 
ers, unless, &c. 

3. Shall keep a record book, record their 
votes, &c., and deliver it to their suc- 
cessors. 

4. Compensation of committees. 



Section 

5. Form of blanks and inquiries to be 
prescribed by Board of Education. 

6. Registers to be kept by committees : 
form of, to be prescribed by said 
Board, and to be forwarded by the Sec- 
retary of State. 

7. Abstract of returns to be made, under 
direction of said Board, in Secretary's 
office. 

8. When to take effect. 



Sect. 1. The school committees shall annually make a 
detailed report of the condition of the several Public Schools 
in their respective towns, designating particular improvements 
and defects in the methods or means of education, and stating 
such facts and suggestions in relation thereto, as in their opin- 
ion will best promote the interests and increase the usefulness 
of said schools ; which report shall be read in open town meet- 
ing, in February, March, or April, in each year, or be printed 
and distributed for the use of the inhabitants, and shall be 
deposited in the office of the clerk of the town ; and an 
attested copy thereof shall be transmitted by said school com- 
mittee to the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
with the official return now required by law. [See St. 1846, 
ch. 223, ^ 4.] 

Sect. 2. The school committees shall select and contract 
with the teachers for the town and district schools ; any pro- 
vision in the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes to 
the contrary notwithstanding: provided^ however^ that the 
teachers may be selected and contracted with by the prudential 
committees as heretofore, whenever the town shall so determine. 



174 

Sect. 3. The school committee in each town shall be pro- 
vided with a record book, in which all votes, orders, and pro- 
ceedings of the committee shall be duly recorded, and said 
record shall be delivered over by the committees, at the expi- 
ration of the year, to their successors in office. 

Sect. 4. The members of the school committees, except 
in the city of Boston, shall be paid, by their respective towns, 
one dollar each per day for the time they shall be actually em- 
ployed in discharging the duties of their office, together with 
such additional compensation as the town may allow. [But 
this compensation may be forfeited by certain neglects of duty, 
St. 1847, ch. 183, <§, 2, and St. 1848, ch. 173, ^ 1.] 

Sect. 5. The form of the blanks, and the inquiries pro- 
vided for by the statute of the year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and thirty-seven, chapter two hundred and twenty-seven, 
and the time when the same shall be returned into the ofiice 
of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, shall hereafter be pre- 
scribed by the Board of Education. [Altered, St. 1841, ch. 
17, and 1846, ch. 223.] And the school committees shall fill 
the blanks and answer the inquiries contained in such form, in 
the same manner and under the same provisions as they are 
now required by law to do. 

Sect. 6. The Board of Education shall prescribe a blank 
form of a register, to be kept in all the town and district 
schools in the Commonwealth ; and the Secretary of State [of 
the Board of Education, St. 1849, ch. 209, <§, 1,] shall forward 
a sufficient number of copies of the same to the school com- 
mittees of the respective towns ; and said committees shall 
cause registers to be faithfully kept in all said schools, accord- 
ing to the form prescribed. 

Sect. 7. The abstract of the school returns shall be made 
up under the direction of the Board of Education, in the office 
of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, [of the Secretary of 
the Board, St. 1847, ch. 183, <§, 1.] 

Sect. 8. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [April 13, 1838.J 



CHAPTER 107. 

AN ACT IN ADDITION TO AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER 
INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS. 

Penalty of former act avoided by showing tiiat children attended school three mouths of the 
preceding year, and received the prescribed instruction. 

No person shall be liable to the penalty provided in the act 
passed the sixteenth day of April, in the year one thousand 



175 

eight hundred and thirty-six, entitled " an act to provide for 
the better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing 
establishments," who shall, in each year, before employing any 
child under the age of fifteen years, as in said act mentioned, 
obtain and preserve a certificate, signed by the instructor of the 
school where such child attended at least three months of the 
twelve months next preceding, as in said act is provided, that 
such child has received the instruction in said act intended to 
be secured ; the truth of which certificate shall be sworn to 
by the said instructor, before some justice of the peace for the 
comity where such instructor resides ; and upon said certifi- 
cate shall also be certified the fact of such oath or affirmation 
by said justice. [See St. 1836, ch. 245 ; 1842, ch. 60, and 
1849, ch. 220.] [April 13, 1838.] 



CHAPTER 154. 

AN ACT TO AID IN THE SUPPORT OF COMMON SCHOOLS AMONG 
CERTAIN TRIBES OF INDIANS IN THIS COMMONWEALTH. 

Allowance for schools among certain Indians. Account of appropriation to be rendered 
yearly to the Executive. 

There shall be allowed and paid, out of the income of the 
Massachusetts School Fund, the sum of one hundred and forty 
dollars, on the first day of January, annually, in the manner 
hereafter provided, viz., sixty dollars to Smith Mayhew, Esq., 
of Chilmark, to be applied, under his direction, to the support 
of Common Schools among the Gay Head Indians ; sixty dol- 
lars to the guardian of the Indians of Christiantown and Chap- 
pequiddick, and twenty dollars to the treasurer of the Herring 
Pond Indians, to be applied by them in like manner to the 
support of Common Schools among the said Indians ; any 
thing contained in the sixty-seventh section of the tAventy- 
third chapter of the Revised Statutes to the contrary notwith- 
standing ; and an annual account of the appropriation of said 
moneys shall be rendered to the Governor and Council. [See 
St. 1837, ch. 85.] [April 18, 1838.] 



CHAPTER 70. 

RESOLVES RELATIVE TO QUALIFYING TEACHERS FOR COMMON 

SCHOOLS. 

Governor authorized to draw warrant for glO,000. Board of Education to report annually 
how said money has been expended. 

Whereas, by a letter from the Honorable Horace Mann, 
Secretary of the Board of Education, addressed on the twelfth 



176 

of March current to the President of the Senate and the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives, it appears, that pri- 
vate munificence has placed at his disposal the sum of ten 
thousand dollars to promote the cause of popular education in 
Massachusetts, on condition that the Commonwealth will con- 
tribute, from unappropriated funds, the same amount in aid of 
the same cause ; the two sums to be drawn upon equally, from 
time to time, as needed, and to be disbursed under the direc- 
tion of the Board of Education in qualifying teachers for the 
Common Schools ; therefore. 

Resolved, That his excellency the Governor is hereby author- 
ized, by and with the advice and consent of the Council, to 
draw his warrant upon the treasurer of the Commonwealth, in 
favor of the Board of Education, for the sum of ten thousand 
dollars, in such instalments and at such times as said Board 
may request : provided, that said Board, in their request, shall 
certify, that the Secretary of said Board has placed at their 
disposal an amount equal to that for which such application 
may be made by them ; both sums to be expended, under the 
direction of said Board, in qualifying teachers for the Common 
Schools in Massachusetts. 

Resolved, That the Board of Education shall render an an- 
nual account of the manner in which said moneys have been 
by them expended. [April 19, 1838.] 



CHAPTER 159. 



AN ACT TO PRESCRIBE THE DUTIES AND FIX THE COMPENSATION 
OF THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 



Section 

1. Secretary to attend meetings of teach- 
ers and committees ; to give notice of 
such meetings ; to collect information 



Section 

to be embodied in report of the Board. 

2. Secretary's salary to be ^1500. 

3. Act to take immediate effect. 



Sect. 1. The Secretary of the Board of Education, in ad- 
dition to the duties required of him by the act establishing the 
Board of Education, shall, once in each year, at such times as 
the Board of Education may appoint, attend in each county of 
the Commonwealth a meeting of all such teachers of Public 
Schools, members of the school committees of the several 
towns, and friends of education generally in the county, as 
may voluntarily assemble at the time and place in the county 
designated by the Board of Education, of which sufficient 
notice shall by him be given, [ahered, St. 1842, ch. 42 ;] and 
shall then and there diligently apply himself to the object of 
collecting information of the condition of the Public Schools of 
such county, of the fulfilment of the duties of their office by 



177 



all members of the school committees of all the towns, and 
the cu'cumstances of the several school districts in regard to all 
the subjects of teachers, pupils, books, apparatus, and methods 
of education ; with the intent of furnishing all requisite mate- 
rials for the report by law required from the Board of Edu- 
cation. 

Sect. 2. The compensation of the Secretary of the Board 
of Education shall be one thousand five hundred dollars per 
annum, to be made in equal quarterly payments. 

Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [April 21, 1838.] 



CHAPTER 189. 



AN ACT CONCERNING THE UNION OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 



Section 

choice of committee. 

6. Who shall be prudential committee of 
such districts. Their powers. 

7. Such committee to determine ages. 
&c., of pupils, and the proportion of 
money to be expended, subject to vote 
of district. 

8. Town committee's power, &c., to ex- 
tend to union districts. 



Section 

1. Purpose and manner of forming union 
districts. 

2. Corporate powers of such districts. 

3. Manner of calling and warning meet- 
ings. 

4. Clerk to be chosen and sworn ; his du- 
ties and tenure of office. 

5. Power of districts as to raising money 
to build, &c., schoolhouses, &c. Pro- 
vision as to location of houses, and 

Sect. 1. Any two or more contiguous school districts, in 
this Commonwealth, may associate together and form a union 
district, for the purpose of maintaining a union school, to be 
kept for the benefit of the older children of such associated 
districts, if the inhabitants of each of such districts shall, at 
legal meetings called for that purpose, agree to form such union 
by a vote of two thirds of the legal voters thereof. [By two 
thirds of the legal voters of each district, present and voting 
thereoti. St. 1839, ch. 56, ^ 2.] 

Sect. 2. Every union district thus formed shall be a body 
corporate, with the corporate powers of other school districts, 
in relation to prosecuting and defending suits at law, and hold- 
ing real and personal property, and shall be called by such 
name as said district at its first meeting shall determine. 

Sect, 3. The first meeting of such union district shall be 
called in such manner, and at such time and place, as may be 
agreed upon by the associated districts respectively, by a vote 
of the same, at the time of forming the union ; and the union 
district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
of calling and warning the meetings thereof, in like manner as 
other school districts may do, and may also determine at what 
time its annual meetings shall be held. 

Sect. 4. Such union district, at the first meeting thereof, 
23 



178 

shall choose, by ballot, a clerk, who shall be sworn in the same 
manner and shall perform the same duties as are prescribed in 
relation to the clerks of other school districts, and shall hold 
his office until another shall be chosen in his stead. 

Sect. 5. Such union district may, at any legal meeting 
called for that purpose, raise money for erecting, purchasing, 
renting, and repairing any building to be used as a schoolhouse 
for the union school aforesaid, and purchasing or renting land 
for the use and accommodation thereof; also, for purchasing 
fuel, furniture, and other necessary articles for the use of said 
school ; and in assessing and collecting a tax or taxes for the 
above purposes, the like proceedings shall be had as are pre- 
scribed by law for other school districts : said district may also 
determine where said schoolhouse shall stand, and in case the 
location thereof should not be so determined by said district, 
the same shall be referred to the selectmen of the town, in the 
same manner as is provided in the case of other districts ; said 
district may choose any committee to carry into effect the pro- 
visions aforesaid. 

Sect. 6. The prudential committees of the respective dis- 
tricts forming the union district, shall, together, constitute the 
prudential committee of said district, who shall have all the 
powers, and discharge all the duties, in relation to said school 
and the schoolhouse of said district, as are prescribed to other 
prudential committees in relation to the schools and school- 
houses in their respective districts. 

Sect. 7. The prudential committee of the union district 
shall also determine the ages and qualifications of the children 
of the associated districts who may attend the union school, 
and shall also determine what proportion of the money, raised 
and appropriated by the town for each of the districts compos- 
ing the union district, shall be appropriated and expended in 
paying the instructor or instructors of the union school ; sub- 
ject, however, in both the above cases, and in all other matters 
relating to said school, to any votes of said union district that 
may be passed at any legal meeting theieof : pi'ovided, however, 
that the schools in each of the associated districts shall con- 
tinue to be maintained in the same manner as if this act had 
not been passed. 

Sect. 8. The school committee of the town in which such 
union district may be located, shall have the same powers, and 
perform the same duties, in relation to such union school, as 
are prescribed to them in relation to other district schools. 
[April 25, 1838.] 



179 



CHAPTER 56. 



AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOLS. 



Section 

ber of pupils, sums raised by towns, 
<&c. 

4. Payment of income of school fiiml for 
1838 and 1839. 

5. Repeal of former law. 



Section 

1. School to be kept six months in every 
town ; provision for female assistants. 

2. Provision for union districts. 

3. Appropriation of income of school 
fund; school committees to certify num- 

Sect. 1. In every town in this Commonwealth there shall 
be kept in each year, at the charge of the town, by a teacher 
or teachers of competent ability and good morals, one school 
for the instruction of children in orthography, reading, writ- 
ing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, and good be- 
havior, for the term of six months, or two or more such 
schools for terms of time which shall together be equivalent to 
six months ; and in every school in this Commonwealth con- 
taining fifty scholars as the average number, the school district 
or town to which such school belongs shall be required to em- 
ploy a female assistant or assistants, unless such school district 
or town shall, at a meeting regularly called for that purpose, 
vote to dispense with the same. 

Sect. 2. Any two or more contiguous school districts may 
associate together and form a union district, for the purpose of 
maintaining a union school, to be kept for the benefit of the 
older children of such associated districts, if the inhabitants of 
each of said districts shall, at legal meetings called for that 
purpose, agree to form such union by a vote of two thirds of 
the legal voters of each district present and voting therein. 

Sect. 3. [This section superseded by subsequent enact- 
ments. See St. 1846, ch. 223, and 1849, ch. 65.] The in- 
come of the Massachusetts School Fund, except the sum of 
two hundred and forty dollars appropriated to the support of 
Common Schools among the Indians, shall be apportioned by 
the secretary and treasurer, and paid over by the treasurer, on 
the fifteenth of January in each year, to the mayors and alder- 
men of the several cities, and to the selectmen of the several 
towns, for the use of the Common Schools therein, according 
to the number of persons in such cities and towns between 
the ages of four and sixteen years ; and said persons shall be 
enumerated and ascertained in the following manner, to wit : 
the school committee of each town shall, annually in the 
month of May, ascertain, from actual examination or otherwise, 
the number of persons between the ages of four and sixteen 
years, belonging to such town on the first day of said May, 
and shall make a certificate thereof, and also of the sum raised 
by the town for the support of schools, including only fuel, 



180 

wages, and board of teachers, during the current year, and 
shall transmit the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
at such time as may be prescribed by the Board of Education, 
which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : — 

We, the school committee of , do certify, from the 

best information we have been able to obtain, that on the first 
day of May, in the year , there were belonging to said 

town the number of persons, between the ages of four 

and sixteen years ; and we further certify, that said town has 
raised the sum of dollars, for the support of Common 

Schools for the current year, including only the wages and 
board of teachers, and fuel for the schools. 

i School Committee. 

■ , ss. 



On this day of , personally appeared the 

abovenamed , school committee of the town of 

, and made oath that the above certificate, by them 
subscribed, is true. Before me. 

Justice of the Peace. 

Provided, That no such apportionment shall be made to any 
town which shall have failed, for the year next preceding the 
time of such apportionment, to make the school returns and 
reports required by law, or which shall have failed to raise by 
taxation, for the support of schools, including only fuel, wages, 
and board of teachers, during the current year, a sum equal at 
least to one dollar and twenty-five cents for each person, be- 
tween the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging to said 
town on the first day of the preceding May, or shall have 
failed to make return of the certificate as herein above pro- 
vided. 

Sect. 4. [Expired.] The income of the Massachusetts 
School Fund from the first day of December, one thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-seven, to the fifteenth of January, 
one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, shall be appor- 
tioned and paid over, on the first day of June next, to the sev- 
eral cities and towns which shall have made the returns re- 
quired by this act, and shall have raised the sums of money 
required by the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes. 

Sect. 5. The first section of the statutes of the year one 
thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, chapter one hundred 
and eighty-nine, so far as the same is inconsistent with this 
act, is hereby repealed. [March 18, 1839.] 



181 



CHAPTER 137. 

AN ACT CONCERNING DISTRICT SCHOOLS. 

Provision for electing three persons as a prudential committee. 

Whenever a town shall determine that teachers shall be 
selected and contracted with by the prudential committees of 
the several districts, according to the provisions of the one 
hundred and fifth chapter of the laws of the year one thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-eight, such a town or district may 
elect three persons as a prudential committee, who shall per- 
form all the duties provided for in the twenty-fifth section of 
the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes. [April 9, 
1839.] 



CHAPTER 139. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. 



Section 

1. Where stock in trade, &c., shall be 
taxed. 



Section 

2. Where ships and stage horses shall be 
taxed. 

3. When to take effect. 

Sect. 1. All stocks in trade, including stock employed in 
the business of manufacturing, or of any of the mechanic arts, 
in towns within the State, other than where the owners reside, 
shall be taxed in those towns, if the owners hire or occupy 
manufactories, stores, shops, or wharves therein, whether the 
said stocks in trade, or the goods, wares, and merchandise, or 
other property, composing or forming a part of the same, are 
within said towns on the first day of May, of the year when 
the tax is made, or elsewhere. 

Sect. 2. All ships or vessels, at home or abroad, and all 
horses employed in stages or other vehicles for the transporta- 
tion of persons, shall be taxed to the owners in the towns 
where they reside. 

Sect. 3. This act shall take eff'ect from and after its pas- 
sage. [April 9, 1839.] 



St. 1840, chap. 7, expired. 



St. 1840, chap. 76, repealed by St. 1848, chap. 283. 



St. 1841, chap. 17, superseded by St. 1846, ch. 223, except- 
ing the following section : — 

Sect. 4. So much of the statute of the year one thousand 



182 

eight hundred and thirty-eight, chapter one hundred and five, 
as gives the Board of Education authority to prescribe at what 
time the reports and returns of school committees shall be 
made, and also so much of the statute of the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and thirty-nine, chapter fifty-six, as is in- 
consistent with the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. 
[February 8, 1841.] 



CHAPTER 42. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY OF THE 
BOARD or EDUCATION. 

Secretary required to attend meetings of school teachers only when directed by the Board. 

So much of the one hundred and fifty-ninth chapter of the 
laws of this Commonwealth, passed in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-eight, as requires that meetings of 
teachers of Public Schools and others shall be attended by the 
Secretary of the Board of Education once in each year, in each 
county of the Commonwealth, is hereby repealed ; and it shall 
henceforward be the duty of said Secretary to attend said meet- 
ings at such times and places as the Board of Education shall 
from time to time appoint. [March 1, 1842.] 



CHAPTER 27. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

Expenses incurred by the Board to be reported. 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board of Education 
hereafter make an annual report of the several expenses in- 
curred by said Board for any and whatever object. [March 1, 
1842.] 



CHAPTER 60. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MANU- 
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 



Section 

1. School committees to prosecute 
breaches of St. 1836, ch. 245. 

2. Penalty in St. 1836, ch. 245, § 2, to be 
given to person prosecuting. 



Section 

3. Children under 12 years not to be em- 
ployed more than 10 hours in a day. 

4. Penalty for violating § 3. 



Sect. 1. It is hereby made the duty of the school com- 
mittee, in the several towns and cities of this Commonwealth, 
to prosecute all breaches of an act entitled " An act to provide 
for the better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing 



183 

establishments," passed on the sixteenth day of April, in the 
year eighteen hundred and thirty-six. 

Sect. 2. The penalty imposed in the second section of said 
act shall be given to the person prosecuting for the offence 
described in said act, any thing in said act to the contrary 
notwithstanding. [This section repealed by St. 1849, ch. 
220, <5> 2.] 

Sect. 3. From and after the passage of this act, no child 
under the age of twelve years shall be employed in laboring in 
any manufacturing establishment more than ten hours in any 
one day. 

Sect. 4. The owner, agent or superintendent of any man- 
ufacturing establishment, who shall knowingly employ anj^ 
such child under the age of twelve years in such establish- 
ment, contrary to the provisions of the third section of this 
act, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be 
recovered in any court of this Commonwealth competent to 
try the same, to the use of the person prosecuting. [See also 
St. 1838, ch. 107, and 1849, ch. 220.] [March 3, 1842. J 



CHAPTER 74. 

RESOLVES CONCERNING NORMAL SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICT 

LIBRARIES. 

^6,000 per annum for tliree years for Normal Schools. Appropriation for School Libraries. 

1. Resolved, That the sum of six thousand dollars, annually, 
for three years, be and the same is hereby appropriated to the 
support of Normal Schools, under the direction of the Board 
of Education. And his excellency the Governor is hereby 
authorized, from time to time, to draw his warrant on the treas- 
ury for the same, on the application of said Board. [See also 
St. 1847, ch. 82, and Res. 1849, ch. 89.] 

2. Resolved, That the sum of fifteen dollars, to be taken 
from the school fund, be and the same is hereby appropriated 
to every school district in the Commonwealth, to be expended 
in books for a school district library ; and that the treasurer 
pay said sum, for said purpose, to the order of the mayor of 
every city and the selectmen of every town, for each and every 
school district within the same which shall have produced evi- 
dence of having raised and appropriated fifteen dollars or more 
for the same object. [See also Res. 1843, ch. 6 ; 1844, ch. 
63; and 1845, ch. 113.] [March 3, 1842.] 



184 



CHAPTER 6. 

RESOLVES IN ADDITION TO A RESOLVE CONCERNING SCHOOL DIS- 
TRICT LIBRARIES. 

Resolve of March 3d, 1842, extended. Treasurer of Commonwealth to make sale of vari- 
ous securities belonging to school fund. 

Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March 
third, eighteen hundred and forty-two, concerning school dis- 
trict libraries, be and the same are hereby extended to every 
city and town in the Commonwealth, not heretofore divided 
into school districts, in such manner as to give as many times 
fifteen dollars, to every such city or town as the number sixty 
is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of children 
between the ages of four and sixteen years in said city or 
town : provided, evidence be produced to the treasurer, in 
behalf of said city or town, of its having raised and appro- 
priated, for the establishment of libraries, a sum equal to that 
which, by the provision of this Resolve, it is entitled to receive 
from the school fund. 

Resolved, That the treasurer be instructed, under the advice 
and direction of the Governor and Council, to make sales, 
from time to time, of notes of hand, bank stock, and other 
securities belonging to the school fund, to such amount as 
shall enable him to comply with the provisions of the above 
Resolve, and with those of the Resolve of March third, 
eighteen hundred and forty-two, concerning school district 
libraries. [See also Res. 1844, ch. 63, and 1845, ch. 113.] 
[March 7, 1843.] 



CHAPTER 85. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE PROPERTY OF COMMON SCHOOL DIS- 
TRICTS. 

Property of school districts exempted from taxation. 

All property belonging to Common School districts, the in- 
come of which is appropriated to the purposes of education, is 
hereby exempted from taxation. [March 24, 1843.] 



St. 1844, ch. 6, appropriates seventy-five thousand dollars, 
one half of the money received by Massachusetts, under the 
provisions of the treaty with Great Britain for the settlement 
of the North Eastern boundary, to the School Fund. 



185 



CHAPTER 32. 



AN ACT CONCERNING THE POWERS OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 

School committees empowered to dismiss teachers. 

The school committee of any town is hereby authorized to 
dismiss from employment any teacher in such town, whenever 
the said committee may think proper, and from the time of 
such dismissal such teacher shall receive no further compensa- 
tion for services rendered in that capacity. [February 23, 1844.] 



CHAPTER 57. 

RESOLVES CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE OFFICERS 
OF THE STATE LUNATIC HOSPITAL AND THE BOARD OF EDU- 
CATION. 

Clerk of tl^e Senate to print, &c., reports, tfec, as documents of the Senate and House. 
Disposition of reports of the Board of Education. Fifteen hundred copies of ihe report 
of the Lunatic Hospital to be furnished to the superintendent. 

Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate for the time being 
be authorized and directed to cause to be printed annually, be- 
fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
may be, the usual number of the annual reports of the officers 
of the State Lunatic Hospital and of the Board of Education, 
and that he cause the former to be numbered owe of the Senate, 
and the latter one of the House. [See Resolve 1849, ch. 52.] 

Resolved, That the usual number of the printed reports of 
the Board of Education, distributed in the Legislature, be re- 
served for that purpose, and that the Secretary of the Com- 
monwealth, after sending one copy to each school district and 
each board of school committee men in the State, place the 
residue at the disposal of the Secretary of said Board. 

Resolved, That fifteen hundred printed copies of each annual 
report of the officers of the State Lunatic Hospital be fur- 
nished to the superintendent for the time being of said institu- 
tion. [March 7, 1844.] 



CHAPTER 63. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING SCHOOL DISTRICT LIBRARIES. 

Resolves of March 3d, 1842, and March 7th, 1843, extended to all school districts. 

Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March the 
third, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, 
and the Resolve of March the seventh, in the year one thousand 
24 



186 

eight hundred and forty-three, be and the same are hereby ex- 
tended to every school district of every town in the Common- 
wealth. [March 11, 1844] 



St. 1845, chap, 100, repealed by St. 1849, chap. 65. 



St. 1845, chap. 157, repealed by St. 1849, chap. 209. 



CHAPTER 214. 

AN ACT CONCERNING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

^leiiaedy for tie unlawful exclusion of a child from public school instruction. 

Any child, unlawfully excluded from public school instruc- 
tion in this Commonwealth, shall recover damages therefor, in 
an action on the case, to be brought in the name of said child, 
by his guardian or next friend, in any court of competent 
jurisdiction to try the same, against the city or town by which 
such public school instruction is supported. [March 25, 1845.] 



CHAPTER 100. 

RESOLVES RESPECTING STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

Allowance of ^5000 to Board of Education to provide buildings for Normal Schools, (fee. 
To be taken from the capital of the school fund. Normal Schools to take the name of 
State Normal Schools. 

Whereas, Charles Sumner, R. C- Waterston, G. F. Thayer, 
Charles Brooks, and William Brigham, a committee of friends 
of education, have presented their memorial to the Legislature, 
praying that the sum of five thousand dollars may be placed in 
the hands of the Board of Education, on condition that the 
said memorialists will place an equal sum in the hands of the 
said Board, to be appropriated for defraying the expenses of 
providing suitable buildings for the Normal Schools, and for 
purchasing apparatus and libraries for the same ; therefore. 

Resolved, That his excellency the Governor, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Council, be and he hereby is 
authorized and requested to draw his warrant upon the treas- 
urer of the Commonwealth, in favor of the Board of Educa- 
tion, for the sum of five thousand dollars, at such time as the 
Board shall request : provided, that the said Board in their 
request shall certify, that the above named memorialists have 
placed at their disposal the sum of five thousand dollars ; and 



187 

the said sums shall then be appropriated by the said Board, for 
defraying the expenses of providing suitable buildings for the 
State Normal Schools, and for purchasing apparatus and libra- 
ries therefor. 

Resolved, That the treasurer shall take the said sum of five 
thousand dollars from the capital of the school fund. 

Resolved, That the schools heretofore known as Normal 
Schools, shall be hereafter designated as State Normal Schools. 
[March 20, 1845.] 



CHAPTER 101. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING THE TRANSMISSION OF STATE DOCUMENTS. 

Secretary, under direction, &c., to forward documents, &c., to authorities of other states and 

countries. 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Commonwealth be and 
he is hereby instructed, under the direction of his excellency 
the Governor, to obtain and forward books and other docu- 
ments containing information respecting the literary, charitable 
and other institutions of this Commonwealth, as applications 
for the same are received from time to time from the authori- 
ties of other States, or of foreign countries. [March 20, 1845.] 



CHAPTER 113. 

RESOLVES IN ADDITION TO THE RESOLVES CONCERNING SCHOOL 
DISTRICT LIBRARIES. 

Allowance for District School Libraries extended to the city of Boston, for Latin, English 
High, Grammar and Writing Schools, according to number of children, &c., between 1 
and 16 years old, to be estimated by the mayor, who is to certify, &c. Allowance, &c., 
extended to city of Boston, for primary and intermediate schools, according to number of 
children, &c., between 4 and 7 years old, &c. Apportionment of books to be made by 
school committee. When to take effect. 

Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March 
third, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, be extended 
to the Latin School, English High School, and Grammar and 
Writing Schools of the city of Boston, in such manner as to 
give as many times fifteen dollars towards a purchase of a 
library, or libraries, for said schools, as the number sixty is 
contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of children 
belonging to said schools between the ages of seven and six- 
teen years, said number to be estimated by the mayor of said 
city : provided, the said mayor shall certify, to the treasurer of 
the Commonwealth, that an equal sum of money has been 
raised and appropriated, subsequent to the first day of January, 
in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, for the 
same purpose. 



188 

Resolved, That the provisions of the preceding Resolve, and 
of the Resolves to which it is in addition, be extended to the 
primary and intermediate schools of the city of Boston, in 
such manner as to give as many times fifteen dollars for the 
purchase of a library, or libraries, for said schools, as the num- 
ber sixty is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of 
children belonging to said schools between the ages of four 
and seven years, said number to be estimated as in the preced- 
ing Resolve is provided, when it shall be made to appear to the 
treasurer of the Commonwealth, by a certificate of the mayor 
of said city, that an equal sum has been raised and appro- 
priated, subsequent to the first day of January, in the year one 
thousand eight hundred and forty-five, for the same purpose. 

Resolved, That the apportionment, or distribution of the 
books purchased as above provided for, shall be determined by 
the school committee of the city of Boston. 

Resolved, That these Resolves shall take effect from and after 
their passage. [March 25, 1845.] 



CHAPTER 94. 

AN ACT RESPECTING CORPORATIONS FOR MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT 
AND THE PROMOTION OF EDUCATION. 



Section 

1. Corporations under R. S., ch. 41, § 1, 
may have such corporate name as the 



Section 

associates may adopt. 
2. Additional powers granted. 



Sect. 1. Corporations may be formed pursuant to the sev- 
enth section of the forty-first chapter of the Revised Statutes, 
either by the name of " Lyceum," as is therein provided, or 
by any other corporate name which the associates shall adopt. 

Sect. 2. Corporations formed in pursuance of the said 
seventh section may, in addition to the powers and privileges 
therein granted, have and exercise all the powers and privi- 
leges granted by the first six sections of said forty-first chapter, 
and may hold real and personal estate to any amount not ex- 
ceeding twenty thousand dollars, in addition to the value of 
their books. [March 11, 1846.] 



CHAPTER 99. 

AN ACT TO ESTABLISH TEACHERs' INSTITUTES. 

Section | Section 

1. Teachers' Institutes to be estabhshed 2. Expenses of, — how defrayed, 

by tlie Board of Education. | 3. Fund for, established. 

Sect. 1. Whenever reasonable assurance shall be given to 
th« Board of Education, that a number not less than seventy 



189 

[altered to fifty, by St, 1848, ch. 10,] teachers of Common 
Schools shall desire to assemble for the purpose of forming a 
Teachers' Institute, and to remain in session for a period not 
less than ten working days, [see St. 1849, ch. 62,] the said 
Board, by a committee of their body, or by their Secretary, or, 
in case of his inability, by such person or persons as they may 
delegate, shall appoint a time and place for said meeting, make 
suitable arrangements therefor, and give due notice thereof. 

Sect. 2. For the purpose of defraying the expenses of 
rooms, fires, lights, attendance, or other necessary charges, and 
for procuring teachers and lectures for said institute, the said 
Board, their Secretary, or other person or persons duly appointed 
by them, may draw upon the treasurer of the Commonwealth 
for a sum not exceeding two hundred dollars for any one insti- 
tute, from such fund as may be in the treasury, under the 
general warrant of the Governor for said purpose. 

Sect. 3. To meet the expenses aforesaid, the Governor is 
hereby authorized to draw his warrant upon the treasurer for a 
sum not exceeding twenty-five hundred dollars per annum, to 
be taken from the capital of the school fund, and to remain in 
the treasury subject to the drafts provided for in the second 
section of this bill. [March 12, 1846.] 



CHAPTER 219. 

AN ACT TO DESIGNATE THE FUND TOR THE PAYMENT OF THE 
SALARY OF THE LAND AGENT, AND OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR 
EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. 

Moneys, hereafter paid or appropriated for purposes of education, to be a charge upon the 

school fund. 

Sect. 2. All sums of money which shall be hereafter 
drawn from the treasury, by virtue of appropriations made, or 
to be made, for educational purposes, shall be considered as a 
charge upon the moiety of the proceeds of the sales of the 
public lands now set apart for the purpose of constituting "a 
school fund," and all payments made on account of such ap- 
propriations shall be deducted from the amount received into 
the treasury from the moiety of the sales of the public lands, 
before such moiety shall be credited to the school fund : pro- 
vided, however, that if the moneys received on account of said 
moiety should not be sufficient to pay the sum drawn on ac- 
count of any appropriation for educational purposes, such draft 
shall be paid from " the school fund," already invested. [April 
15, 1846.] 



190 



CHAPTER 223. 

AN ACT RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES, AND 
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INCOME OF THE SCHOOL FUND. 



Section 

1. School committees, &c., to hold over 
till winter terms are closed, and returns 
made to the Secretary. 

2. School committee to ascertain and cer- 
tify the number of children, &,c., and 
certify the amount of money raised, &,c. 

3. Blanks, &c., to be prescribed by 
Board of Education, &c.; distributed 
by Secretary, through the sheriffs and 
town clerks ; and tilled and returned 



Section 

by school committees, &c. Notice of 
failure to receive blanks, &c. 

4. Report of school committee to be 
transmitted to Secretary ; deposited in 
clerk's office, and read in town meet- 
ing, or published. 

3. Distribution of income of school fund. 

6. Time of taking effect. Copies to be 
transmitted. 

7. Repeal of inconsistent provisions. 



Sect. 1. In every city and town in the Commonwealth, in 
which it is now required by law that the school committee 
shall be elected in the month of February, March, or April, 
the school committee of the year preceding such election shall 
continue to hold their office, and to discharge the duties there- 
of, notwithstanding the election of successors, until the winter 
terms of the several schools shall have closed, and until the 
certificate, return, and report, as hereinafter provided, shall 
have been by them made and transmitted to the office of the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth : provided, however, that, in 
regard to the examination of teachers for the summer schools, 
the visitation of those schools, and all other duties, except the 
making and transmitting of the said documents, the term of 
office of the new committee shall be held to commence imme- 
diately after their election to the same. 

Sect. 2. The school committee of each city and town 
shall, as soon as may be after the first day of May, annually, 
ascertain, by actual examination or otherwise, the number of 
persons between the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging 
to such city or town, on the said first day of May, and shall make 
a certificate thereof, under oath, and also of the sum raised by 
such city or town for the support of schools, including only 
wages, and board of teachers, and fuel for the schools, during 
the said year ; and shall transmit the same to the Secretary of 
the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of the following 
April, which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : 

We, the school committee of , do certify, from the 

best information we have been able to obtain, that, on the first 

day of May, in the year , there were belonging to said 

town the number of persons, between the ages of four 

and sixteen years ; [altered to five and fifteen. See St. 1849, 
ch. 117, <§> 1 ;] and we further certify, that said town raised 
the sum of dollars for the support of Common Schools 



191 

for the said year, including only the wages and board of teach- 
ers, and fuel for the schools. 



School 
Committee. 



, ss. On this ■ day of , personally ap- 
peared the above-named school committee of and made 

oath that the above certificate by them subscribed is true. 
Before me, 

, Justice of the Peace. 

Sect. 3. The form of the blanks, and the inquiries pro- 
vided for by the statute of the year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and thirty-seven, chapter two hundred and twenty-seven, 
shall be prescribed by the Board of Education ; and it shall be 
the duty of said Board, in the month of January, annually, to 
transmit to the Secretary of the Commonwealth copies of said 
blanks for the several cities and towns. It shall be the duty 
of said Secretary to cause said blanks to be forwarded to the 
sheriffs of the several counties, who shall transmit them as soon 
as may be to the clerks of the several cities and towns within 
their comities respectively, and said clerks shall forthwith trans- 
mit the same to the school committees. [See St. 1849, ch. 65.] 
The school committees of the several cities and towns shall re- 
turn said blanks, duly filled up, to the office of the Secretary of 
the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April. If any 
school committee shall fail to receive such blank form of re- 
turn on or before the last day of March, they shall forthwith 
give notice thereof to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
who shall transmit such blank as soon as may be. 

Sect. 4. The school committees shall annually make a de- 
tailed report of the condition of the several Public Schools in 
their respective cities and towns, which report shall contain 
such statements and suggestions in relation to such schools, as 
the said committees shall deem necessary or proper to promote 
the interests thereof; and a certified copy of such report shall 
be transmitted by said committees to the office of the Secretary 
of the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April. Said 
report shall also be deposited in the office of the clerk of the 
city or town, and shall either be read in open town meeting in 
the month of February, March, or April, or, at the discretion 
of the school committee, shall be printed for the use of the in- 
habitants. 

Sect. 5. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund, 
to the first day of June in each year, except the sum of two 
hundred and forty dollars appropriated to the support of schools 
among the Indians, shall be apportioned by the secretary and 
treasurer, and paid over by the treasurer on the tenth day of 



192 

July, to the treasurers of the several cities and towns, for the 
use of the Common Schools therein, according to the number 
of persons therein, between the ages of four and sixteen years, 
[St. 1849, ch. 117, <§) 1,] ascertained and certified as pro- 
vided in the second section of this act : provided, however, 
that no such apportionment shall be made to any city or town 
which shall have failed to comply with any of the provisions 
of this act, or which shall not have raised by taxation, for the 
support of schools, including only wages, and board of teach- 
ers, and fuel for the schools, during the said year, a sum 
equal at least to one dollar and twenty-five cents [one dollar 
and fifty cents. St. 1849, ch. 117, <§> 3,] for each person be- 
tween the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging to said 
city or town on the first day of May of said year. 

Sect. 6. This act shall take effect from and after the last 
day of April, in the present year ; and the Secretary of the 
Commonwealth shall transmit a copy thereof to the school 
committee of each city and town, as soon as may be after the 
passage of the same. 

Sect. 7. All acts and parts of acts, inconsistent with this 
act, are hereby repealed. [April 15, 1846.] 



CHAPTER 137. 

AN ACT RELATING TO COMMON SCHOOLS. 



Section 

of moneys raised for this purpose. 
3. When to take effect. 



Section 

L Towns may provide for the instruction 

of adults in reading, &c. 
2. Manner of assessment, disposal, &c., 

Sect. 1. In addition to the grants of money for Common 
Schools which cities and towns are now, by law, authorized 
to make, any city or town may appropriate such further sums 
of money as it may deem expedient, for the support of schools 
for the instruction of adults in reading, writing, English gram- 
mar, arithmetic, and geography. 

Sect. 2. Such moneys shall be assessed, levied, collected, 
and paid into the treasury, in the same manner that other town 
or city taxes are, and shall then be at the disposal of the school 
committee of the town or city, to be expended by them for 
the purpose aforesaid, in such manner as they may deem expe- 
dient. 

Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [March 29, 1847.] 



193 



CHAPTER 16. 

RESOLVE RELATING TO THE LIBRARY OF THE STATE PRISON. 

Annual appropriation of ^100 after April 1, 1847, to be expended by the Warden, &c. 

Resolved, That, from and after the first day of April, one 
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, the sum of one hun- 
dred dollars, annually, shall be appropriated from the funds of 
the State Prison, to be expended by the warden, under the di- 
rection of the inspectors of said prison, for the increase, preser- 
vation and care of the library of said prison. [March 4, 1847.] 



CHAPTER 165. 



AN ACT TO ESTABLISH THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 



Section 

L School for juvenile offenders in West- 
borough. Government thereof. 

2. Duties of trustees. By-laws. 

3. Governor to issue proclamation as soon 
as, &c. 

4. Male convicts, under sixteen, may be 
sentenced, &c. 

5. Reform School convicts to be kept, 
&c., till reformed and discharged, or 
bound out, or remanded to prison. 

6. Trustees, &c. maj-, in their discretion, 
deliver said convicts to be imprisoned. 

7. Period of commitment. Release from 
liabilities at discharge from school. 



Section 

8. Binding out to apprenticeship. 

9. Course and purpose of instruction and 
discipline. 

10. Duties of the superintendent and as- 
sistants. 

11. Superintendent to give bond, &c. To 
keep accounts, &c., and a register. 

12. Contracts made by the superintendent. 
1.3. Treasurer to give bonds, &c. 

14. Trustees to take charge of the farm, 
&c. 5 and to be changed annually, &c. 5 
and to serve gratuitously. 

15. Visitations. Examinations. Annual ab- 
stracts of reports of the same, &c. 



Sect. 1. There shall be established, in the town of West- 
borough, in the county of Worcester, on the land conveyed to 
the Commonwealth for the purpose, a school, for the instruc- 
tion, employment and reformation of juvenile offenders, to be 
called the State Reform School ; and the government of said 
school shall be vested in a board of seven trustees, to be ap- 
pointed and commissioned by the Governor, by and with the 
advice of the Council. 

Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of said board of trustees to 
take charge of the general interests of the institution ; to see 
that its affairs are conducted in accordance with the require- 
ments of the Legislature, and of such by-laws as the board 
may, from time to time, adopt, for the orderly and economical 
management of its concerns ; to see that strict discipline is 
maintained therein ; to provide employment for the inmates, 
and bind them out, discharge, or remand them, as is herein- 
after provided ; to appoint a superintendent, a steward, a teach- 
er or teachers, and such other officers as, in their judgment, the 
wants of the institution may require ; to prescribe the duties of 
the superintendent and other officers ; to exercise a vigilant su- 
25 



194 

pervision over the institution, its officers and inmates ; to re- 
move such officers at pleasure, and appoint others in their stead, 
and to determine the salaries to be paid to the officers, respec- 
tively, — subject, in all cases, to the approval of the Governor 
and Council. The trustees shall also prepare, and submit to 
the inspection of the Governor and Council, a code of by-laws, 
which shall not be valid until sanctioned by them. The by- 
laws may, subsequently, be enlarged or amended, by the assent 
of five members of the board of trustees, at any legal meeting 
of said board, and not otherwise ; but no alteration shall • be 
valid until it shall have been approved by the Governor and 
Council. 

Sect. 3. As soon as the Governor shall have been notified, 
by the commissioners to be appointed under a Resolve " for 
erecting the State Reform School buildings," that said build- 
ings are prepared for occupancy, he shall forthwith issue his 
proclamation, giving public notice of the fact. 

Sect. 4. After proclamation shall have been made, as pro- 
vided in the third section of this act, when any boy, under the 
age of sixteen years, shall be convicted of any offence known 
to the laws of this Commonwealth, and punishable by impris- 
onment, other than such as may be punished by imprisonment 
for life, the court, or justice, as the case may be, before whom 
such conviction shall be had, may, at their discretion, sentence 
such boy to the State Reform School, or to such punishment 
as is now provided by law for the same offence. And if 
the sentence shall be to the Reform School, then it shall be 
in the alternative to the State Reform School, or to such pun- 
ishment as would have been awarded if this act had not been 
passed. 

Sect. 5. Any boy, so convicted and sent to said school," 
shall there be kept, disciplined, instructed, employed, and gov- 
erned, under the direction of said board of trustees, until he 
shall be either reformed and discharged, or shall be bound out 
by said trustees, according to their by-laws, or shall be re- 
manded to prison, under the sentence of the court, as incorri- 
gible, upon information of the trustees as hereinafter provided. 

Sect. 6. If any boy shall, upon any conviction, be sen- 
tenced to said school, and the trustees, or any two of them in 
the absence of the others, shall deem it inexpedient to receive 
him, or if he shall be found incorrigible, or his continuance in 
the school shall be deemed prejudicial to the management and 
discipline thereof, they shall certify the same upon the mitti- 
mus by virtue of which he is held, which mittimus, together 
with the boy, shall be delivered to the sheriff" of any county or 
his deputy, or to the constable of any town, who shall, forth- 
with, commit said boy to the jail, house of correction, or State 



195 

prison, as the case may be, in pursuance of the alternative sen- 
tence provided for in the preceding section of this act. 

Sect. 7. All commitments to this institution, of boys, of 
whatever age when committed, shall be for a term not longer 
than during their minority, nor less than one year, unless 
sooner discharged by order of the trustees, as hereinbefore pro- 
vided ; and whenever any boy shall be discharged therefrom 
by the expiration of his term of commitment, or as reformed, 
or as having arrived at the age of twenty-one years, such dis- 
charge shall be a full and complete release from all penalties 
and disabilities which may have been created by such sentence. 

Sect. 8. The trustees of this school shall have power to 
bind out all boys committed to their charge, for any term of 
time during the period for which they shall have been commit- 
ted, as apprentices or servants, to any inhabitants of this Com- 
monwealth ; and the said trustees, and master or mistress, ap- 
prentice or servant, shall, respectively, have all the rights and 
privileges, and be subject to all the duties, set forth in the 
eightieth chapter of the Revised Statutes, in the same manner 
as if said binding or apprenticing were made by overseers of 
the poor. 

Sect. 9. The trustees shall cause the boys under their 
charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such 
branches of useful knowledge as shall be adapted to their age 
and capacity ; they shall also be instructed in some regular 
course of labor, either mechanical, manufacturing, agricultural, 
or horticultural, or a combination of these, as shall be best 
suited to their age and strength, disposition and capacity ; also 
such other arts and trades, as may seem to them best adapted 
to secure the reformation, amendment, and future benefit of 
the boys ; and, in binding out the inmates, the trustees shall 
have scrupulous regard to the religious and moral character of 
those to whom they are to be bound, to the end that they may 
secure to the boys the benefit of a good example and whole- 
some instruction, and the sure means of improvement in virtue 
and knowledge, and, thus, the opportunity of becoming intel- 
ligent, moral, useful, and happy citizens of this Common- 
wealth. 

Sect. 10. The superintendent, with such subordinate offi- 
cers as the trustees shall appoint, shall have the charge and 
custody of the boys. He shall himself be a constant resident at 
the institution ; and shall discipline, govern, instruct, and em- 
ploy, and use his best endeavors to reform the inmates, in such 
manner as, while preserving their health, will secure the for- 
mation, as far as possible, of moral, religious, and industrious 
habits, and regular, thorough progress and improvement ia 
their studies, trades, and various employments. 



196 

Sect. 11. The superintendent shall have the charge of the 
lands, buildings, furniture, tools, implements, stock, and pro- 
visions, and every other species of property pertaining to the 
institution, within the precincts thereof; he shall, before he 
enters upon the duties of his office, give a iDond to the Common- 
wealth, with sureties satisfactory to the Governor and Council, 
in the sum of two thousand dollars, conditioned that he shall 
faithfully account for all moneys received by him as superin- 
tendent, and faithfully perform all the duties incumbent on 
him as such. He shall keep, in suitable books, regular and 
complete accounts of all his receipts and expenditures, and of 
all property entrusted to him, showing the income and ex- 
penses of the institution ; and he shall account to the treasurer, 
in such manner as the trustees may require, for all moneys re- 
ceived by him from the proceeds of the farm or otherwise. 
His books, and all documents relating to the school, shall, at 
all times, be open to the inspection of the trustees, who shall, 
at least once in every six months, carefully examine the said 
books and accounts, and the vouchers and documents con- 
nected therewith, and make a record of the result of such ex- 
amination. He shall keep a register, containing the name and 
age of each boy, and the circumstances connected with his 
early history ; and he shall add such facts as may come to his 
knowledge relating to the subsequent history of said boy, 
while at the institution, and after he shall have left it. 

Sect. 12. All contracts, on account of the institution, shall 
be made by the superintendent, in writing, and when approved 
by the trustees, if their by-laws require it, shall be binding in 
law, and the superintendent, or his successor, may sue, or be 
be sued thereon, to final judgment and execution ; and no such 
suit shall abate by reason of the office of superintendent be- 
coming vacant pending such suit, but any successor of the su- 
perintendent may take upon himself the prosecution or defence 
thereof, and, upon motion of the adverse party, and notice, he 
shall be required so to do. 

Sect. 13. There shall be a treasurer, to be appointed by 
the Governor and Council, who shall, before he enters upon 
the discharge of the duties of his office, give a bond to the 
Commonwealth, with sureties satisfactory to the Governor and 
Council, in the sum of three thousand dollars, conditioned that 
he shall faithfully account for all money received by him as 
treasurer; which bond, and also that of the superintendent, 
when approved, shall be filed in the office of the treasurer and 
receiver general. 

Sect. 14. The board of trustees shall be appointed forth- 
with, and they shall take charge of the farm in Westborough 
which belongs to the Commonwealth, except so much thereof 



197 



as shall be needed for the purposes of the commissioners, for 
the erection of the buildings. When the Governor shall have 
made proclamation that the buildings are ready for occupancy, 
the school and the buildings shall be at once in the charge of 
the trustees. 

When two years shall have expired after the first appoint- 
ment of a board of trustees, two trustees shall be appointed 
and commissioned annually ; and, for this purpose, the places 
of the two senior members, as they stand arranged in their 
commission, shall be, thereafter, annually vacated. No trustee 
shall receive any compensation for his services ; but he shall 
be allowed the amount of expenses incurred by him in the dis- 
charge of the duties of his office. 

Sect. 15. One or more of the trustees shall visit the school 
at least once in every two weeks, at which time the boys shall 
be examined in the schoolroom and workshop, and the regis- 
ter shall be inspected. A record shall be regularly kept, of 
these visits, in the books of the superintendent. 

Once in every three months, the school, in all its depart- 
ments, shall be thoroughly examined by a majority of the 
board of trustees, and a report made, showing the results of 
these examinations. Annually, in the month of December, an 
abstract of these quarterly reports shall be prepared, which, to- 
gether with a full report by the superintendent, shall be laid 
before the Governor and Council, for the information of the 
Legislature. The treasurer shall also submit, at the same time, 
a financial statement, furnishing an accurate detailed account 
of the receipts and expenditures, for the year terminating on 
the last day of the month of November next preceding. [April 
9, 1847.J 



CHAPTER 183. 



AN ACT KELATING TO THE ABSTRACTS OF SCHOOL RETURNS AND 
THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 



Section 

fund, &c., may withhold compensation 
from school committees. 



Section 

1. Abstracts to be made by the Secretary 
of the Board of Education. 

2. Towns losing their income from school 

Sect. 1. The abstracts of school returns, prescribed by the 
statute of eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, chapter two hun- 
dred and forty-one, shall, hereafter, be made up by the Secre- 
tary of the Board of Education ; and so much of any act, as 
provides that the said abstracts shall be made up in the office 
of the Secretary of State, is hereby repealed. 

Sect. 2. Any city or town may withhold such compensa- 
tion as the school committee of such city or town are now au- 



198 

thorized, by law, to receive, if such town shall have forfeited 
its due portion of the income of the school fund through the 
failure of such committee to comply with the provisions of the 
law in relation to school returns. [April 14, 1847.] 



[For the act concerning the House for the Reformation and 
Employment of Juvenile Offenders, in the city of Boston, see 
St. 1847, ch. 208.] 



CHAPTER 49. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING THE PERKINS INSTITUTION AND MASSACHU- 
SETTS ASYLUM rOR THE BLINB. 

Appropriation of ^9000 annually. Repeal of previous Resolves. 

Resolved, That there be allowed and paid annually, in quar- 
terly payments, out of the treasury of the Commonwealth, the 
sum of nine thousand dollars to the treasurer of the Perkins 
Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, for the 
use of said institution, said payments to continue during the 
pleasure of the Legislature, and no longer : provided, that the 
said institution shall receive, board, lodge, and educate, forty 
indigent blind persons belonging to the Commonwealth, if so 
many shall be recommended, to be placed there in conformity 
to the Resolves passed by the Legislature on the sixteenth and 
twenty-eighth of February, in the year eighteen hundred and 
thirty-three ; and the Governor is requested to draw his war- 
rants accordingly. All previous Resolves, granting money to 
the said institution, are hereby repealed. [April 17, 1847.] 



CHAPTER 71. 

RESOLVES CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE BOARD OF 
EDUCATION AND THE ABSTRACTS OF SCHOOL RETURNS. 

Clerk of the Senate to print 6000 copies of the Annual Report of the Board of Education. 

Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate, for the time being, 
be authorized and directed to cause to be printed, annually, be- 
fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
may be, six thousand [altered to eight thousand, by Res. of 
1849, ch. 52,] copies of the Annual Report of the Board of 
Education, instead of the number authorized by the Resolves 
of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, chapter 
fifty-seven. [Second Resolve superseded.] [April 23, 1847.] 



199 

[Resolve of 1847, ch. 82, appropriating $6000 annually for 
the support of the State Normal Schools, superseded by Re- 
solve of 1849, ch. 89, which makes an appropriation of $7000 
a year for the same object.] 



CHAPTER 10. 



AN ACT IN ADDITION TO " AN ACT TO ESTABLISH TEACHERS' 

INSTITUTES." 



Skction 

1. Teachers' Institutes to be established 
on application of 50 instead of 70 



Section 

teachers. 
2. Repealing clause. 



Sect. 1. Whenever reasonable assurance shall be given to 
the Board of Education, that a number, not less than fifty 
teachers of Common Schools, shall desire to assemble for the 
purpose of forming a Teachers' Institute, according to the 
ninety-ninth chapter of the statutes of the year eighteen hun- 
dred and forty-six, the Board of Education shall appoint a 
time and place for said meeting, in manner and form as is pre- 
scribed in the act aforesaid. 

Sect. 2. Any thing contained in the act aforesaid, contrary 
to the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. [February 
11, 1848.] 



CHAPTER 29. 



AN ACT TO 



PROVIDE FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF PRISONERS IN 
JAILS AND HOUSES OF CORRECTION. 



Section 

2. Expenses of such instruction to be re- 
turned by inspectors of prisons. 

3. When to take effect. 



Section 

L County commissioners to provide 
moral and religious instruction for pris- 
oners in the jails and houses of correc- 
tion. 

Sect. 1. The county commissioners of the several coun- 
ties in this Commonwealth are hereby authorized, at their dis- 
cretion, and at the expense of their respective counties, to pro- 
vide moral and religious instruction for the prisoners confined 
in the jails and houses of correction of their respective coun- 
ties. 

Sect. 2. The inspectors of prisons in the several counties 
shall cause to be transmitted, in their annual returns to the 
Governor, a statement of the expense incurred in carrying this 
act into effect in their respective counties. 

Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [February 28, 1848.] 



200 



CHAPTER 173. 

AN ACT IN ADDITION TO AN ACT RELATING TO ABSTRACTS OF 
SCHOOL RETURNS, AND THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 



Section 

nefflect. 
2. When to take effect. 



Section 

1. Compensation of school committee 
may be withheld, in case of forfeiture 
of income of school fund through their 

Sect. 1. Any city, or town, may withhold such compen- 
sation as the school committee of such city, or town, are now 
authorized by law to receive, if such town shall have forfeited 
its due portion of the income of the school fund, through the 
failure of such committee to comply with the provisions of the 
fourth section of the two hundred and twenty-third chapter of 
the general laws passed in the year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and forty-six. 

Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after the thir- 
tieth day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
forty-eight. [April 22, 1848.] 



CHAPTER 237. 



AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE TOWNS TO TAKE LAND FOR SCHOOL- 
HOUSES. 



Section 

2. Owner of land taken may have a jury 
to revise the proceedings. 

3. Repealing clause. 



Section 

1. Selectmen may lay out land for school- 
houses, in the same manner as for high- 
ways, provided the owner refuse to sell, 
or demand an unreasonable price. 

Sect. 1. Whenever a suitable place shall have been desig- 
nated, by any town or school district, for the erection of a 
schoolhouse and necessary buildings, agreeably to the provis- 
ions of the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes, and 
the owner of the land shall refuse to sell the same, or shall 
demand therefor a price which, in the opinion of the selectmen, 
is unreasonable, the said selectmen, with the approbation of the 
town, may proceed to select, at their discretion, a schoolhouse 
lot, and lay out the same, not exceeding in quantity forty 
square rods, and to appraise the damages to the owner of such 
land, in the same way and manner as is provided for laying 
out townways and appraising damages sustained thereby ; and 
upon payment, or tender of payment, of the amount of such 
damages, by the town or district designating such schoolhouse 
lot, to the owner thereof, the said land shall be taken, held, 
and used, for the purpose for which it is designated. 

Sect. 2. Whenever the owner of such land shall feel 



201 

aggrieved by the selection and location of such lot, and the 
damages awarded, he shall be entitled to have the matter of 
complaint tried by a jury, which may be applied for within 
one year after the location of such lot, and shall be ordered 
accordingly by the county commissioners ; and the jury shall 
have the power to change the location and assess the damages, 
and the proceedings shall, in all respects, be conducted in the 
same manner as is provided in cases of damages by laying out 
highways ; and if the damages shall be increased, or the location 
be changed by the jury, the damages and all charges shall be 
paid by the town or district for whose benefit the lot is se- 
lected ; otherwise, the charges which may arise on such appli- 
cation shall be paid by such applicant. And the land so taken 
shall be held and used for no other purpose than that contem- 
plated in this act, and shall revert to the owner, his heirs or 
assigns, upon the discontinuance thereon, for one year, of such 
school as is now, or may hereafter be, required of the town or 
district by law. 

Sect. 3, All such provisions of law as are inconsistent 
with this act are hereby repealed. [May 1, 1848.] 

CHAPTER 65. 

RESOLVES CONCERNING TRAINING AND TEACHING IDIOTS. 

A sum not exceeding j;2300 annually for training-, &c., ten idiotic children. Account of 
expense of such training, &c., to be rendered annually to Governor and Council. Towns 
to furnish such children with clothing, if paupers. Governor authorized to draw his war- 
rcuit. 

Resolved, That there be paid, out of the treasury of the 
Commonwealth, a sum not exceeding twenty-five hundred 
dollars annually, for the term of three years, for the purpose of 
training and teaching ten idiotic children, to be selected, by 
the Governor and Council, from those at public charge, or from 
the families of indigent persons, in different parts of the Com- 
monwealth : provided, that an arrangement can be made by 
the Governor and Council with any suitable institution now 
patronized by the Commonwealth for charitable purposes ; and 
provided, that said appropriation shall not be made a charge 
upon the school fund. 

Resolved, That the trustees of the institution undertaking 
the instruction and training of said idiots shall, at the end of 
each and every year, render to the Governor and Council an 
account of the actual expense incurred on account of said idiots ; 
and, if the amount expended shall be less than the sum re- 
ceived from the public treasury, the unexpended balance shall 
be deducted from the amount of the next annual appropriation. 

Resolved, That the said trustees shall be authorized to re- 
26 



202 

quire that the authorities of any town which may send any 
idiot pauper to them for instruction, be required to keep them 
supplied with comfortable and decent clothing. 

Resolved, That the Governor be authorized to draw his war- 
rant for twenty-j&ve hundred dollars, on the treasurer of the 
Commonwealth, in favor of the treasurer of any institution 
which shall take the responsibility of training and teaching 
said ten idiots, as soon as he shall receive official information 
that the trustees will assume that responsibility. [May 8, 
1848.] 



CHAPTER 274. 

AN ACT RELATING TO DISTRICT SCHOOLHOUSES. 



Section 

the purposes of § 28. 
2. When to take effect. 



Section 

1. Towns voting money, in pursuance of 
R. S., ch. 23, § 44, may empower se- 
lectmen, &c., to expend the same for 

Sect. 1. Whenever the inhabitants of any town shall, ac- 
cording to the provisions of the forty-fourth section of the 
twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes, vote any sum 
for any of the purposes named in the twenty-eighth section of 
the said twenty-third chapter, they may also empower the 
selectmen of the town, or the school committee, or may choose 
any committee, to carry into effect the provisions of said 
twenty-eighth section, if the inhabitants of any school district 
shall neglect or refuse to choose such committee. 

Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [May 9, 1848.] 

CHAPTER 279. 

AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE ADJACENT TOWNS TO UNITE FOR SCHOOL 

PURPOSES. 



Section 

\. Union of adjacent towns to form a 
high school district. 

2. School committees of such towns to 
elect one member from each board, 
to form the committee for such school. 

3. Such committee to determine the loca- 



Section 

tion of schoolhouse, if authorized to 
be built, or authorize location of the 
school, alternately in the two towns. 
4. Towns to be assessed for tlie ex- 
penses, according to their proportions 
of the county tax. 



Sect. 1. Any two adjacent towns, having not more than 
two thousand inhabitants each, may form one high school dis- 
trict, for establishing such a school as is contemplated in the 
fifth section of the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Stat- 
utes, whenever a majority of the citizens of each town, in 
meetings called for that purpose, shall so determine. 

Sect. 2. The school committees of the two towns, so 
united, shall elect one from each of their respective boards, 
and the two, so elected, shall form the committee for the man- 



203 

agement and control of such school, with all the powers con- 
ferred upon school committees and prudential committees. 

Sect. 3. The committee, provided for in the foregoing sec- 
tion, shall determine the location of such schoolhouse as shall 
be authorized to be built by the towns forming such district, 
or authorize the location of such school alternately, in the 
two towns, whenever the towns shall not determine to erect a 
house for its permanent location. 

Sect. 4. In the erection of any schoolhouse for the per- 
manent location of such school, and in the support and main- 
tenance of the same, and in all incidental expenses attending 
the same, the proportions to be paid by each town, unless 
otherwise agreed upon, shall be according to the proportions of 
such towns in the county tax. [May 9, 1848.] 



St. 1848, chap. 283, repeals St. 1840, chap. 76. 



CHAPTER 301. 



AN ACT GRANTING AID TO COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS OF TEACHERS 

AND OTHERS. 



Section 

1. County associations of teachers hold- 
ing two meetings a year, of not less 
than two days each, to receive J?60 
annually from the State. 



Section 

2. Warrant for same to be drawn, on the 
sworn certificate of president and sec- 
retary. 

3. When to take effect. 



Sect, 1. Whenever a county association of teachers and 
others, which has been or may be formed, shall hold semi- 
annual meetings, of not less than two days each, for the ex- 
press purpose of promoting the interests of Common Schools, 
such association shall be entitled to receive fifty dollars a year 
from the State. 

Sect. 2. In pursuance of the provisions of the first section 
of this act, when the president and secretary of the association 
shall, under oath, have certified to the Governor that two semi- 
aimual meetings have been held, as aforesaid, he is hereby 
authorized to draw his warrant, in favor of said association, 
on the treasurer of the Commonwealth, for the sum of fifty 
dollars. 

Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [May 10, 1848.] 



204 
CHAPTER 305. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 



Section 

1. Trustees of State Reform School, for 
time being, to be a corporation for cer- 



Section 

tain purposes. 
2. When to take effect. 



Sect. 1. The trustees of the State Reform School, for the 
time being, shall be a corporation, by the name of the Trus- 
tees of the State Reform School, for the purpose of taking 
and holding, to themselves and their successors, in trust for the 
Commonwealth, any grant or devise of lands, and any dona- 
tion or bequest of money, or other personal property, which 
has been or may hereafter be made for the use of said insti- 
tution ; and for the purpose of preserving and investing the 
proceeds of any such grant, devise, donation, or bequest, in 
notes or bonds secured by good and sufficient mortgages, or in 
other securities ; with all the powers necessary to carry into 
effect the purposes aforesaid. 

Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
sage. [May 10, 1848.] 

CHAPTER 324. 

AN ACT IN RELATION TO PRISONERS. 

Instruction in reading and writing to be furnished to prisoners. 

Sect. 3. The warden and inspectors of the State prison, 
the county commissioners of each county, the mayor and 
aldermen of the city of Boston, with the sheriffs of each 
county, respectively, are hereby authorized to furnish, at the 
expense of said counties, suitable instructions in reading and 
writing, for one hour each evening, (except Sundays,) to all 
such prisoners as may be benefited by such instruction, and 
desirous to receive the same. [May 10, 1848.] 



CHAPTER 34. 

RESOLVES RELATING TO A REPRINT OF THE TENTH REPORT OF 
THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

Horace Mann to prepare the Report. Number of copies. Compensation. 

Resolved, That the late Secretary of the Board of Educa- 
tion, Honorable Horace Mann, be hereby appointed to prepare, 
for republication, so much of his Tenth Annual Report, as, 
with the requisite additions and alterations, to be also made by 
him, will exhibit a just and correct view of the Common 
School system of Massachusetts, and the provisions of law 
relating to it. 



205 

Resolved, That there be printed ten thousand copies of such 
republication, to be distributed and disposed of in the same 
manner as is now, or may be provided, in regard to the Annual 
Reports of the Board of Education. 

Resolved, That the Governor and Council be authorized to 
determine the compensation to be made to Mr. Mann, for the 
foregoing service, and to draw upon the treasurer of the Com- 
monwealth for the amount. [March 23, 1849.] 

CHAPTER 59. 

AN ACT TO PREVENT DISTURBANCES OF SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC 

MEETINGS. 
Penalty of imprisonment or fine, for. 

Every person who shall wilfully interrupt or disturb any 
school or other assembly of people, met for a lawful purpose 
within the place of such meeting, or out of it, shall be pun- 
ished by imprisonment in the county jail, not more than thirty 
days, or by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. [March 27, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 62. 

AN ACT RELATING TO TEACHEBS' INSTITUTES. 



Section 

2. Repealing clause. 



Section 

1. Board of Education to determine the 
length of sessions. 

Sect. 1. The Board of Education are authorized to deter- 
mine the length of time during which the Teachers' Institutes, 
established under the ninety-ninth chapter of the statutes of 
the year eighteen hundred and forty-six, and the tenth chapter 
of the statutes of the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight, 
shall remain in session. 

Sect. 2. Any thing contained in the acts aforesaid, con- 
trary to the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. [March 
27, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 65. 

AN ACT CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION, CUSTODY, AND PRESER- 
VATION OF SCHOOL RETURNS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS AND 
PAPERS RELATING TO SCHOOLS. 



Section 

1. School documents, how distributed; 
fee of sheriffs. 

2. Duty of town clerks, &c., as to dis- 
tributing, — of school committee, — of 



Section 

district clerks and prudential com- 
mittee. 
3. Stat. 1845, ch. 100, repealed. 



Sect. 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Board 
of Education to cause the blank forms of inquiry, the school 



206 

registers, the abstract of school returns, and the annual report 
of the Board of Education, and that of its Secretary, to be for- 
warded to the sheriffs of the several counties, for distribution 
to the clerks of the several towns and cities within their coun- 
ties respectively, and it shall be the duty of the sheriff so to 
distribute them ; and he shall be entitled to receive three cents 
a copy for each copy of said several documents so distributed, 
to be paid by the treasurer of the Commonwealth. 

Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of the clerk of each of the 
several cities or towns to deliver the blank forms of inquiry, 
and the registers, when the same shall be received by him, to 
the school committee ; it shall also be his duty to deliver one 
copy of the said abstract and reports to the secretary of the 
school committee of the city or town, to be by him carefully 
kept for the use of the said committee, and handed over to his 
successor in office ; and also two additional copies of said re- 
ports for the use of said committee ; and, further, it shall be 
the duty of the clerks of the several cities or towns to deliver 
one copy of the said reports to the clerk of each of the school 
districts in the respective cities or towns, to be by him depos- 
ited in the district school library, if there be one, and if not, to 
be by him carefully kept for the use of the prudential commit- 
tee, the teachers, and the inhabitants of the district, during his 
continuance in office, and then to be handed over to his suc- 
cessor ; and, in case the city or town shall not be districted, 
the said reports shall be delivered to the school committee, and 
so placed by them, that they shall be accessible to the several 
teachers, and to the citizens ; and they shall be deemed to be 
the property of the town or city, and not of any officer, teacher, 
or citizen thereof. 

Sect. 3. The one hundredth chapter of the acts, passed in 
the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, is hereby 
repealed. [March 30, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 52. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF 

EDUCATION. 

Clerk of Senate to cause the report to be printed. 

Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate, for the time being, 
be authorized and directed to cause to be printed annually, be- 
fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
may be, eight thousand copies of the Annual Report of the 
Board of Education, instead of the number authorized by the 
Resolves of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
seven, chapter seventy-one ; that three thousand copies of said 
report be distributed annually for the use of the members of 
the Legislature. [April 4, 1849.] 



207 



CHAPTER 81. 

AN ACT RELATING TO SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND SCHOOL APPARATUS. 



Section 

2. Stat. 1837, ch. 147, repealed. 



Section 

1. School districts may raise money for 
the purchase of school libraries, Sic. 

Sect. 1. The inhabitants of any school district, in any city 
or town, and of any city or town not divided into school dis- 
tricts, in this Commonwealth, may, at any meeting called for 
that purpose, raise money for the purchase of libraries, and 
necessary school apparatus, in the same manner as school dis- 
tricts may now raise money for erecting and repairing school- 
houses in their respective districts. 

Sect. 2. The one hundred and forty-seventh chapter of 
the statutes, passed in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and thirty-seven, is hereby repealed. [April 5, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 117. 

AN ACT TO AMEND " AN ACT RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL 
committees, and THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INCOME OF THE 
SCHOOL FUND." 

Section I Section 

1. School committees to return the num- between 5 and 15. 

ber of persons between the ages of 5 | 4. Act not to exclude scholars under 5, 
and 15, instead of 4 and 16. j or over 15, from schools. 

2. Income of school fund to be appor- [ 5. Repeal of inconsistent provisions, 
tioned accordingly. j 6. When to take effect. 

3. What sum to be raised on each person i 

Sect. 1. The school committees of the several cities and 
towns, instead of ascertaining the number of persons between 
the ages of four and sixteen years belonging to such cities 
and towns respectively, as required by the second section of 
the act of which this is an amendment, approved by the Gov- 
ernor, on the fifteenth day of April, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and forty-six, shall ascertain the number of per- 
sons between the ages of five and fifteen years, and shall alter 
the form of the certificates, required from them by the said 
section, accordingly. 

Sect. 2. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund 
shall hereafter be apportioned to the several cities and towns ac- 
cording to the number of persons therein, between the ages of 
five and fifteen, instead of four and sixteen, as required by the 
fifth section of the aforesaid act of the fifteenth of April, in the 
year one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. 

Sect. 3. The sum required to be raised by any city or 
town, as one of the conditions of receiving its portion of the 
income of the school fund, shall be, at least, equal to one dol- 



208 

lar and fifty cents, instead of one dollar and twenty-five cents, 
as required by said act, of which this is an amendment, for 
each person between the ages of five and fifteen years belong- 
ing to said city or town. 

Sect. 4. Nothing in this act contained shall be considered 
as prohibiting the attendance upon the schools of scholars 
under five or over fifteen years of age. 

Sect. 5. All acts, and parts of acts, and all resolves, and 
parts of resolves, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, 
are hereby repealed. 

Sect. 6. This act shall take effect on and after the first 
day of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and for- 
ty-nine. [April 18, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 70. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING BARNARD's SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 
One copy for each town. 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Commonwealth be 
directed to furnish, to the clerk of each town in the State, one 
copy of a Avork entitled " School Architecture for the Improve- 
ment of Schoolhouses," by Henry Barnard, commissioner of 
Public Schools in the state of Rhode Island : provided, that 
the expense thereof do not exceed one dollar for each copy so 
delivered ; the said amount to be deducted from the proceeds 
of public lands, or the school fund, according to the provisions 
of the act of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
six, chapter two hundred and nineteen, entitled " An act to 
designate the fund for payment of the salary of the land agent, 
and of appropriations for educational purposes ;" and that war- 
rants be drawn accordingly. [April 20, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 75. 

RESOLVE ON THE PETITION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS TEACHERS' 

ASSOCIATION. 

Grant of ^150 annually, for five years. 

Resolved, That there be paid, annually, in the month of 
August, for the term of five successive years, to the president 
or treasurer of the Massachusetts Teachers' Association, the 
sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, to be applied to the pur- 
poses of said association ; the said amount to be deducted 
from the proceeds of public lands, or the school fund, accord- 
ing to the provisions of the act of the year one thousand eight 
hundred and forty-six, chapter two hundred and nineteen, en- 



209 

titled " An act to designate the fund for the payment of the 
salary of the land agent, and of appropriations for educational 
purposes," and that warrants be drawn accordingly. [April 
20, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 89. 

RESOLVE CONCERNING STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

Grant of J^7000, annually, for three years. 

Resolved, That the sum of seven thousand dollars, annually, 
for three years, be appropriated to the support of State Normal 
Schools, under the direction of the Board of Education ; the 
said amount to be deducted from the proceeds of public lands, 
or the school fund, according to the provisions of the act of 
the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, chapter 
two hundred and nineteen, entitled " An act to designate the 
fund for the payment of the salary of the land agent, and of 
appropriations for educational purposes ;" and his excellency 
the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Coun- 
cil, is authorized to draw his warrant accordingly. [April 25, 
1849.] 

CHAPTER 144. 

AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 

Where school committees become reduced in number, remaining members empowered to 

make returns. 

Whenever, in consequence of vacancies occurring in the 
school committee of any city or town in this Commonwealth, 
after the date of the warrant for the annual town meeting for 
the election of their successors, or the inability, arising after the 
said date, of any of the members of said committee to act, such 
committee shall be reduced to a minority of its original num- 
ber, the remaining members of said committee shall be compe- 
tent to make the returns required to be made and transmitted 
to the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth ; and such 
returns shall be accompanied by a certificate of the person or 
persons so making them, setting forth the existence of such 
vacancies or disabilities, and the time when the same arose. 
[April 26, 1849.] 

CHAPTER 155. 

AN ACT RELATING TO THE STATE LIBRARY. 



Section 

\. Secretary of Board of Education to be 

librarian. 
2. Laws, &c., to be placed in the library. 



Section 

3. Librarian to make report, annually, to 
the Legislature. 



Sect. 1, The Secretary of the Board of Education shall be 
the librarian of the State Library, with power to appoint an as-* 

27 



210 

sistant, who shall also act, when necessary, as clerk of the 
Board. 

Sect. 2. All laws, documents, and other publications be- 
longing to the State, and for public use, shall be deposited in 
the library, which shall be kept open every day in the year, 
except Sundays and the usual public holidays. 

Sect. 3. Said librarian shall report to the Legislature, an- 
nually, in the month of January, the receipts and expenditures 
on account of the library, with a list of all books, maps, and 
charts, acquired since the last report, specifying those obtained 
by exchange, donation, or purchase ; and those, if any, which 
have been lost or are missing ; and make such suggestions in 
relation to the library as may lead to its improvement. [April 
28, 1849.J 



CHAPTER 206. 

AN ACT IN RELATION TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

Restriction as to re-districting. 

No town shall be districted anew, for school purposes, so as 
to change the taxation of lands of proprietors into districts 
using different schoolhouses, oftener than once in ten years. 
[May 2, 1849.] 



CHAPTER 209. 



AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOL REGISTERS. 



Section 

1. Who to prescribe form of. Duty of 
teachers in regard to. 



Section 

2. Stat. 1845, ch. 157, repealed. 



Sect. 1. Instead of the school registers, in book form, now 
transmitted to school committees, the Secretary of the Board 
of Education is hereby required to transmit registers in such 
form as the said Board shall prescribe ; and no school teacher 
shall be entitled to receive payment for his or her services, un- 
til the register of his or her school, properly filled up and com- 
pleted, shall be deposited with the school committee, or with 
such person as they may designate to receive it. 

Sect. 2. The act entitled an act relating to Common 
Schools, passed on the eighteenth day of March, in the year 
one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, is hereby repealed. 
[May 2, 1849.] 



211 



CHAPTER 215. 

AN ACT IN RELATION TO THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF 
THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

Section I Section 

1. General duties of Secretary of Board 3. Travelling and other necessary ex- 
of Education. penses. 

2. Salary. I 

Sect. 1. The Secretary of the Board of Education, in 
addition to the duties imposed on him by law as recording and 
corresponding secretary of the said Board, and as State libra- 
rian, shall obtain and diffuse information relating to the Public 
Schools of the Commonwealth ; suggest to said Board and to 
the General Court improvements in the present system of 
Common Schools ; visit, as often as his other duties will per- 
mit, different parts of the Commonwealth for the purpose of 
arousing and guiding public sentiment in relation to the prac- 
tical interests of education ; collect in his office such school 
books, apparatus, maps, and charts, as can be obtained without 
expense to the Commonwealth, and also to purchase, at an 
expense not exceeding fifty dollars a year, rare and valuable 
works on education for the use of the said Board, and for the 
benefit of teachers, authors, and others, who wish to consult 
them ; receive and arrange, in his office, the reports, returns, 
and registers of the Common Schools, now and hereafter in 
the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and receive, 
preserve, or distribute the state documents in relation to the 
Common School system. 

Sect. 2. The Secretary of the Board of Education shall 
receive an annual salary of sixteen hundred dollars, to be 
paid in quarterly payments out of the treasury of the Com- 
monwealth. 

Sect. 3, All necessary travelling expenses, incurred by the 
Secretary of the Board of Education in the performance of 
his official duties, after being approved by the said Board, shall 
be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth ; and all 
postages and other necessary expenses, arising in the office of 
the said Secretary, shall be paid in the same manner as those 
of the other departments of the government. [May 2, 1849.] 



212 



CHAPTER 220. 



AN ACT CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MANU- 
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 



Section 

1. Stat. 1836, ch. 245, § 1, how constraed : 
said statute and present act not to 
apply to children coming into State, 
until after six months' residence. 



Section 

2. Stat. 1842, ch. 60, § 2, and Stat. 1836, 
ch. 245, § 2, repealed. 

3. Penalty for violation of act. 



Sect. 1. The meaning of the first section of the act passed 
on the sixteenth day of April, in the year one thousand eight 
hundred and thirty-six, entitled " An act to provide for the 
better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing estab- 
lishments," is hereby declared to be, that no child under the 
age of fifteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing 
establishment, unless such child shall have attended some 
public or private day school, where instruction is given by a 
teacher qualified according to the first section of the twenty- 
third chapter of the Revised Statutes, at least one term of 
eleven weeks of the twelve months next preceding the time of 
such employment, and for the same period during any and 
every twelve months in which such child shall be so employed ; 
but the provisions of this act, and of the act above named, 
shall not apply to any child who shall have removed into this 
Commonwealth from any other state or country, until such 
child shall have resided six months within this Commonwealth. 

Sect. 2. The second section of the act passed on the third 
day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
forty-two, entitled "An act concerning the employment of 
children in manufacturing establishments," and the second 
section of the act passed April sixteenth, eighteen hundred and 
thirty-six, entitled " An act to provide for the better instruction 
of youth employed in manufacturing establishments," are here- 
by repealed. 

Sect. 3. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any man- 
ufacturing establishment, who shall employ any child in such 
establishment contrary to the provision of this act, shall forfeit 
a sum not exceeding fifty dollars for each offence, to be recov- 
ered by indictment, to the use of Common Schools in the 
towns respectively, where said establishment may be situated. 
[May 2, 1849.] 



APPENDIX. 



The Law requires that Tables, like the following, should be 
prepared and published, annually, by the Secretary of the Board 
of Education. (See ante, pp. 119-121.) As the Massachusetts 
School system cannot be adequately understood without the ex- 
planations furnished by these Tables ; and, as those of the latest 
date will give the best view of the present condition of the 
system, I have requested the present Secretary of the Board to 
allow me to use those of the current year, in preference to re- 
printing those of 1846 which accompanied the Tenth Annual 
Keport. The Tables of the present year, being later, are more 
valuable, and being now in type, for another purpose, can be 
printed more cheaply. To the present Secretary, in whose office, 
and under whose direction, they have been prepared, belong the 
whole merit and responsibility of them. 

HORACE MANN. 



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#10 00 #232,800 00 
8 00 6,250 00 
7 75 1,000 00 



0' 

00 

m 

00 






•q^uora 
jad paBoq jo 
anjBA aSBjaAy 




•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Suipnioai 
'•q^iu aad piiid 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 


l^ rH 
OOi 

in t>. 00 

C^' I— 1 rH 









•qinora 
jad pjBoq JO 
arqBA aSBaaAy 


#15 00 
14 00 
13 00 


r-i 




•pjBoq JO an 
-IBA Suipnpui 
'•q:)ni jad piBd 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 


#105 61 
63 89 
34 00 


CO 









Boston, 
Chelsea, 
Nortli Chelsea, 


1 



ly 



ESSEX COUNTY 



H 

O 
o 



ei 

H 

K 
u 

H 

O 

n 

D 




"3 

a 


' i-H ' r-l ' rHCO ' rH ' rH 


1 


i-l rt tH 1-1 rH 


w 
S 
S 
& 
ta 


^ 


i-H C\{ rH T-H (M 1— 1 rH i-H CO r-^ r-i r-i 


■3 


C^i-fOJ irHCOO! 1 -^ iTt^COC^GO 1 O? CO i-H 1 CO J> -* 


o 
S5 . 

H 03 

^5 O 
H O 

Hi a 

H U3 

^« 
W H 

O 
<! 


^ 1 


i-H I— 1 C^ rH r-l rH CT l:^{ i-H 

Coda>XOr-^(^!0^l:dl^^'^lr51rtr}^CDQOCOaOCOCO«5 
Ol^CO-^t^COOlOGOC^t^t^-i-iCvJCvilOOt^OiCOi^-rf 
I— 1 r-l 1—1 a r-l r-l rH CO rH rH CT 


i 1 

s 1 


t>. ^ T-i -^ rH -^ !> ■* •<* rt rt TJH 

rH a T-i a 1—^ rH r-i CiOJrH 

ff2SS'^i::96°o^*'^'*t^*i^»^^QO'*'*36ocoGOrH 

•^ ^ « rH {^{ CO rH 00 rH CO CO rH OO C^ rH O CO ff* 
rH ,_( rH 


4, ^ 

a fi 

S o 


•^ J>. !>. t- rH -<* Tj* t>. ^.^^ j>. 
rH ^ ^ C^r-ir-t rt rt {;\j 

rH;^05502;cot>jQo'oCT'i>r^O(^iio^'*knQOcJQOirt 

COOi>(^^■^t^(r^COOrHOCOCO(OrH■TflOO'T'rH^>CO(^{ 
rH rH 7—< rH 1-H rH 


•looqog pi 
33b JO sjBai g 


ia55B oqAi 
X Jaio -0^ 


Oi ■^ <Z> rH rH O CO kC O IC O GO VO CO ''i* <© CO ■^ ■^ l^ IC 
Tj<OCOOiCO 1 CV! 0{ C^ CO t^ rH ^ CO CO CO ^ CO J>. 


•IOC 

f japan gaos 


)q3g pna() 
JO sJEai 
jad JO -Oij 


CO^ ,Ci , , rH (?J Oi (M Oi ,OJ> , .OOrHCO , , 


•UA 

aSe JO siBBiC 
ua3ju.:)aq sacs 


104 aqj ni 

91 P°^ f 
aail JO -0^ 


rHOCO'*»OJ>COCOCO'#l>.lCCy5t^OO?C<fOi>COCTO 

OCOiOCOr-lrHl^rHCOOiOCOGOOrHrHrHC^JOOtt^O 

J>00C00fl>C0C0m0iC\<C0i>.OrH0i'*10lCC^<O0i0^ 

rHrH rH ^H rH rH CO rH rH rH 


■ <u 

If ■ 


In Sum- In Win- 
mer. ter. 


GO t^ Oi W rH Oi CO rHrHOC^l>C5 0iT}<^l> 00 IC 
'!f-^OOaiOji>T}<rHrH»OlO-Tt<^Crji>-^OC\;rHO'^rH 
(N0ii>.rHC0CTC0C^O^t^'*C000rH0{C0-^rHir3O'rt< 
T-i rH rH rH 


COCOC^J>Oi-^CO'*r^OrH(^JrHG5COrHrfC\JGOC5001>. 

'*t^00m«»0rH05C0rHC0C0<Ot^-Tt<C0OC0rHC0t^t>- 

COOCOrHCOOC^G^iOi-HGO-^COOrHCOt^-^rHlOOCO 

rH rH C^ -H 


si 

■s.go 

•^ Si- 
O 


In Sum- In Win- 
mer. ler. 


OknOrH'::t<COk«rH(M'*GOOi<MCTWl^COCOrHJ>rHC^ 

CoaDCJi'*OCOrH(?.frHCJ5(7iCOC50C\JCiQOrHi>^-*CO 

COrHOiOJiOCO-^COOrHOiinOkOWC^iOOlCrHt^COlO 

rH i-H rH rH C^ rH 


kOCicocoi^coc^st^CTOOcoooir:j>t^QOO^^TtHOo 

CiOCOOCDCOl^COOi-^it^'^Oi^t^i.-^COrHCOCiCaO 

Tj-^OOC^^-^C^i^COrHOOOCOrHCOOlOrHl^C^GO 

rH rH rH rH rH C^ rH 


•siooqog onq 


nj JO -OS. 


(?J '^ 1> rH CO OGO OJ Tf< CO Oi rHrH CO 00 'rtO^^ CO CO 
rH (^i rH rH (^ rH Oi (^t rH CO rHrH rH Ol 




j 
i 


000000000000 000000000 
000000000000 000000000 

C5 >0 C5 '^ CO 1^ CO rH (?} Ci rH CO CO kO GO Ci Ci CO i> »0 

Cit^oocoooioo-^i>co xocococr^rHcos^fictN. 
cr^^io^co^Gi^QO 05^ CO "^ i>,w w ' CO co^o lo co c^? o cq^^ 
'^"'^co t>ro orcTcTt^'^'-^-H^ ori>r'*~o"co"o ^"ocTco" 

Oi>OQOrH(>{COCOCTCO(>{00 rHincOCOi>.rHOOCO 
CO '^CO^CO "* Ci^^ CO GO 0{ C^l^ CO^i— 1 CO CO^O (7J Oi C\!^CO 
"^rHrH rH rH rH rH CO~ 




1 


rH j> Oi CT « 00 CO i> J>. in >0 rH t^ CJi rH 
t^OGO-^C^OJlO-^LOrHCOO COOOl-^OOQOCOir: 
^CVCOCiG^O-5j<ioCOOOCOO 'C0i>C0lf:(M:COl-^rHCO 
Of '^J' C^ir^rHrH^ tJh CO C5 rH O C^< CO 1><7< 




C 


> 


Amesbury, 

Andover, 

Beverly, 

Boxford, 

Bradford, 

Danvers, 

Essex, 

Georgetown, 

Gloucester, 

Hamilton, 

Haverhill, 

Ipswich, 

Lawrence,* 

Lynn, 

Lynnfield, 

Manchester, 

Marblehead, 

Methuen, 

Middleton, 

Newbury, 

Newburyport, 

Rockport, 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



o? 05 CO iH CO eo CO 



1 Ci"<*TH 1 t , 


8 


^^ •^ b» r-l I— 1 
Ci r-i ^ OJC^ 

tn O oi O O <© TO 
CO CI i^ CO ■<*(>{ rp 


Si 
Si 

oi 



Tt* '^ l^ ^ 



COO 0»0 COCO Tt 
i-H CO C\{ (^{ rH r-l C^ 
CO 



W OOi WCO 005 

« CO o CO (^J i-H i-i 

CO 



00 , Si-^r-iifiO 
1—1 1— ( i-i 



00 l^ C5 1-1 Oi o o 


i 


--1 rf O CO CO OO lO 


C< CO l^ CO (7! C^J 'J" 




Oi 




Of 


CO W 00 O Oi Oi CO 


CO 

co" 

1-H 


« I-H <C Oi kO l-l 00 


tH C^ r-i I— 1 1—1 Oi C^ 


00 o m-^ -^ o in 


i> 


•^ Tf CO 1-1 00 CO Oi 


1-1 O! -^ <7< 1-H 1-1 


(M 


CO 




1—1 


•<* r-l J> CO OJ 00 CO 




00 00 C\{ Cv{ "^ CO 0{ 
rH IC C^ CO <N CN ■* 


Cvj 


l-H 




Of 


t^ CO^ COOQO O 


o 


O r-^ O Of CO lO CO 


Oi CO CO CO Of rl r^ 


OJ 


rH 




Of 


CO O Ol CO »0 IC 00 


CO 


CO rH 


ooo ooo o 


o 


oo o oooo 


o 


lO Cj '^ CO l^ CO "* 


^ 


Oi O rl LT CO O in 


o 


Ot r-l l^ 00 CO 00 r- 


Of 


00 00 IC Xi J> l^ CO 


o 


•^ rH Of O l^ Ci J> 


^^ 


Of Of l^ Of CO rl Tj* 


r-\ 


O 


r^ 


1—1 


CO 


CO OJ Oi 00 Oi Oi o 


i^ 


O GO CO Ci lO 00 CO 


CIO 


Of O l^ O O CO m 


wi 


rH if^Ci r-l rH r-i 


•^ 


1—1 


Oi 


^ 




s 




^ 




^ .^ 




>> .V S tn <U Bj <H 


'cd 




O 


g^;^ p P-o « 


H 


o cd cd rt o t> |> 





r^ — 



VI 



ESSEX COUNTY 





•glOoqDg 
0? pa^BuJojddB anna 
-Aajj snidjng jo araooni 


1 t 1 


1> 

I—I 

CO 

m 


■ 


553 20 
90 00 

521 16 


1 1 1 1 


■ ' 




•aoiBg raojj atnoaui 


o 
o 


O 

r-i 

1—1 

CO 
1—1 


' 


30 00 


■ III 


90 00 
3750 00 




■spun J \eooi jo ^nnomy 


'S ' 

1—1 


o 
o 

in 

00 

1— 1 


• 


500 00 


■ III 


1400 00 
65,000 00 




■1014 
-tni aoj pjBd a(BSaaSSy 


#655 00 

738 00 

1200 00 


■ 


• 


ooooioooo 

0000C3000 

lOt^t^COCOCOOTl^ 1 
C^C-jOCOrHt^t^CO 

CO 1-1 CO COi-l COi> 


450 00 

1532 70 

166 00 


420 00 

2861 00 

412 50 




•BJ'Bioqog JO -Oil aSutaAy 


COCiSi 


■ 


• 


co'^cO't'l-((^K^Joort 
1-1 CO (?i (7J CT (^^ CT CT (?? 1 


IC CO w 
CO (MC^ 1 


O'^CO 




•?da5i 
gq^noin JO a^BSaxSSy 


1—1 


• 


' 


1—1 I— 1 

' -^ J> CO -^ CO 00 1— 1 o? 
1—1 (C^J 0{ 1— 1 ^^ IC 
1—1 


1-1 00 Oi 
1-1 o 


l-HCO W 
1— ( 




■stooqag -raoo Suoiojd 
O} 5d3>i siooqag pnB 
's[ooqog a^BAi.Td 'satin 
-apBoy djoaninnjo'o^ 


ooooo 

r-i 


• 


■ 


CO -^ (M O) O? CO CO i-H CO , 
I— 1 ' 


i-lOi^ , 


1-1 ■*i> 
I— 1 




•nop 
-inx joj pred agBSaaSSy 


#5025 50 
900 00 


• 


s 

o 
o 

CO 


1100 00 
1050 00 


1088 00 


250 00 




•SJ'Bxoqog JO -0}^ aSxsjaAV 


<^^oo 

1 i>CO 


■ 


o 

1—1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 IC 1 


00 
1 CO 1 1 


CO 

CO 1 1 




sqjnora jo a^uSaaSSy 


1—1 

a r-H 


• 


o 


''■'•' o ' o ' 

T-( I— 1 


' o? ' ' 

1—1 


(N ' ' 

1—1 




•saiuiapBay 
pa^BJodaoou; jo jaqtnn>j 


1 COrH 


■ 


c* 


1 1 1 1 1 1 T-1 1 1— 1 1 


1 rH 1 1 


^H 1 1 




•siooqag oiiqna Joj pa) 
-nqtj'4n0D 'Aqb ji 'janj 
puB p.reoq JO ^tinoiny 


1 1 1 


1 


■ 


#18 00 


10 00 


1 1 1 




•lanj 
pnB pjBoq 'sjaqoBaj jo 
Ba.§t!M. aqg £iao Snipnio 
-ni 'siooqog jo 'qaod 
-(Ins aq? joj saxwj /Cq 
pasrej ^iauora jo ^unoray 


oooooooooooooooooooooo 
oooooooooooooooooooooo 

OOOOrJ^rHOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
OOOOO! LOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOO 

oooi>.-*^coo»ooocr.i^ocooocoot^coo 

(?«COCO r-H O 1-M 1-1 '^ '^ 1— 1 CO ^ 1— 1 "^ I— 1 <^t 00 0{ 

"^ 1—1 




< 


•q^uom 
jad pjBoq JO 
aniBA aSBjaAy 


lOOi>^COt>.OOCOOCOOOOOG5000000 
O00i:^r-iO00OOkCin00CiOOOQ0OJ>.OOOO 

»ommiocokr:u^coco»c»0'*i>.cocoioio»r5»ncococo 




■pjBoq JO an 
-IBA Saipnpni 
'■q^cn jad pred 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 


CO'^O-^OCOOOmOJ^lOkniOOt^COOOOOSOOO 
'*OCOi-(CO'^OlOOGiCO-^J>a30i— IC0Q0»COl>O 

1— llOi-(0?CO<>?OJC010a3COOODCOCO'*i— l-^i— ICOCTkO 
^rt rH 1-1 rl T-i rH rH 1-1 rHr-li-l^rHi-(i-li-(rHi-(i-lrH 




i 


•qi(noni 
aad potBoq jo 
anxBA aSBJBAy 


ocoo-*ai^coc50ococrsocoooocot^cooo 

C\{l^CirtC^t>.OOQOCOOC\{aOOCOOOOCMCOCOOO 
r^000iQ0000i0000Oi>.i>.00(7Ji— lasOOi— IJ>.OOGOOJO 

^ 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 I— 1 1— 1 




■pjBoq JO an 
-IBA Smpnpni 
"qiini jad pred 
saSBAi aSBJaAy 


C0!t^Oi-^t^i:^i>O»0OC0'^!l>0JOlC'*C0O-^OO 
kO(^!0{J>-lCi>COlOCTlC)COOCOJ>.0(^J-^lOOa5-^0 

COCT'!;t<aOO5'5*<C^Cv?COlC00Cii— l'*'*'^Or-iOOOOii-l 
^CO C0(7iC*C0C0C0COO!O!CT^'*C0-*C0C0C0C\{'!j<C0 






o 




Manchester, 

Marblehead, 

Methuen, 

Middleton, 

Newbury, 

Newburyport, 

Rockport, 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



vu 







CO 


t 1 


1 1 1 


CO 
1— ( 






o 


1 1 1 


1 1 1 








g 


1 1 1 


1 1 1 


lO 


8o8 


oo 
o o 


IC 

I— 1 


i> CO 


' 1— ( o 

a CO 


1 


o 

I— 1 




^ 


O OJ 00 
COOICO 


1 CO CO 


^ 


1— 1 


>— 1 




■<* 1—1 


I— 1 


1—1 


CO 


, CO"* 


CO 

in 

1— t 






o 

IC 


1 1 1 


1 1 1 


CO 
1—1 

(?» 

1-M 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 








1— ( 


1 1 1 


1 1 1 


S; 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


o 
1—1 




o 
o 


s 


1 1 1 




<5J 

in 


OlO o oo o o 
Oi> ooo o o 


in 


OCOO CO o o o 
Oi-H OQO O OO 

»0 CO l^ O CO lO r-( 

oo"'-*'-' '-' 
I— 1 


1— t 
00 
00 


QOOCOCOO O^ 


s 


Tj< CO »rt W? -^ rj< CO 


m 


00 rH t^ O CO O CO 
»0 OJ CO CO "^ C^ 00 


a 


cj in T-H CO r-i CT CO 


CO 

1—1 


oi> oocooo 

iOCOOOCOOO 


00 

o 


t>. O 00 O 00 00 00 
1-M 1—1 


a. 


O t^ l>> o o -^ o 
iCCO m o o^ o 


^ 


OJ CO C^ Oi CO S C\J 


?? 



>> ^ 3 CO (B cd ^ 
"5 eS td OS O »> ti- 



Vlll 



MIDDLESEX COUNTY 



fii 




M 


C4 


53 


^ 






< 


is 


M 




H 




f^ 




O 




Pi 


d 


H 


f^ 


n 


S 


g 




u 


CO 


K 





CO »C CO OJ rjH r-( CO , tn -^ i-H •>* "^ -^ (7J ri< Tj< (?J (M Tji ,1-1 
CO "^ 



<©"<*->*r*b.cocO'^Oii-icoooi>.c*coo5C?aiai'^'^co 



1—1 CO Tj^ 1— I T-i iH 1-H 1— I rH 1— I 



I 1 CO I Oi I CO 1 rH I— I I 



H 

P 
O 

Q 

>^ 
Q 



^ n 



1— ICOrN-lrtCOOOOt^OrHinCOOOTOr-li— llOi 
IClOCO-^t^-CNOr-lCOCOCOt^OiCOCOi-HOiO' 

1—1 CO CO 1-H 



■^•^ -^ t>. Tt 



l;5t>.Oit>.CTO-^COOJkOir5C^l^t^COai-^Qdco'>fl'*QO 
C^ C^J i-H I— I CO 1— I 10 Ci r-l Oi CO CO CO 1— I '^ -Tt* O? CO S^ I— I rH 






•looqog puagj'B oqii 
aSB JO sJESjf 9'[ jaAO 'ajji 



C01>.-<*G0G0C0"Ttii— ir>.J>.OOl>C0C000OOrtOC0Tj< 
lOC0<7Jr-(C0C^i— lrHOO(?{(^t'*OlOi-C*iniC'*(Mr-llO 



-^B oqii aSe jo s.iBa^ 
^ Japan snosjad jo 'ou 



i>C5Cocoinooc^ 



Tf ^ rt; O O 
C0C<»O(M 



•HAWX) aq:) ui 
aSB JO sj^aX q\ puB ^ 
uaam^aq snosjad jo -o^ 



lf5lOOiOC01>i:OWO' 



-ji>ocoiracoicQooc^ooL. 

r-tCOO-^COT— ia5COOlC'*C^(M 
I CO 



is"" 



^^ 



O) t^ kC CO 10 (?? CD ■ 



J>.aOi>.COCiCOWOOOC*l>.ir5J:^QOQOlCC5QOi— l'*^'* 

moJ>J>.coi>aoi— ii— ii— i0icocoj>0ii— icocowooCTio 

Cvj (?l r- 1 1— I C>{ CO i-H 05 i-( CO CO CO ■* IC CO CO CO C^ iH rH 
1-H CT 






(MOQ0-^t^OOCTQ0OJ>OC0OC0000i(3ii-iai-^Q0 
C*i-IC0C000t-I':)hC0CT1>C0C0C0-*1O1>.Oi— ICOaDJ>l>. 
■^COtMC^COi— IWi— IQOi— IO»O^J>r-ll>COlCkCCOi— !(?< 
O* CO 






COOilNOOi— l-^WO?l^lOC001>.i-llO^OiJ>'*00'Tt*QO 

■^cocMi-icoGooo5rHCO'-ir>.^'*CTQOcoCTCoi^inao 

CO C^ <M (?? CO 10 1-H O 1-t O i# -^ CO i-t J> -^ -^ -^ CO 1-H 1-1 



•siooqog onqnj Jo -o^ 



O Oi 

CO 1-H 

wco 



rH-^oji— ic<co»«aiJ>.or^»ciccocO'*i-HOico 
c^Jc^(7J'*co'*Oico^•r>.co<^^o»ccoocx)^>ic 

i>.Ol0lf5GDrHC0C0'*0ii-H-«*OO'^Ci0i'*C0 
COCOCOQOOOOit>.GO'*t^i-HlO^OiOO'*i-H-^ 

— - -s I*,—, ^jd -"^-s »ii^ /-^-i I l•r^ r^-\ _^j /»^ (*v-\ _ij ^1 /^v »^* <•/— v c,^ 



COi-H"*»OCOl>'CJ5CO'^Oi-HC:J5»CC<f^OCDCOC* 
<:^'*rH-«*rHrfrHOTjiCO»Oi-HOOi>'*lOOC$Ci 



95 



i-HCO Oi (^J CO »« O Oi CO Tt* ». -^ GO CO O Oi CM 10 (M CO b» 

OJ -^ « CO CT CT i-H O 10 00 Oi 00 CX) O CO CO 00 ■<* -^ 00 (?? 

1-H O? , Oi CO -^ ■<* W^ >fl TfH CO l>. 1-H CO O 1-H l^ C^ CD CO Oi 

1-H l-H ' pH i-H 00 _J~l-H 1— 1 C< CO 0< 1-H C^ 1-H 




SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



IS 



CO i-( 1— 1 ' ' rl 


CO 


Q0C0t>.C0^r-<?OCO'^CO'*rHr-iTt"^loaOTj<C5CJlO'^lCiC«:i'* 
I— 1 1— 1 


99 


t^Oii-iOiX^OOCTJ><©(X)i>COtO'*COOJGOOCBCC'!tCiCOlCCO 
;C»— Ir- li— (I— 1 rHi—l !— 1 


rH 


OOOJiCOiWi 1 1 iSOi-li-l 1-li-liCOi 1 irH 

1— ( 


g 


i>. Tf ^ -^ -H Tt 1— 1 Tt< •<* -^ "* "* ■^ 1— 1 t>. tN. 

1-H(^>l— l<7*rH(MrH I— li— 1 rHi— 1 i-HC* 

ff>J C^ ci so 30 05 '^ CO ci l>-' W '*' '^ 00 (>l r-H r>. CC -t CO O CTj IC l-^ rH CO 

i^&coa5CO-*ir:c:i^cO'-ii^'*cocC'*co'*ooo^i>»OTjHcoo 

lO 1—1 1—1 »-l 1—1 


CO 
00 


t>. -^ .-1 ^ tH -i* l>. i> l>. 1> 1-H -^ t>. -^ ■>* tH 1— 1 

r-l OJ OJ CT 1— 1 OJ rH 1— 1 1— 1 (M CT 

Oi CO o CO 'X ao CO ■^' tjI od ao co* »«" i>.' co t>.* ct Ci co oj c: xi J>." i-n o? r-n 

^(r{i*Tti-ll^(7iC0C^{i-liOC\{ 1-li-lrHCOr-llOCOi-lCTC^Otr-ICO 


CO 


t>.Tt'*i 1—1 t>.l>.i— 1— Hi— I'* -^i— i"i*l>.i— Ib*-^ 

rH 1— 1 CT (7< (M l:^^ 1— 1 ^ ct rn ct ^ i— i 

MCOOloiorHOi— llCril>.Q6'*OXCC»C'*'-^TOOrH00mQ0'^ 

t^col?J■<9<(^Jt^^oco<^^I-lOT}<Tl^i:^tl-!C<co(^J»ooG^Jknc^i(^^— (t^ 


o 


•5j< O Tfi CO Oi (NC^fOO OQOO OCOl^ ^CO CO'* lOWJ^«CO« 
Tf CCI ■<*!-( i-i jirSCO C^J "* CV{ OJ C^i rl CO CT "* , C>l'*i-lCO'* 


r-t 


.Oii-lir-lC^r-ICO a , 1-1 i-< ,, C* j-l 




cxjincocoocO'ftt^.r-iTfooiociics^jaofHTtt^QOi— icoc^?t>. 

r-iX)'^CjCO'*r-i»C*rfT)<COl^l^COCCl^i— lt>.COCOG^!OlOl— I'* 
Cgt>.COCO-*'-l-i;t*CO(^K?>iWTfC0CVC0C>J'^CTt^»OO{Tt<'!rC^C*0^ 


CO 

CO 
o 


2P3!'92S'-^^'^'^'W'3^■*OiO(^^wcJ5Qocol^cococooLooioo 
ojmoco^jOi'shcoooooooi'^TOQOi-iii'iccoaocirHasiooj 

QO »0 lO ■<* « CO fO ■* (7t (>? CO CO OJ CO rH '^ r-i O CO rH CT CO 1-1 r-l lO 


o 

GO 


C0rHC0C0tjlCQ0^Ol^C0in0J0JrHlCCi'*O0iC0Q0C5OOC: 

(^jcorH^coi-H-^Cit^Tf—ji^^Oicoioc-. i^t>.ic»oc:'^co'TtHco 

aOkOTtTj-COCOC^COrHrHCOCOCvJrHCVrHC^JrHTtCOrHCVJCVJrHrHO 

CO 


1— 1 


oagTf(^^cO'*(MlC(^^aO'*aocoQOrHrHOiC)rHcoco<co(^^co■^co 
coJ>cococoaoTf^lO(^^(^Jco'*rHcococ^lOrHl>io<^{cococ^<o<^> 


1— 1 


lC'*lCCT(MOTt^Oi'^»nCOCirHt^rHlOCOC^COOiCOC-j»Crt<0'* 

CO "* Ci cr. CT CO CT u^ o Gc oj GO CO CO oi o; o CT o CO rH ci (?< S it S 

CgaOTrir:^t^CO^(WrlCO^COOJC^JrHCOCTi>'^OJCOCOrHrH^. 


o 
co^ 

rH 
CO 



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nn 




o 


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rHOi'!*O5C0QOJ>Oia01>lrtQ0(NWO5 


o 


rHrHincOCOCOCOCO'^O 


OC0ClOOC0^C0Q0a0C0m(ritN.O 


CO 


(5co;^ioii2>2<2S'<^i':3 


C5OrHC0C0l>.C0r-ll0'*C0(^?-^C0G0 


(^T 


W CO l^ ~. CO kO LO O! CO CD 


ocolCrHoocot^co(^^(^^^HCicooo 


rn 


COrHCOrHCiS^QOO'^lO 


"*O;-*l>.t^rHrH^HQ0lO-^C0'*COC0 


o 


ocoi>mofr^j>coaoco 


cri>rtCoCT lo rt cj CO irf ori>rco"ari>r 


(^r 




i>.i— iC0rH-rfiOCOCOt-C0l--»CX>C. 00 


-T^ 


rHO CO OC^JaOCO'!l^COC^ 


<^t(^JcoTf<coco(^{ocic^^TtcocorHco 


lO 




rH 


CO 


CO-^rHGOOrHrHCOOt^. 


l>l^OOJCOCVJOTf<OQOCOCOC\JClCO 






rHrHCOOJOCir^OrHOiCOCOCVlCCX. 




J> JS ;;? S: "^ 23 '-'^ ;3 =5^' ^ 


OOC^'^CjaOOOlOGOOjCO'^OOOC^ 


en 


3^(?J Ol (r< rH CO rH C< 


rHrHrHrH rH C^ r-( ^ r^ r-t Ci 


CO 

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be 



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filial llltiai .f I itlHliiil 



MIDDLESEX COUNTY 



•siooqog 
-Aaa Btiidjng JO ainoDUi 


#50 00 

58 93 

213 71 


•atnBS mOJj aniooni 


#90 00 
18 00 

45 00 
336 00 

90 80 

37 20 

238 26 
59 63 


spana: 1B001 JO ^unoray 


#1500 00 
300 00 

750 00 
5600 00 

1500 00 

620 00 
3970 94 
1174 00 


•noi:) 
-mi aoj pred a:)tj39jgSy 


OOOOQO o coooooo o o 
o o o o OS o coooooo o o 

OOCOOiC^ lO iG0C0OOC0»0 lO 1 1 1 1 1(2 
SScoioCO O C0i>O»CJ>C0 lO CO 
Qf •'^ •'^ Of CO lOi-IkO -^ --1 
^ CO C^ 1-1 


SJBioqog JO •OK aSBJaAV 


»«oc^koj> ^ 1-1(7100 Q0OC0C2 go o 
cocococoi-i 1 c^ 1 oic^r-i ii-tco'^co I a > ■ > ■^ 


•;da:q 
sq^nora jo a^tiSaaSSy 


1> 1— 1 i>» 

'"lOOiQO '(7{ 'COWOiCOi-li-io'o ' ' ' ' 'OJ 
1—1 CO 00 1—1 CO (7! rH 

1—1 


•Biooqog -raoo Saojoad 
0^ !)d85i siooqag puis 
'siooqog apAU J 'sainia 
-p^ay -dioouian jo ojvi: 


(?<i-IC0CO'* ,1-1 , C<f OJ 00 f-< 1-1 1-1 kO OJ , lO , , , '^ 


-non 
-mi joj piBd a^-eSajSSy 


#100 00 

1740 00 
5000 00 

808 00 
1000 00 

1045 00 


•sj^ioqag JO 'ojii sS-BjaAy 


O IC ifl lO O 1> 
iCOl 1 1 1 1 I'^fiOii 1 1 i-^GOiOi 1 1 


•i)dayi 
sqgiioui JO aquSajS^y 


1—1 

>C0' ' ' ' ' ',-^'l-t' ' ' 'o'rH'-H' ' ' 
r-( rH 1— 1 1— 1 r-l 


•sairaapBoy 
paj-gjodiooni jo jaqtnn^ 


11— (i 1 1 1 1 ii—lii— li 1 1 11— li— lii-^i 1 1 


•siooqag onqna joj pa? 
-nqjunoa 'iuBji '[anj 
pais' pjBoq JO 'junoray 


#75 00 
30 00 


•lanj 
puB piBoq 'sjaqoBag jo 
saSBAV aqg jf|uo Snipnp 
-ai '»'[ooqag jo 'gaod 
-dns aq^ aoj saxB^ iq 
pasiBJ Xaaocajo ijunoiny 


OOOOOOOOCOOOOO(7JOOOOOOOO 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOrtOOOOOOOO 

oooooooooioooo-^oooooooo 

OOOOOOOO'^omOO'^OOOOOOl^O 

oajcooo»0':tii^cocMoa>'oioioiraocooic\f»oicci 

1— < 1— < CT Qo~ -^^^ CM 1—1 CO 1—1 1—1 1—1 Oi 


Ed 


•qgnota 
lad pjBoq JO 
aniBA aSBjaAy 


io^,*^(X)00ocoaoiraQOOoJCii>i— ij>i— ic^^'-H 
^*oo^t>.co•^ooor-lool^«o^c^{ooa)'*Cicoco<7{c^^ 

mo©inwioaoiociOooocoioici>.wiccoi>oi:o 


•pjBoq JO an 
-|BA Snipniout 
'■qgra jad piBii 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 


m-^OOi— IJ>000»Ci— (J>Oii— ICikC(??J>»CiCiJ>>OCO 

S^^.J>^'^oo'*l-^QOQOlO(Mc^^QOOcococoooo 

C^Cv?ir5COC^OJ^C>JCO'*OCTCOO(??C5rH^XOrHCO^ 
^rtr-lrt^rtrHi-HCMi— (CMi— IrHi— (1— li-<i-lr-ti— iCTi— li-l 


1 


•q^noni 
aad piBoq jo 
aiq^A aSBiBAy 


OOLOOlOOl>.OOOOOOC^i>.Ot>;t>.3<QOOOCO 
OJJ>lC(MOCOOOi-(OOOOlCOOCD(X>'*i>OOCO 

05^00050it>.'^Ol>.00';i<OOOOOOt>.05i>aOJ>i— lOOi 
1^ 1—1 r-l i—( 1—1 1-^1—1 


•pjBoq JO an 
-^BA Smpnpai 
'■q'jta ja'd pred 
esSviA. aSBJaAy 


QOOVCmOCOCOOCOOOt^'^lOCOi— i-^C?SJ^SP^ 
t^lOCvJt^OCOOOi— lOOC0'*CVQ0-i(7fCTC^l>OJ>. 

ou:)OjOicoi-HOcooii^io»oGico«;>5coi-ii-i3;coc2 

COC^COOJCvJCOOCOiXTit^OJCOCOC^COCTCOCO'^COCO 




O 





SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XI 



I I I I I I 



I I I I I I I I I I I I I 



' '^ 



i-l I , (NO I 

1— I 1— t CO 

»-l CO 



o 
I o 



I I I I I I I I I I I S S ' 

o o 



O I O 1— I o 
O O (>? lO 

i-H CO 



lOCT i»CC0OOrHO lO I 
t>. OJ T-H CO O O GO O -^ 



O t>. 1-H T— I o •«*•<* o o o 

c^co icooj-^CTcoco irH isr? 



1— I l-H OJ 

l>?0 't>.*<MO'r-lir5CC> 'Tt< 'CO 



1— I 1— I I— I CO 



CO 



c:r-^T^<^JIOt^ ,co .'-H 



Cfi— I ,-<*i— li-Hi— Ir-ICO ,c<f ,i> 



I I O I I I I I I I I I O I I I I I 

o o 

m to 



§ ■ '8 

CO 00 



I I — > I I I 



o ' 



I I I I I I I ,,~ I I I I 



* ' o 



!^' 



o?ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

C^OOOOOOOir5OC5OOOOOOOOOOC0OO»0O 

C-jOOOOOOOC^JOO'— linOO-^OOOOOOOOOlOOJO 
Tf<OC0'"-DOOOOCji>l000i-Ht>.l>t^OQ0»n000i'X)OO<0O 
^CO ^HCOi— lT)<i— (CT COi-Hf-^ t— I COOJ C^rHi— I CO 

CO 



oocococioocr. OTcoi^Qocoi^oooocoaooooi^oor-i 

OOOiCOOmOLCi^COO-^COr-tOCOCO-r^rHOOOmOtMCO 

00i>l0CiC0l>lC^L'^Ot>.';DC0C0C0»ClCkrt':000C01>l0i©lrtl> 



pOQOiC(r?>CCTOCOO?COCOOOiOiCCOCOOl^OOOJOOO 
t'.COClrtiQO'— iQOOO^O^lCCOOCOOiCOQO^OOCOOOO 

OQ0C0C0l0»r5C^lC-*(Ml0C0t^C0-^C0'-H(rJl^0iJ>.OCTl«000: 
CTi— IrHi— li— (i-Hi— (1— li— li— It— li— IrHi-Hi— trHi— li— li— li— It— IrHi— (rHi-Hr-l 



OC0CiOt>.(M!C0OC0OC0OOOOO»r5OOOOOOOOO 
OCOOOi-lCOCOlOCOlOOOOOLOrtCOCTC^IOOODOC^J-^C^irj 

COi— IOOOOOiOt>.OOQOQOOO<MlN.oOOOl>.t>.T-lr}<QOOb.0500'— I 
I— It— (l— It— I ,Hi— It— I l— (l— li— I i— ( 



COCO-^COCOOOOOi-hiOOOOICCOCTt— IfMOOCOOOCOQOOJ 

oooCTcococi-^-H^QOi/5ooaDC*i>r>.'*Qooooi>.o?030 

C0C0C0'X>C0C0(MC0C0(?J'*»O'^(?»C0OJ(?J(?«TtlCC0C0OJC0^'* 



bo 



^J. (1> 






bD 

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t^> 



be 

•3 C g S 



he 

13 












im 



WORCESTER COUNTY 



'^Oii-HrH ,kOWi#(r? .(TJO? , C^ -^t (7? ^ i-H 1^3 rji Irt Tjl W 
I— < r-l I— I 



oocococoooocoi-u>.ffO'*QOJ>Qo:oj>:ooii>.o<>fao35 



coco-^JNico?i>.icoco':oo!>.ooi>j>irjoi-HCO'^(rjo 



a fi 



32b JO SJBa^C ffi J9A0 'O^ 



■lootjog pna) 
-^B oqAi aSv, JO sana.t 
^ J9pun suosaad jo -ofj 



^-i ^-4 ^^ *^ |^> z^*} w-J (^) M^ ^4H «w rvY ^H r\t 



<TiC<l 



sS'e JO s.iTjait g^ puB f. 
aaaM^aq snosjad jo -o^ 



C5'*OCi:>Tt<t^Ci:OGO<r)rHt^'^lOOiOJQDOO^O-<*Oi 

I— I 






■^ fa's 
? a ° 






t« 



rf<-^rH»ci-iinCTi-HCOcor-4co(rJt>-wx)ccicO"*'*oo:i'^ 



1— lOlOCOCTOJt^CiCVJt^OiO-^I^lCGOGOQOOSr-HQO-^-^ 

cccoI-Hrtr-lr}^r-nH(^Jc^^r-l(^^^0(^{lC(^J(7^cccoco^op^ 



1— H 



a) J3 
•m fcCO 

o ca CO 



J>Tt<i— I^CvJi— lOiJ>.,— ii^OOJQOOOmi-HCOOJlCCTTOO© 



•Biooqog onqn,! jo -Ofj 



cow-^ooioi-HQoicocoyjoi 



'^ODC^OM-^t^Oii-l 



1 w < 



IC (?? OJ t^ C5 
CO J> i>.'^ i^ 

ITQ^« C0^C5^T-H_ 

1— I '*! 00 <r) Oi 

•^ CO 1-1 Oi ^. 



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■<* c<? o cc 



1-H \fi I 

00 00 ( 
I— I Gi.( 



CO --I 
00 Ci 

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O CO 
00 -^ 



O 00 

CO 00 
CO CO 
00 GO 

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CO 00 



m CO l^ 00 1— I OJ ■<* 

C5 1^ o m CO o oi 

rH 00 Ci^^^ 00 Oi,(N 

in ic od" rH oT iCcc" 
ci o> o? rH in 00 o 

Id Tt< IC -^ •^ CO cc 



Sir^Sn^SS sp b» {>? i> rH j> c^ TjH o CO oi 1-H -^ ^ 05 1^ oi 

iSSSiPSP 00 Ci J> rH Oi rH in O CO'* 00 l^ j>. 00 rH O CO 

^^^&;*^ ,rHi>-^rHCOCOCOCOCTOit^»n001>OJ>0 



<< 



piiMHilllillllliii 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



xiu 



tCiCO^Oi^Ci-^n'^Ci'^Ci ,-^0001 ,CC^TtiOlOO?ini>»C«(??WCO«5'-lCO 


i 


OiXirH»rtiLoio';o<riirt«'*t^'*Oi-HCOi>«t^i>cx)a>OiC5r>.i«iO'*oocs^i>oji^ 

1— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 


s 

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iC 






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coco 



cooci— ^CiQocc>'-Hr^co'*Ciix>o5oaooo>oicr^co^icci'*o>iO'*i— I'-hcj'T! 



^>^ UJ "^ Ui 'JU ^^-^ T^ 1^ (iV ^^ Wi *<U (-V ^^ 'JU '^ G^' *^ IfJ I'* VJ ^l-J it; -^j -tt vr l[J '^TT ^^ 1— I W.* '-.^ 






t>. — 



IWO ,C0 ,Tf<T^Tt(MOi-IOOaO-<*«500'Ht>.r}<00 ,C5Ol>CC00O0JW00 0JO 
t— 1(^ 1— IrHr- Ir-li— IrH i— I i— (t— ((MrH^ll— ll— I rHl— (rHi— ( 1— ICTb» 



i>»W'*i>'^coo5rHicco^oaor^-<*coO'^coi>»X-'Or>.oaoaOTf>r5rHOO'0^-^ 
(^^oco^c^>.(^:)l^•^coGOcoO'-HOT-H■^oool^3:!'*ooT}<(7J(^J(^r~^-^•oc^. 00^-^1— I 

05 



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r^oscocii^'toi— iTti^oi>.ir:-^oo»rtcoQo^iciowcC'-<ooooD''i'OGOoJcooi>»n 

in 1— I O CO ^ CO CD '^ O 1-H O O) CO O TO CO lO CO CO O CC CT CO ^ l^ '^ 'X "J t^ '42 i^ CC >0 1—1 
TOC0l^-^0{TOTO'*rom(M'*C^-rf»0TOTOC^OlClrtOlCiC'*-^TOTO'*TOG^irt»^l^ 



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t^05CTOCOQOCOOlO'*r^'*-^OOJCOOOC^TOOt^r-*kOOCT'-H'^Ol>.COOlCTO-3' 

•>*aico»ccoic»ncoaicoCTC*aoi— ii^ioqoc^ooocococotot— iocotocO'-hctoj'^o 

CvJrHlC^rHC^TOTOrHTti— ITOr- ICOTOtTJi— IC^ICTOTO'^-^'^CO-^TOTOCOCOC^ ^l,"^ 00 



f— I ^ 
CO S 



§5 



aOTOJ>l>.OQOJ>COt>»'-HlC'*r-(TOTOmt>.TOl>.COTOOlOOCTTOOOOTOOi 
Q0TO0OO<TOl>-COC>JOJCii— li>.QO>C^-rJHOCiTOC\JCOC^minCTi>OiraQOC5 

COCOOOOC<JOJ-<*OrH,— IGOl^(??0^'*CiCT(rjr-(TO'*lCQOWr-lCTT^O'*CO 
00 Oi i-H CO l>. ir^ 1-'^ O •^ O l>. O X; CO ^H X -* O C") O TO C^' TO "* G^ J>> TO "^ C' O? 
TO kC (?» -^ l^ C^' O CO TO C^( TO "-0 X 1-^ TO iC^ ~ TO O TO O CO C^ 00 TO CO X' O O t^ 



TO TO ■<* 
X X O 

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l>r!> CO 

in m Ci 

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o}-^TO^CTxa5iox<Mo»co^t^t>.Oi-Hir5rH-^t^icococO'^OTOxr^ 

t^(r>t^l^lO'*-*XTO'*J>t^rH--f<OCOX'^TOO'^Ot^t^COOCjOiCX 
Cvj»ni^'-^l^OJ'*'^Oi>COt>.OiTOCOOf-^^OCOCOOTOl^-*OCT'^CO^ 
1-HTOi— tO! I— li— li— li— li-H I— 1 T— (1— li— li— IrHCQl— <f-h5VJC^^Hi— <C^i— ir-Hr-(l— 1 


•<* »0 C5 
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TO 

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WORCESTER COUNTY 



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rH I— 1 i-H 


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COM'*i>lOCTJ>lftOCOCOOJ>001>l>0»OT-lW^CTO 

1— ll—l I— 1 I— ( l-Hi— 1 rH I— I I— (i-Ht— (1— 11— li-Hi— IrH 


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1 1 

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C0CCrHlOrHTOC^rHO{-^rH<MOJt^rHmC0CCC<fC0>OCCC^ 


1001133 p 

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JO sJDa.t 
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lOCTiX><^C5rHOJ>'*C5'*C:)'^mrH-<*QOrHC.)C\JrHJ>lf: 
TjlT^rHlCrHlC«!-<C0C0rHTO(7jr^C0C0CC«^^OC0'* 


rH050<r>c^?(^J^>0(^}l^a)O^J>WQOQOQoa5rHao'#-* 

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TOCOrHrfrH-rPr--. rH(7JO;rHCTrH»nCTlOCTC\{CCTO0tC0C0 


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l^-^rHrHlTJi-fSit^rHCOtNQOOOlCrHOOCTlOWCOOCO 
■<*'!trH»/:rHCCO?T-<C0C0rHCC!C^00C0':OC0CCiC0TOinC0'* 


•gjooqog one 


ina JO -0^ 


COlOrt^OOlOrHOOlCOCOCOOl^OCOOOC^OCC^i^OirH 
rHrH rH ^^. i—^r^ r^ Ol r-i r-i r^ r-^ rn t-H r^ 


a 


1 

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OCTCOGO"* C0i>0i'*CC0Jinm>n'!t<O'*Q0mOC0CC' 
CTOmC^i-^ rH»COOJ>QO^'*COCO'*^Cil>>incoa: 

kC C>J W l^ C5 rH IC OJ O CC rH O CO O 00 IC CC t^ 00 rH CTTt< 
TO JC^ t^ -^ 1> 00 00 OJ Oi 00 CH> 00 CO 00 Ci J> O ^ CO krj 05 
OJ^COCO^Cj^rH^ ' rH^ CJ^ 00^ CO^ OJ^ Oi^ OO^CO^ CO rH^ 00^ 05^^^ 00 Oj^C^ 

rH^OOCOCi O'TflC(MrHi>-^(7J'*OGiC^>0J'-HmQ0O 

•^ m ^ a '-•■ •<* ss> CO CO rH lo -^ i> CO 00 ic Tt< ic "^ -^ CO CO 


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'^;z?52r:;J2 co!:^c>jj>rHi^c^-<*ocoairH'*'!)<c3it^oi 

ICCi-^lOCO 00 Oi i> rH 05 rH in O CO^ 00 r^ t^ 00 rH O CO 

colnco^-^> ,rHi>TtrHCocococo(Ma)i>>nooi>oi^o 






C 

i 







SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



Xlll 



,wcol«(^?^(?^Tfco^<^)co(M ,-<*oooj ,co^Tj<icicc?ini^inco<??(?Jco*>ci-ioo 



a3COi-iicicm:oo»Ai©'^j>'*oi-Hcoi>^t^i>.oooia50it^if5m'^ooco-^t>.c>jt>» 

i-H rH 1—1 I— I 1-H 



OOCOCOOl^COC50t>.Olf5COt>.OCOO>l>'«OiOOCOCOOOiCTWaOC5aOCOCOO>C2 
rHi— I r— IrHi-Hr^i-H i— It— li-Hi— It— (>— It— I I— It-H'^ 



r^l^Jjl^COJ>.'^l^C005i-<i?^mi>OC5»-l3iCiOOClC01>C5C^"<*'*CO— ICOt— i^COOO 

'*co~-iCTticoinO'^cocot>-comt>.T}<'*co^micQOQO'*ioi>cc-oiOTt"'^<^t>.^- 

CM 



§5| 



5S " 



TfcocooowoD'Oi-ioJO?t>.oomi-it>.ai«oo'-Oooco'0'*oji>icorH<-oc50c03;i^ 
c^JC^co(^^OJr-^(^^cooJCO'-lcOl-lCoco(?^oJT-^co(7»co^coc*(^^cococo(^J'-lCTCOcolC 



COCOOCi-HC300COi-(l^COrt<CiCOCOOOOOC^»Oml^COtOmC:'*^?lO-«t'-lrjCjCO 
CJ'HC0C^CTi-lO<C0CTC0T-iC0'-<(7!C0Olr-(C^C0C0(?{C0lCC^C>JC0C0C0OIC^OJC0C0OJ 



W -6 



1> - 



mco'>*(M3icO'-^->*iOrH— io^j>c*i^ooc^Cico-H , cocoi^t^moo'oomo 
mcomi— loiioco''*^^'— ico'^ccoi-^c^coc^'^ioic 'i>.co^jo mcor-i':*cct^ 



^ 



-o 

CO c 

t^ - 

— ■ 3 

i^ '-5 

§ I 



1-1 .2 
-^ ^ 

t^ S 

CO fi. 

CO P 



1-^inZO CO , ^ -^ -^ (M O T-l 00 CO -Tt* I© 00 1-1 N. -^ O O , CO CO t^CO OO OOT WOOOJ o 
1— iCvt I— li— li— li— li— li— I I— I I— li— ICTi— li— li— li— I p^i— ii-^i— I 1— lC^J> 



l>.C0'*t^-^C005rHlC00OO00l^-^C0O'*C0t^^Ol>.O00Q0-*mrHOOC0FHTt 

o?ocomt>.coi^tooaocoorHOi-i'*OGoi^55Tt*x>'*(>K?Jcojj^;oajOO-^-*:-] 
cocococof^co-^-^c^ini— i-^c^-^-^co-^c^cc-^-^iomio-^mcoin-^coc^oicoj 

CO 



•^ CO CO in CO lo 
o ^ i^ "* t^ crs 
coc^fin CO 



OCTCOi-iT-^CTCT-^COt^COOasOCOCTCROOC^COCOCO^COCTl^OCOOOOO^in 

o-*in'*i'-Hoinoocoo»ot>.inxiF-ii— ico'^"-o-Hccin^corfCiC"j»noocooo-^c^rH 
c^rH■<*cO'-lOJ(^^c^{r-lco1-l(^^1-l(^^co(?J!^^1-lcoco;McococooJ(^^c^(^l(^J<^?'-^cocoao 



.OiCoo^i^cDi— (Tfrfoi^in-^Qomcoooi— iininco^'^ooooDcooooCTOOtiin 
i'-<oco^^cococoor-HO'?>?coococoinccccoco!?>JCO'Hi>'^oocoi>-cor>.coin'H 



i>.S5(Nocooocoo>n-rt<i^'!*'^0(?jcooo(7Jcooj:^^ino(r)i-H-rfor^cooinco^ 
_ -- _ .- . - — ~ ■" "~ "^' 00 1— 1 1>« in 00 CT o 00 CO' CO CO CO ^H o CO CO CO T^ oj on -^ o 



CO S 



rioo-<*or^i>OiOODi-ico-*i>.OTti-ioicocoo(MTf<coo(?j(??c^i^Ciooi>cococo 

1— ll— 1 1—1 I— 1 1—1 1— ll— ll— 1 1— IrH^^l— !l— (1— li— (1— II-H I— It— ICO 


1 


-a 


oocot^i^oaot^cor^T^in-^i-fcocomr^coj^cocooinoCTPOOaocooi 
oocoaooJcoi^col?Q(^^c^1-lt^oolnrf■^lncJCO(^{co!^)lnlnoJl>olnoo5i 

C0C0OC0CT0J'*Oi-li-l00t^CT0i'*d0?CTrHC0-*in00ini-l(7Jrt<O'*C0 

Qoaii-icoi^inino'-t<oi^oooco^ao'*os^?oco3vco'*s^t^w-f^-0» 

COin(^J'^t^CTOCOCOC*COCOOOrtCOCTOiCOOCOOCO(MOOCO<»OOOOJ>. 

cf t>r go" co' >n" ^<^ ^" c^" Tf cT t>r -!f in ^' co" c^T 5^" co" co" o" c-r o" rn" -T ^>^ co" ^" ^»'" o" in" 
^^^^rjococ-wOnoo^in-^aot^coofCTCjin'aii^^i-Hoooic^jTfooco'-o 
■^ co^-^ incocoCT'*c>i^rH^c^tTf-<*'*c>?in'*Tf<coi>incot>.'5}'r}<'^co 


457,983 33 

457,783 81 

3,696,004 84 


CO 

o 

00 

co^ 

1—1 
CO 

!5 


3 

3 
> 

■a 
a 
cS 

c 
o 


o}t^coi-iCToo05inao(r?oino5i^j>.Oi-iini— irtiN-inoco^-^ocoGOJ^ 
t^«i^t^>n'*^QDCO'*i^t>.i— i^cocoQc^coo-^or^i^coociomoo 
(rnni^^i>c'?-^^ot^cor^OiCOcoc*^^ococoocot^'*OCT'tcorH 

f-JCO^HC^ 1— <i— ll— It— ll— ( 1— t 1— ll— ll— ll— lrH(7li— l-H?lC^rHrHC^i— '-MrH^H 


in-* j> 
Tt in C5 

i-i 1— 1 1^ 


I 

o 



' i- O tH O 









o 5. 



kT be a? 
bs &) 

s 






-° -2 o S g c U c ^ 



-P o 



>- != 



j^gg;z;;z;^!2;OOPL,(aHAHPHrtP^a!M5ca2a2a2!KE-it3Di>l> 



^c2 

MJ C "^ 



a> (u 0) 



XIV 



WORCESTER COUNTY 



•sjootiog 
o? paiBUdojddB anna 
-Aaji snjdjng jo araooni 



•aniBg raoij ainooni 



spmi J |BDOi JO ?unomy 



•nop 
-mi joj piBd 9'ivSai33y 



SJBioqog JO -OK aSBMAy 



•^da^i 
sqjuota JO a}t!3aj33y 



■siooqog -0100 Snoiojd 
0? 3da>i siooqog puB 
'siooqag a^uAijj 'sainia 
-pi30V 'djooninn jo -o^j 



•nop 
-mx aoj pred s^vSaiSSy 



sjB[oqog jo -0^ aSBjaAV 



•?da:q 
sq^nora jo a^BSaoSSy 



•saitnapBoy 
pa^BJo Jjoonr jb jaquinjsi 






I O I 

in 



O 
O 

Oi 



o 

o 



coo 

CO o 
COrH 



O O CO o o o 

i'^ "^ CO in CO CO 
^ coco 



?3 



-^ Ci CN I o 
C^ CO 1-1 o 



t^ T}< rH Tf Oi'^^ r-l O 

O Oi I— I 1—1 lO o •* 



"* rt< CO OJ C? CO 



lOCOO 'O 'OJCOCOCO 'cO-^00 'co^ 
i-l -rj^ C^ CO 1-1 



rHOfWi-lr-IC? iCTCTCO ,1-1 ,COOJ00i-l .COCOi-i ,Oi-l 



I I I I I O I 



I I I I O O I I 

■^ o 



I I I I I I 



I I I I 



' o? 



•siooqog oiiqn^ joj pa^ 
-nquinoa "jfnB ji 'lanj 
pnu pjBoq JO iunoniy 



' O CO o o ' o 

1—1 CO CO O 00 



•lanj 
poB pjBoq 'siaqoBaj jo 
saSBAi aq? Xino Saipnp 
-m 'siooqag jo qiod 
-dng aq^ joj gax^j Xq 
pasiBJ ^auom jo junomy 



OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO^HOOOOOOOO 

oooooocooooooooooooooooooo 

OOOOOJ^i— lOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO 
OOOOOOOCiOOOOOOOOCSOOOOOCOOO 
0}CTlOOOkOl>.OmOC>J'*C*OO^QOJ>C<?-^0(?}C>?^C>iC5 
1^1— I 1—1 I— (i-H 1— I I— t Ol ,-|i— (t— li— IrHCOr-Hi— I 



•qjnoni 
jad pj-Boq JO 
aniBA aSBjaAy 



kOCO"*-^Or-ICOOCOOOCOCOi— l-^Or^. COGOi— li-IC0COTHt>. 



•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Snipnxani 
'•qim jad pred 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 



CiOOO?OGO^O?i— iO0DJ>C00iCjQ0C5O»OC0'^C0C0C0 
CX)lC"*i— l(>?'*'*COCiOJ>CO-^'— l^CVJ^mcOCO'^GOaO-^ 

1— l(MrJ<'!t*'-('*O»CC0'— lr-IU:>OtWC0inC0C?Tj<CTmCiJC0i-H 
1— Ji— li— IrHrHi— li—li— IrHrHi— IrHi— li— lr-(i— li— ll— li— li— (I— li— Ir-li— I 



•qinotn 
jad pxBoq JO 
aniBA aSBjaAy 



:5P£22£2SQ55'^^'^<^'i^'''oocoQOi-ioooioco-^ 
iomcocociriaooocoocor-ico(McoocoG^i>i— it^CTco-^ 

^CO i>COCOi>OiOOi>.COOCOCOaOCDQOCOQOJ>COOOJ>001> 



•pjBoq JO an 
-IBA Snipnpni 
'•q?ni jad pred 
saSBAk. aSBjaAy 



^2SSS2'525''5o<x)ioQoiocooo^inoocoi«-^ 

I— lxn)OCT-^lCOOC0i>i— ICTOit^rHOirjOSGOi— IOC0>0'<!ti 

5S3SSSfcSS2JS^WT-iiO(rjC5r-iCiir5GOO'>iCi-icooco 



us 



-2 - 



be 



oj airs'© o'jinC ^ O S.-ti cd S.rt.ed 



bD 



>^ o 2 






0) M 



CD ■^ ^ TO ViJ ^— I U O ?-( i-tn P^ >— ' ^-'-;— |CO fc-i'.w ww ^ ^ CTI'gjjI? 



s S 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XT 



127 49 


. . 


. . 1 . 1 . . . 1 


.......... 


■ ' 


^ 


1 1 .... 1 . 1 


8 


90 00 
24 00 


120 00 
247 00 


o 
o 

. o 

CO 


C3 


1 . . 1 . . . . 1 




1500 00 
400 00 


2000 00 
4469 69 


o 

o 

. o 


o 

CO 

1—1 


ooooot>.oo 
inmoooooo 

CJ 00 O Tf m CC (?J o , 

6> CO (M '^ i^ m CO o 

OJO^i-^r-liOi-HOfrH 


95 00 
179 00 


ooooooooo 
ooinoinoooo 

COCOt^OiC^OrHOCO 

CO Oi Of O? (Ml GO 00 r-H O 

1—. 1—1 CO O! 1—1 CO 1—1 


ooooinc-jooo 

OOOOi— lOOOO 

, J^OOOQO-^l^^OO 
OOCOO'^.-li— lOJl^O 
i-(i-IOO(?J'*'*OiCfCO 


o 
o 

1 i^ 

1—1 


1-H 
CO 

in" 

1—1 


CC^lSw^^OJTO . 


?§g . 


oot>.in^inc;}Q0;-| 

COCOOJOff^fCOCOOJCO 


OOCir-lint>.i— lOO 

. cocoinco(rjc^c^coo 

0{ 


1 1—1 


in 

CO 


ooiococoooj>w ' 

rH 1—1 1—1 


2.21 
5.14 


cocococoinc5i>t^t^ 

I— 1 1—1 


' 1— iin(Oicooocooo 

1—1 1— 1 1— 1 0{ 1— ( rH 


1— 1 

' in 


I— ( 
1—1 

00 
CO 


0{ J> 1-* 1— 1 •<* l> OJ rH , 


^eo , 


(?ji-ico'^cO'*cocoin 


, COOJi— li— li-<OOii-li— 1 
1—1 


. ^ 


00 

1—1 


200 00 
1320 00 


o 

CO 

o 


... 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 ...... 1 1 . 1 ..... 1 . 1 .. 1 in 


r-t 

in 


... 1 .... 1 1 ........... 1 1 . 1 ... 1 1 . ^ 2 


CO 




m 


20 00 
12 00 




15 00 
12 06 

68 00 


52 00 

40 00 
22 00 


O 
O 


1—1 
in 


opooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
ooinoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
co'*c^aoaooon-^'*co<r*cooc^ooaiaoc<ocooooc5cvjoc^c^cicic<»in(ro 

T— ItH i-ni— I 1—1 1—1 1— (1— ( 1— ir-li— li— IrHi— I i—li— li— It— 1 i— li— Ij^ 

I— ( 


CO 

00 
CO 

irT 


eoojrHcocoincO'^^s<?'*c?i-HinLn-^OjrH:vji— lOJo^cocomminTOi— iCTt^co 
oooininQOin<riCJCimrtQOt^ooin'*ooin~. o{i>-rt<coincoo^-^OTf*ini-ii>. 

•<*coinininininrriininin-^-<*'^inininin'*corj<inininincoincocoinincot>. 


CO 

m 
in 


coofSv»i>.Oii— iin'*i>.j>.o-^i-i-^oaocoQOi>.ooj(M!i— ii— icococot^coincocoin 
aioinoo?-^-^oc5cooin-<*r-HCOi>oorHt>.oi>i— icococ^jr-ii— itMomcococo 

CTLO-^OT-^-^cjCT-^cocoCTi— iCTcomW'#c^inco-*cocO'*'*-*'^-^cococooi 


CO 






OQOCO'#oi-^t^roinco^ini^'*'*OTOLnr^i:^co'*coCTcooininooc^corMO 
i>.coininc^i-ir-iin(Mcoi— it>-coin'^OQOcoincoin'^oocococot>.i— (t>.cococoo 

C0a000O00J>i>C0l^C0C0C0C0C0i>00l^C0C0t>.C0i>l>t>.C0C0t^001>C0t^i>O 

1—1 




0(r{cooot^oco1-^-^coln^:^alOO'*c:)lno(^<(^JQooJ(^^cooo(^^^^*r^Ciln 
c^i-iCicoocoini^'!}<i^oi>ojoc^i-iQot^oc;(r<oti>'*CiOininococococo 

C5CTi>coincoao-^Cicocoi>incor^oi^coinGO-*c:iOC5i-n>C5i-u>Qoi^ooGO 


S5 






5 be 



§vril|8iVgiiiiiiil 



^3 



^ff 



a> *3 •tp 









rough, 

oylston 

rookfiel( 


to 


s 
o 




^Mpq 


p 










C) 


f> 








Sh 


« O) a; 


0) 


• rH 


o 


^^^ 


^ 


^^ 



XVI 



HAMPSHIRE COUNTY 



tn 
PS 

n 

u 

-n 
o 

M 

n 
g 


1 




1 
fa 


CO 00 iO CO CV? CC <M lO CO 00 -^ k« Ci CO , CO , CO CO J> rH CO (M 


T— 1 


1 


i>rHioj>'*LOC^o{'^ir5coi:oi>oi>co»c<?Jicaocoicoi 


CO 
1—1 


s 

o 


1 

fa 


i-l-<*OOiCOQOW5J>J>OC005>Ot>.t>.J>.-^OaO'*t>.0^ 
1— Ir-ii— 1 1— 1 (?l i—li— li— IrH 


(M 

1—1 
(M 


1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-l < I I ■ > ■ i-l ■ I • 


(?» 


O 

HI 

1^ 

W 
H 
<! 

e 
w 
pj 
cs 

< 


»^ 
O 

o 
M 
u 

CO 

U 

B 


^1 


■^ ^H •^ I— I -^ J> rH i> •^ -* I— 1 l>» rH ^H T* t^ 1— 1 
i-lCTi-( (>J 1-1 (M rt 1-1 CM W CM ^ (M 

(M(^?'*l-^^'*l-^TJ3co(^ia50iOicoco^«Id'•odl-icJ3Goco 
aoo<:oi>'*^coocOGO^ini^^coTt*cMt^coci^iooo 

r-( 1—1 


1—1 
CO 


^ 1 
^ 1 


J> 1— 1 "^ J> t^ J>. rH i> T-H "^ 1—1 -^ ^H "!# 

_<M 1-1 (M (M 1-i CM i-((Mi-l 

oicOOir5o6rH(^!ir5cdrt-^i-(dcMCOL'5-*Ol^CO<McicM 
C0>OC0COi-lO{i-l(Mi-l'*iM00'a5CMi-<(:^i-IC0C>i-^(MCMC0 


in 

CO 


S 1" 

a « 
^ 1 


r-t r-( T^ I— 1 -^ 1—1 1—1 1—1-^ -^ •^ -^ 1— 1 J>. tH -^ 1> 
(MOJCT (M 1^ CM CM CM^ i-l rH i-l C^! _ (?* i-l 

C>jmTj<OlCCOQOQOGO^'*QOo6'^t^(MC<fOCOlCt^Gdi-H 
■^■^COCOOKM^S^rt-^CMiMQOCir-lCMi— l^CO'*G^C>{"ti 


o 

1—1 

CO 


bSe jo sivai 9x JSao ofii 


l0C0C0C0(Mi-HC0l0(MOlCCiOO'*C{(MC0'^iC^rt<O 
1— ICO CO CO 1— 1 (M 1—1 1—1 1—1 CO 1— 1 (M (M T-I"*i— Irt-^ 


^ 

-* 


•looijos pna) 

-?B OqM aSB JO SJB9i 

^ japan suosjad jo o^ 


rt< 1-1 rt O '^ CO CO O O J> , i^ C^ CO CO CT CM , IC ^ (M CO O 
1—1 CO 1—1 1—1 T— 1 1—1 0{ CT 


CO 
Ci 
I— I 


aSB JO 
uaaii? 


sjBai: 9X pn^ f 
aq snosjad jo ox 


Oi>'*'*OOCOCOOO^CO^i>OCOCOt^l^lCOOiJ>Oii-l 

oaiJ>-t^i—ioocoi— ii— lO^HOiQOi— iooi— iot^aoocoj>.i— 1 

i>CO<MC0(M(Mi-lC0(rJlO(Mi-li-l(M(MCM(MC0C<Q0T-IC0C0 
I— 1 


05 
00 


a 
1 


1 

a 

t3 


a 


TtCOCftCi0005QO»CCOX)1^0lCCrii-l-*OCD(MCO'*(Mr-l 
1— l-<*l>l0-*O00CiCji>OtX)C0C0'*02'*OC0i— iCOCiin 
lCOrH(MT-(OJ r-Hi— ICOC'ii— It^i-HlMi— IrHCOi-l^r-HCMCM 


00 

iO 

a 

CO 




oo-^coooQOi>.GOcjoot^co»ni>»rtoo<Moociaj':0'*i-H 

C0Ol^05'*i>00-*C0CiC0T-l(M'*t^l0OC0lC^OCMO 
CO'^i— li— li— (1— 1 T— li— l(Mi— l^^t>-nHi-^i— li— ((Mr— l-^i— (CM(M 


(M 

1—1 

1—1 


1 

o 
6 


3 

3 • 
2-3 

II 

am 

3 
o 


a 


0'*i«i^t^iC(Mini-irHi-(ici^i^^coaocoi7?ir:oTfo 

CiCOC0COl>'*rH(MC0mini— l(Ml^OCO!>J>COaOlCCO(M 
OO(MC0i-l<M^C^C^^iM(MOi-iC0(Mi-IC0tMOrHC0C0 
1—1 


00 


a . 

a 


CX)COkOCOOCOOO^COOi— i^!0(M'*(MfHOLOO(M»C'* 

^i>CMt^aooocoQo-^02'*Oi>(Mc:)(Mcoot^'*Oiao 

■^■^(MOJi— Idi— li— li— IC0r-^r^^^rH(Mr^^HC0C^JOr^(M(M 
1—1 


CO 


•stooi 


3S mv^i JO ON 


C000OOC0<X)in}^t>.C0t>-i-Hr^001>00^OCXDL0 8>r-<r^ 
1— li— li— (rH 1— (1— ICM 1— li— li— li— 1 


i 


d 
o 

1 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

ooooooooooooooooooooooo 

rHO(MOO»OOJ>COCii^'*QOl^'*lOOr^X)WOJ:^Oii— 1 

t^QOi-ii^cr5cocoacr^o;cx)(McocociCJCOco-^kccortL':) 

>* ^ rH O '*^'* 00 O QO^O^Cq^rH i— 1 O CO^CO O ^00 OO^O^rH^OO 

"^ co^ o~ ■*" r-T c^ 1-h" o" CO co~ cT ic" cT CO cT CO oo" ^ ic" ■*" LrT o" i>r 

»0C5O-^a0C0C0C0OCi"*O>Ot^C0O'*J>CC00C0-*O 
cp-^C>J(Mi-lO!^CMi^'*TtH(M 1-H^i-l 1-1 CM 1-1 cr? yrCO 1-1 CO 00 
"5©= i-T 


o 
o 

1—1 
CO 


<^ . 
P..2 


0'*cMt^i^cocO'r-iTf*cot>.oocoooa)t^oC5C:i> 

lOlCCOCOrHt^lCl^OirHCOi— llOkOki^rtaOOmOJLOOOi 
iCMOi— ICMJ>CilOCi00(»ait>.t^t>.O5Oii>-*i— lQ01>C0i— 1 
(MOJi— <r- 1 1— li— (CO I— (I— li— It— li— 1 


00 

cT 

CO 




0- 

c 






^2^ log- H ^'S & j^ ^^ ^ =5 fr S 'a 1° 


3" 

o 
Eh 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



xvii 



-Biooqog 
-A3}x gni'dang jo amoaui 


#113 75 

159 31 

146 98 







•aniBS taojj amooui 


#36 42 
186 41 
110 92 


CO 


spanj^ rBjoi JO nunoray 


#607 00 
3106 87 

1848 67 


i 

IC 


•noil 
-inx 10} p!«d ajuSaaaSy 


#1256 60 
16 00 
60 00 
90 00 

52 00 

70 00 
12 00 

14 00 

362 50 
60 00 

73 00 

278 00 

1023 70 
60 00 
92 00 
19 33 


CO 

l-H 

CO 


sjBioqog JO -0^ aSeiaxy 


t^ IC O O 00 O lO CO O -^ O CO CO O t>. 
COtMOJCO iCO iC^CO iCO i^(7J 1 .i-^CM i HZ Ci ^ , 


CO 


•}dax 
stpnoui JO a;T!3aj33v 


1— 1 rH 1— 1 (?{ C^ 1— 1 

CJr-^COCO'CO'COrH' 'xrtlO' '(n'q6'WC0O3C0 
1—1 Ol Ol 



1—1 
1— ( 


•siooqag -inoo 3noio.id 
0} ?da3| sjoonag piiB 
's[ooii3g ajBAUfj 'sauaa 
-puoy 'daoauiun jo o^^ 


lCC>?^Hr-l |0? ,r-<i— 1 .r-i ,1>.C0 , ,i— (rH , Ci r-^ Ci Ci 





•nop 
-mx Joj ptBd a:(B3aaS3v 


#950 00 
3400 00 

600 00 
675 00 

2760 00 
90 00 






00 


•sJTSioqog JO o^ aSBjaAy 


O O O lO o o 
OiiiOiiiilOiiCTiiiiCOCOiiii 


8 


sqjnoca jo a}'B3aa3;Sy 


•^ 

1-H I— ( r-( 1— 1 1—1 


I— 1 


•saimapBay 
pa^cjodjoaai jo aaqnmjj 


l~H...^^.. ..1— l..rHi...i— It— I1..1 


f^ 


■stooqog ojtqn^ joj psj 
-uqujuoa 'AuBjt '[aiij 
pau pjBoq JO innoiuy 


00000 0000 0000000 0000 

ooinoo 0000 >n in 0001^ 

OOOiOOCOt^ lOkClCO lOOOOCTi-^Or-l 1030--IC73 

T— li^O'^Oi Oi>Tf<C0 TtiOiOOJ-t^OO COOi-^'* 

(TiCOrrCO rr TtrlCvtrHOJr-lrH COCOO 




GO 
CO 


paB pjEoq 'sjoqaea^ jo 
sa3BAi aq') iCiuo Saipnta 
-in 'siooqog jo 'laod 
-dns aqj .loj saxBj Aq 
padtBJ iaaoin JO ^nnoiny 


00000000000000000000000 
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000^0000000000000000000 

ooo(>j»fJooiooomaiOooo!iooooiooo 
iO':fioao'«*J>coooi«coi>.^oco-=t»ocooi.':oTri^io 

rH r^ 1— 1 Tf ,_| ^ 




CO 
0" 




•q'jnora 
jad piBoq JO 
aniBA a3BaaAy 


OCTOL'5OC0Oi-fX-I>|i-iOl«OOOOOOO'*l0O 
QOlOOCVOQOOi— ICOC^Jt^OrtOOOOOOOOS'^'^O 


C3 


■paBoq JO an 
-XBi. Sutpniaui 
'q^ca jad piBii 
sa3BAi aSeaaAy 


Q0C^l0Q0C0'*C0OJ>Ol/^OrH(?JOOOCT1^0?a0O00 
COQOl^OQO^lCOOJ'g^Cii.^QOOlOCOCOOmCiGSCOCN 

COCTrt-^TfCTCNCO'-lCTCTCTO^CMOKMO^COCTOOJCO 
^ rt r-( rH rH rH rH r-l ,-H nH rt r^ r-< nH rHn-(i-ii-lrHr-ii-lrt 


1—1 




•q^nora 
jad pjBoq JO 
atqBA aSsjaAy 


COOO^OOOOl^CO'OOCOOOOOOOt^OOO 
CSOOr-HOOOOOD'— ICiOOCOOOOOlOOOOOO 

(X)CC>OO00OC0XCC^OOOG0O»0OOJ>.OTfOJ>O 


CO 


•pjBoq JO an 
-IBA Saipnpui 
'qjra jad piBii 
8a3BAi a^BJaAy 


aoc^iooo(>joi>.Oi>cO(^Jt^oot^i— toooiraooxi 
'^coaoooi^Oi>.Oi— loji-ioooocoooooioot^ 

oo'*CJT-^cooaiOioj'^i>oa30oci'— iojTj<0'*CiCOo 


CO 




in 

O 
Eh 


Amherst, 

Belchertown, 

Chesterfield, 

Cummington, 

Easthampton, 

Enfield, 

Goshen, 

Granby, 

Greenwich, 

Hadley, 

Hatfield, 

Middlefield, 

Nortliampton, 

Norwich, 

Pelhani, 

Plainfield, 

Prescott, 

South Hadley, 

Soutliampton, 

Ware, 

Westliampton, 

Williamsburg, 

Worthington, 


3 





XVIU 



HAMPDEN COUNTY 



s: 

u 

w 

Eh 
O 

n 
S 

15 




1 


(?« 1— 1 CO 1— 1 r-l 


m 

rH 


1 


J>GOJ>CX)OOCOCOCOCT'^Oi-|i»l>r-('^J>TjHCO 
rH 1— 1 tH 


1-\ 


g 

02 


1 


1— 1 I— 1 i-H CTJ 1—1 1—1 rH CO 1— 1 0{ 1— 1 






iiiTfiiiiiiCT'ilO''"'' 


T^ 
T^ 


O 

w . 

H to 

K o 
w o 

H ^ 

§^ 
C5 

CD 

<! 


^ 1 


rj< t^ •<!}< Tt< Tt 1— 1 "^ Tti •* -^ TJ< tS* 1> 

1—1 I— (I— 11— 10{ 1— ll— 11— ll— 1 I— (1—1 

CO 00 00 t^ j>.' T-M rH in" o in i> rjl ai (:vj cj ci CT in i-( 

OCOQOOiX!i7}QOCOr-(COOiCMi>0{COC>{inC50 
r^ Oi • r^ r^ i— 1 rH rH 


CO 


u 1 

3 ft 

a 

^ 1 


I— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 rH 

Oi(rjd'*oooin(M05^CTcocorHoi>c*coin 

'*C0C0OiC\irHT3<C0'^rHinrHC0<©(MrHi>CrjTi< 


CO 


it 


•^ T-K rj< rfi rH rH J> J> "^f 

■"! "^ ""1 "^ '^ ^ '"' 

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inCO^rHCOrHCOCOCOrH-^1— Irf^COrHrHGOOin 


in 

CO 


•jootiog pua^^B oqii 
bSb JO sJBai 9x -wAo -o^ 


OrHCTinCTCOOJOOOOCO-^OOOOCDCOOOCO 
C\i ■<* (Ti 1X7? rH (Tt rH rH rH Tji C^ J>. C^J rH CO CO -^ 


Ci 

m 
in 


•looqog pna? 
-^■B oqAt eS-B JO s.iBa-t 
^ Japan suosjad jo -o^ 


in :ooo oc?i>oo'*rt*QO in o , <>{ o? m c^ '^ 

rH 1— 11— 1 rHrHC\i r^ r^ ^ Oi Oi Q\ 




•HMO) aqi nt 
bSb jo sJB3jf 9x pae ^ 
u9aAi!)3q gnosjsd jo -o^ 


incooQooiOininrHoooCTcocooooCTCico 
OiOJ^Oi'^ocorHcvjGOcorHin-^coinco'^co 

CO ^ -^ !» CO rH CO CO in 00 rH CO rH rH rH Oi rH in 


CO 
rH 

o_ 

rH 
rH 


1 V 

^ w o 

§j.s| 


a 


corHCoinCT^coO'*coaoco^i>cooiooi'* 
inocot^oooj>cocoinooininooococ^QOCi 

(7!C0<M!OC\{ (riC\!<7J ^ OJ rf rH HD 1> CO 


o 

rH 


eg- 


^oc^c^in^oooiooi>.ini— iJ>-«*orj<oin^ 
■^OQO'*i>inaioa>'*0'*aoi^j>i>o{i:o^ 

CT CTJ r-H Oi rH rH C\{ (7i in rH C* in m CO 


1— 1 
CO 


No. of Scholars 

of aliases in all the 

Schools. 


a 

a 

1— ( 


inixiiX)'*oooo'*in'^co<r*o^coQoo?rHOiCT 
'^i>c^fCicoocoin^c»cocjrHinoj>'*oia5 

C0C0C0in(7Jr-iC0C0in Cg COrHrHrHQOCi'3^ 
r^ CM 


CO 
rH 




OiC^':Oi>Q005rHOiX)rHC:5rHCOQOQO<©C^OJOO 
O00ini>-rt<a5'*l>CvJt>.C0t>-inrH05rHO<:Dr)H 
C0O{C\iin<?< (7!(7^'* J> Olr^ rH 1> 00 tJh 
rH ffil 


CO 
00 


•siooqos onqn^ jo -0^ 


ffflO'^ooi-^rHocoinos'^Oit^cocooiaiin 

rHrHrHC^ rHrHrH rH ff* rHOirH 


0{ 


1 


ooo o o o o CO o o o o in o o o o o 
ooo o o o o 00 o o o o CO o o o m o 

rH O 05 CiCOCOO CO OO OrH rH CO in Ot^ CO 
inrH(7i GOCOl-IOil^OrHOirHrJlr-taSrHi— ICO 

o -Tt* !>_ 1 oq^j>^i> o t^rH^in CO "* rH ci^cvj^in co co 

j^Tco" rn" cTco'rH o"o"co"in"Qcri>'crj>rco cr'*~t>r 

Oj'Tf^ OOrHTj^l-^COaiClOjOSrHCO-^CSCOQO 
CO'*?^ C\JrHC0C0CO CD OJ CO rH rH 00 Oi CO 

^ co" 


rH 

i> 

CO 
Ol 

"^ 

od~ 

00 

(S 

7-{ 


"3 
P..2 

O ■" 

CM 


i> Oi (7! ^ CO O 00 1— 1 O C3 in "* m !> CO CO CO '* 

Gvj rH CO 1— 1 cv< i> CO in '^ CO in rH Qo CT 00 c* cv{ CO 

'^'^•CO .■^'^Cv!C\JrHi>rHC5CVJa5COCOincOOO 
^^T-^-r^ -r^ r-^-^^Q^ OJ ""^o" COCOrH 


CO 
CO 
CO 

CO 




o 




pqpqooOWh:;H:!g§p^p:5a!ai&H^^^^ 


'3 
o 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XIX 



•Bjooqag 
o'i psjBudojddB anna 
-A3JI snjdang JO anioDai 



■BUKs moii atnooai 



span j; \eo(yi jo ^rniotny 



•not J 



I I I I I I 



i; 



CO 00 



en CO 
CO in 
00 



i 



o o o 

»fl 1 00 -* 

00 CO, "-^^ 

IC 00 



t^-!* 

Z^ 



a 1 o 

i-H o 
CO '5P 



(TJ (?J Xi O >n VO 
1— I l^ '^ O 00 -^ 
1-1 CO C* CO 
CO 



^ 



SJ^lOtlOg JO -on 33BJ9AV 



•jdaii 
sqinota jo a^vSsiSSy 



siooqog -raof) Snojoid 
05 4dai( siooqog poB 
'sjooqag ajBAUj 'saira 
-apBov •daoaniun jo •o^j 



•non 
•mx joj pred aq'eSaaSav 



siBioqag jo 'o^sj aSejaAy 



in "!*< O? !>• l^- <M o in 

(M I I iCOtHCOWC^CT ir-l 



CO IC ' Oi ' 1-1 



CO t>^ ko "^ <?? w '2? ' 

^ 00 ^ OJ 



, i-l !>. , CO 



, "* CO C< 00 00 rH , Ci , 



rH O 
, O 1 ^ 

1-1 (?« 



•!ldai( 
sq?nom jo a)T!3aj3Sv 



•saiiuapuov 
paiwodjooni jo aaqranfj 



1-1 CT 

• o ' d 



■sJIooqog oiiqn,! JOj p«i 
-nqujuoa 'AuB jt '[anj 
puE pjBoq JO 4unoiav 



■lanj 
pan pjBoq 'siaqoBaj jo 
saSBAi aqi ^Cjno Snipnp 
-ni 'siooqog Jo ^Jod 
-cins aqj Joj saxu; iCq 
pasiBi iauoni jo ^unoniv 



•qinotn 
jad pjBoq JO 
anjBA aSejaAV 



•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA SaipniDui 
'•qjin jad pa-d 
saSBAi aSBjaAV 



in CO CO 
00 »n o 
CO 1-1 i>- 



oooomoooo 
ooooi>ooom 

in'*c*ot>.'-<coiO'-; 
coci-^iocO'OOQOt^in 

CO rHCT-rt<r-ii-lT-HkC 



o in o o o 
o c^ o o in 

00 CO "* O CO 

i> -rf in in o 

1-1 C\J CO 



00 i 

CO < 



ooooocoooooo 
oooooooooooo 



o o o o o o 
o o o o o o 



oooooooooooo 2S2S2S 
ooooooinmoooin ico^oooo 
OCToo^coc^c^cr. !^)'C0C2(^^ '-oco-*oi--. 



OCOCOrtOCTCOOCOO^COOOOOC^f;-^ 
0?ClQ0OOC0J>OCMO'*C0OinOOC0in!> 

ininincoininininminincocococoincoinin 



•qjnoni 
jad pjBoq JO 
anjBA aSBjaAV 



•pjEoq JO an 
-juA Snipnpni 
'■qqui jad pred 
saSBAA aSBjaAy 



rv> rH inooJc^co^co'*'*cocDooco>nj>.i>-90 

Oc5Sttin00Ol>i>^Q0C000i-l-*(7?r-^.-lO 

(rjo?rtino.-<co^r-(gCTCTrHCOcorH2CT;21 

^ 

o^oooCTCOt^inoojooi>.oincocojS 

JfCOOOOCOCOi-li-lOOOOOCOOC^CO-^CO 

cocooocicomt^cocococoooooi— icomcor^-t* 



inciOCiin'*aocoooco'*2i2^2&^S2S!i 
oocor-icoi>-oinaoirjo^ocMoooco'*in^ 

oco^Hoooioocococoi>''*<M(Mi— 'O5OiC02232 






* 









XX 



FRANKLIN COUNTY 



H 
O 






as 
w 
B 
u 

W 

H 

O 
PS 
M 

65 




i 

d 
i 


1— 1 I— 1 r- 1 


CO 
1— t 


1 


J> ^ (N "Tf* Oi OD (?! r-l CO ra t^ -^ !> CO ' J>. IC CO t^ i-H CO lO (N i> ' ■5l< 


1-^ 
1— t 


D 


•1 
Em 


'*cocoa5C£!i>-o(rjOi-Hi— iCiJ>»nco^c*■^o^^cooiC£lOTl^co 

I— i I— ( 1— 1 I— 1 I— 1 1— 1 ^H rH 1— 1 1— 1 T— 1 r-\ 


s 


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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ I 1 1 1 1 I I I I • ■ ' r ■ ■ ■ 


r-4 


O 

w . 

?^ o 
w o 

«^ 

H 
<! W 

W H 

O 

o 


^1 


CVJCli— Iffi 1— I]— lr-<^H{7JOJl— 1 CT 
COOi;dcOi-H'*l>C00500ci'*lC^lOJ>COl^OGOQOOlOQO'3Q 

co^^iOi-iOi-Hi-icoao«:io^cO'-ii>coi^»nTtioin^'*"*co 
1—1 1-1 1— i 




^ 1 


J>'^^i>. r-H t>. -^ -^ -^ J> ^ I* 1-1 1> r-l t* l>. 

1— 1 i-H CT 1— 1 rH T-i 1— 1 rH C^J CT 

a C3 (^? CO 'Tf 00 CO co" 00 Ci C3 ic d ic ai ira 00 00 ;^ 00 d ;-j ^° ^ CO 

CO 1— 1 S^ OJ iO ^ rH CO CT Oi G^? 1— 1 CO Oi CO CO 0? C<! Ot C« (7J CO rH 




S 1" 

a fi 
1 1 


i-( T:t< J>i-! ■* i>t^ !>'* 1>^J>-*J> 
C? 1-1 CT 1— 1 _ r-H ^ i-j _ 1-H 

^'r^'*QOl>idi-(CO^Oida5KOCiCOCTir5000'':J<CI5CO^^OrH 
■^(MOiOJiOincO CT-^COC^JCTt-i -^C0C0C^(rf'*(MC^OJi-lC^ 


1— t 

CO* 


•lOOTIDg pi 

aS'B JO sjuaif 9 


]; 19 AO -Ofj 


i>cooi0oo:ico ,coicj>c^?coo?c^ojctc5:hCTt-jcoco>«3;co 

CO rH rH "^ S^ ^ C^ ' i^ nH CO CT CO i-l r-l "* CO lO CO i-l (>! C^ CT C^ CT OJ 


1 


^ aapun snos 


•looqog 

BJOSJBaS 

led JO '0^ 


QOlOOlOOi>!>CTCOQOOQOCO<Mr-l»nCOCOOOG^J>COCO»n>C 
1-1 rH 1—1 1—1 1—1 1— 1 CT 1-1 1-1 1-1 1— 1 


i 


nt32BJOSJ'E3i 

aaaA^aq saos 


nAi05 aq:) 
Cgtpmjf 
jad JO -0^ 


oococoi^^rHS>crjir50iCTcooao03f-iS'5S5^ii92S'^S£* 
coQOooo^oc^JOlOr-^aooilC'^p^>^J^.CTl£5co;3coo^.^^• 

iCr^OfCOWO-^lOrHCTlCC^iOlC^OJ C0C0"*-*i-<C0!7iC^C«<?JC>{ 


§3 


1 » 

^1 




C0C0OC<?t^C0Oa5O00l^0ilCC0C0'*J>.i— lOOCOCOOCOCOOJ 

oc?i-iQocO'*cocoaDOCO^aococoooor>.coco^2)cocooos 

COC'JC^JC^f-^COCO 1— l^(MCTi-li— 1 C0OlC0'^rH{^!OJi-iO!r-lCV{ 


1— ( 




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COl^QOGO(XlC005!>'*^>GOt^U^C010COInC^l^CO!>^^CO'-^COCO 
Oi rt 1— 1 rH CO C\( 0{ 1—1 CO rH 1—1 rH 1—1 (^i (?* (M C* l— 1 i— 1 i-l i— 1 (7i I— 1 


o 

1— t 


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OCO'^QOCOi— IC00051— IOC0Q0-^G0i-<lCt>.Olf50i'^C0C0C000 

Qor^t^cocoo^ooocococoi-iJ>ai-*ooooiCit^cocor^co 

COG^C^COOTf^i-ltrjLOCOCTOl'N C0C0^iOl-^OJO{O{(^{C^!(?? 


CO 
CO 

00 


CO-^lOJ^COlOi— ICO'^CT<M'-^r-li-(COOIlOOi^COCTOGDt>.-^Cri 
COCO^'^CTC^t^asQOOCOOOit^i^Oi— lOCOCOi— li-IO^rHt^ 
COOJOJCT-^COCO 1— I'^CTCTi— lr-1 COCO'^COi— lOJ<7}i— lOir-ti-t 




•siooqog oi[c 


nj JO -0^ 


^COaOOaiOOCO(??COOi-ICit^O':t<CO<M^'*i>OOt^i-li-ICO 
1—1 I— li— li— li— 1 r— li— ( 1— (r— li— IrH i— li— 1 i— li— 1 


o 

CO 


K 


\ 


oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

l0C0-*i-(OQ0O»nC01rtI^rHC0t>.OCiC0C0Q0T+;'^'*05OlCJ> 
^CD'*'*OOmCT(X)a)f>.00-Hl>CllOOi-<t^GiO?'^lOi>OCOC^ 
OjOOOOii— l>^Ot^C0i-Hi— lOO-^QOl^QOCOOOCTrfCsOiCTrHt^Oi 

co"o"a^rH"o"(^^crf"Qo"o"rH"ln~»o"c^^o'rHl-H oroorcrioj>rco'~o'TO o" 

C>>i— IliOCMOJCTt^lCCOCOl^ClCOi^'^COCOCOQOlCmt^QOCOGOOJ 
COCTi— iO?-^^lO rHlOi— li— Ir-li— 1 OIO!^<?Ji— IC^ii— IrHCTrtCM 


8 

oo" 




a 


ooj'^r^T-iajOJO^oocoi^iraiotMiojinincoi— icoff?J>05i-(>rt(?j 

i-HClC00?i>OT-IOCilCt^051>C0C0»rtO!>OOC«00i-l!>l^J> 

coa50rHCi'#05coiN.j>a5Qoaococ^(rjcocoioi>.oa>j>oooo 
l-^^^l— (1— ll— 11— ( I— 1 ,_l,_l,_l^,_( ,_(,_( 


r-H 
GO 




IT 

C 
Eh 






o 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXI 



■siootpg 
on TpQ'iV.uioiMv, anua 
-A»ii snidang jo amoonx 



■auras incuj araoonj 



(MO ' •>* ' C« 
1— I t>. (M I-H 



CO ' O .-I 



span J J13307 JO ^nnoray 



CO'* 

r-l r— I 



O l^ 

(7{ 00 



O I o 

o o 

'* OJ 



oo 

O Ci 
lOCO 



-non 
-mx •loj VT^^ a^TjSajSSy 



1—1 1 , m 00 com 

lO lO Ci GO )> 

m= >-i (M 



o o 



J>.Oi O TfOO^rHCJC^JCiCOCO 
I— I C< I— I 1-H I— I 



si^ioqag JO -ojj aSBJaAy 



•jda:^ 
gq^nota jo a:)BSaj33y 



OJ rH 1-1 C^ (M (M 

'COrH 'COlCrHkC 'lCl>i-5-^(?JcO(?iTt<o6 



•s(ooiia>; -inoo Snoiojd 
05 gdai) s|ooqog paB 
'sjooqog ajiiAua 'saiin 
-ap'Bav 'djoauian jo -Ofi 



, CO I 



i-l CO rH CO , -^ CO 1-1 Ol 1-1 rH — I O? CO 



•UOIJ 

-inx 10} pred a^'ESaaSSy 



coc> 



sj^ioqag JO -o^ aSejaAy 



■?da^ 
stonora JO ai'ESajSSy 






' OJ 



' ^ 



•saitnaptiay 
paiBJodjooni jo jaqran^ 



00000000i-<0 

OOOOICOIOOCOO 



: 1— I CO 1— I c^i 



o o o o o o o 



o o o o o o o 

o o o o o o o 

OrHLOlC'^CO'-H iCTOOOl^lr^C^OOO iCOrHOOlCmCD 

lOkOCOCTi— il^'*! OJiOCOi— iCi^CiOii— lie mr\>^-!*r>*ir5nn 

■<*co <:^j>iooj (?j(M"'~' ... 



•sjooriog oiiqtid joj paj 
-nqu^noa 'Xu'BJ! 'pnj 
puB pjBoq JO ^nnoiny 



O IC in o o o o 



GO <?{ ^ "* C^J O 00 
CO 



ptre pjBoq 'sjaqaus:) jo 
sa3B4i aqj .Vjao Snipnp 
-n; 'siooqag jo ^.lod 
-dns aqi joj saxuj ;(q 
pasrea Xauorajo^unouiy 



OOOOOOC0OOOOOC0OC50JOOOOOOOOOO 

ooooO'ro'oioooo^Cjooioooooooioooio 

t^OCOCOOOOlOiM^LOlOOO'^COC^GOOOOGOLIXJin'Ot^-^CO 
3;& ^H rH 1—1 1—1 



•qinora 
lad pjBoq JO 
atquA aSBJBAy 



':OOl>J>Tj<0>i^O}(7>l'*t^O^OOOCOC5'HOGO'^OCOCi'-l 
>000»reoOJ>.i— IC^OOOOi— lOOOO'OCTOi— lOl-H-^CO-^ 

^co'*mmoioococo'*iCTticoiiticoiO'!*»0'*'*coicrj<-5tT(H 



•pjHoq JO an 
-JIBA auipnioni 
'•qjin jad ptijd 
saSBAi a^BjaAy 



rHO^OJOJo-^trjco-^^ocjcoCTcocooJc^^^o-HOOJC^ 



•qinora 
jad pjBoq JO 
an[BA aSBjaAV 



>« 00 lo CO CO CO t>. Oi o i^ in >o m CO co lo j> co -^ lo -^ t>. in 



•pjBoq JO an 
-Ii!A Suipnpui 
'■qira jad pred 
saSBAi aSBjaAy 



-*CTOO'*moocoi— lot^i— ICO 

T-l'*lOlC-*C^OOCOCirHCOOCO 



COCOCOOOi— lOOCO 

"^COCOl— lOrHTtO-^ 



S£sSG'^'^Si2stl'-0'^'-*^o '•^CTcomococjr^Oi '^ 
2? oj (^^(^^1-l1-l(^^co(^^(^^l-l(M(?J{^{ CTc^c^CTCTff^rHCTrH (M 




«^ i: c »jr r. „ 
C 5 ed -^ ^ 1^ 



XXll 



BERKSHIRE COUNTY 



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o 

r— i 



Pi 

W 
o 

o 
Pi 
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i 




s 

1 


CO ,oJOJ ,05 ,o?coo?io ,ci{i-i!> , ,i>eococ:c?o 




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i-H I— 1 rH 


to 


"3 

a- 


0'*OQO(roiniccot^ict^cooj>j>coi-H^ot^|^»o-* 

G^ii— 1 1—1 1—1 I— lr-*i— ti— 1 


1 


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w o 

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C5 


- 1 


j>-^t^i— 1 -^ !>!> r>. 1—1 1—1 1-1 1— iTj< 1—1 

t'ioirJt^^orNii-iMC^'^coi-H^-^OicdaoGs^iC'^oow 

00 CO J> IC (TJ Tti Tj< CO CO Tt* O kC Olio O 1-1 CJiCO-^O^O 

1—1 1— ( 1—1 1—1 


1 1 

s 1 


I— 1 i-H J> "* ■«* 1—1 -^ 1> Tf JC>. 1— 1 1— 1 J>. -^ 1—1 !> 
OJ C<? 1-1 1-1 O* 1-1 1-1 0»CT i-l <M 

QOOJdcOOFHkniOCOCTCOCOihlcOr-^^OCOCToirHQO^CO 
Oi 1— 1 CO C5 1— 1 <?< 1— 1 1— 1 O C^ C>{ (7J CO (TJ CO lO OJ OJ J>- (M ■<* 


3 O 


1— 1 <M 1-1 i-i 1-1 1—1 C^l 

o6l>.*lO'^0<©COi>IcOi-HOGD^OOt>^C^lCt^t^'*inTi<Oi 
QO 1-1 "* CO r-( (TJ CT T-< 00 (M CO (?} W C^ CT i-( ■^ CO O? 00 C* O 


aSB JO gjBajf ofi J8A0 -o^ 


00 as CT in 00 00 «2 o lo 00 CT 1— 1 o tr* Oi m co i— i lo ira w oo 

Oi-ICOrH i-IOJCO i-l 1-1 1 <M rH CM i-l O! CO CTCT 


■looqog pna? 
-%•& oqAi aSB JO saBai 
f japun suosaad jo -o^ 


t^-^-^OlrHCOCi^Ol^tM-sJiCTCOC^lO , 000 0?<©J> 
d 1—1 CM 1— li— I'l— li— (rHi— IrH 


•UAio? aq? m 
aSB JO s-iBajf 9X pnB ^ 
uaaiigaq suosaad jo -o^ 


looi-iomwcoo-^cooooioo^mi— loociini^oo 

J>C00000C<fr^-<*:DOiC0CTi— IO'*C5^W"*OOCOCOGOt>. 
lO 1-1 CT CT T-ICT (?>{ 1-1 J>. (M CO CO 1> CO rH 1-1 '^ 0{ rH rH 1-1 CO 

T— 1 1—1 


cs =« o 

4i 




ooioo-^t^'^ooimt^i— i'!*'*ooi>-rt<ico?o»r5THO 

OiQO(MJ>QOOl^-*OiCO'-<'*'*QO'^J>i— li— iCOi— i^COOJ 
00 OJ 1— 1 (M 1—1 rH Tf< rH C? 1—1 CO rH 1-1 CO Oi rH i>. rH O? 


!^ 


OOOrHOJt^rHOCOlOO-^G>Wl^OOCOCi03C5CTQO-*0:i 
'^OCir^.COCiCOTHCOOOOCTrHinOOrH-HOCOOOOOJ 
J> rHrH rH rH rH ^ rH rH rH CO rH i-l (M CT lO rH C? 


C * m 
tCm O 
O CSCQ 

6 ^ 

O 


- 


9 

a.- 


00rH00l>rHOmC0-^rHlC0it0Q000C£iCiOCr50iCTrH00 
rHCTOC^OCOlCaOt^CiCOCiCOOOCiOSCT'^CTlCrHOOOO 
CO rH CO Oi rH (M (M rH (lO rH OJ rH IC (M rH rj^ CO rH Ci rH CO 


oc:i»0'!i^<MOrHrHQOQO'!*aocir^'*c<fcocorHCi-Tt<c<!J>. 

lCOCOCQCi'*rHCOCOCT'*i>QOCMOOOCO^QOO'*iX)rH 
rHrHOJCJ (M CQ rH CO rH C^ rH Ti< C>J rH rH CO (M rH 00 rH CO 


•siooqag 0!iqn<i jo -o^i 


m'*oooTt<coioccii>j>.j:^aooi>oocorH-*oj>QO<x><io 

(7*rH rH ^^ r^ r^ t^ ■r^ 


9 

•1 
1 


O O O O O O O CO O O O O O O OOOOOOOO 
O O »0 O O O O (M O O O O O O OOOOOOOO 

ro m O kO Oi Oi 00 CO W O O"* rH GO CO CO CO CO CT 00 l> 00 
(MrHCOOOrHailOOC\!>OCO(MCOr^ CTCi"*Tj<l^O'*0 
OJ^Oi^rH^CO CT^C^oq^-<* rHOiCiOt^Oi 'rHOCiO 00^O_rH_»O^ 

coco'jf c^co o oTT^in t^Tr-To "^co" of cTo^co oo'irT^-^ 
j>aiOJc^ioi-^cocoCTrHcooi>rH loir^oooiococot^ 
^2^ aco CMC? cococtco^co co(MrHO(Mco 


CM 


cOrHCTlOO»r5aorH-^(^^lClOQOCO oot^o?i^co!>i^-^ 

OaO'^aDt>.lCCO"^00}>0'*CT'-H C0C'?Q0i>.l^'*C5CO 
t^-^COGjCOCMOTfr^aiairH'^CO 'rtCvlCO^Wl^O'* 
CO r^ r-<T^ (M ,— 1 CV} rH r-^T-{ C^r^r-'. 




C 






■^a S^^ CS !5JD-2-^^^;3 =3 §,5^i «K^-S S-t^-^ § 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



xxni 



trir^otaotciCin 



1— I ■<* (r>t I—I T-i cc I— I 






l-H 1— 1 


Of 

00 
1—1 


a>coot>.QOi^coo 

r-( I— 1 I— 1 r-l 


i 


II 1 


■^ 


1—1 1— ( 


1— ( 

1>I 


•5t t>. J> rH -^ 1--. ■^ 
I— 1 C^ I— 1 I— 1 

l>li-lrHdoicOi>QO 
i-i»OCOr-ir-lCvf^r-l 




T^ t>. rH rH ■<* J> l>. 

oi CO 00 (?J irt r-H i-H ci 


CO 


«00 (TtC^tC^C^J 


1—1 
1— t 


OlOCOt^lNOO-* 
1— 1 T— 1 1— 1 I— 1 r— 1 




l>. CO l-H CO O 'M "w C\« 


CO 
rH 



i"H _a 



r— I u 



00l>.CiC0>n^CO-^ 
•^ Ot t^ -^ 0~. '^ ^ ^ 
CM;<XiC0r-lrHC0IOi— I 



(r{»ocoi-i<MCO'=ri-i 



05«001>00t>.*^0 
r-l 1—11—1 




o o o o oo o o 

i-lCTJ>00C0C0OC0 

rHODS^j;rj»o^-^cr^ 
CO 00 ^iq^oo^co i>^c\{, 

O" i-T oT rH~ CO CT t>r rji 
OJCOOOCOQO-^O 
riiCg^OJi-iC^iOi— 1 


•o 

oT 


»0<MCNt^i— iaocoi> 

i-HC^Oit^Oi-^lOOi 

Oi CO Oi -^ Cj -^ 1-* 00 

(^! 1— 1 rH 1— 1 0{ 


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00 

■^ 
1-?" 






^le -5 .5 ^ M ^ -§ 



oj ^ +; I*^ 



XXIV 



BERKSHIRE COUNTY 



•siooqog 
o:) pa^BudoaddB enaa 
-Aajj snidjng jo acaoani 



I I I I I I 



o 
o 

o 
o 



OJ o 



•atnBS tnojj araooui 



span^ jBooi JO ^anomy 



c* o 



1 O l>. OJ 



O Ci 



CO 1:0 I O 1 CT o 

03 OJ 0{ CO 



1 o 

CO 



I O O O 1 o o 
00 CO o 1^0 

1—1 CO CM CO CO 



I C* O 1 l^ 



00 



•nop 
-mx joj pred e^BSaaSSy 



, m 1 o CO i« o o 

J> O -^ CO o o 

1— i uj 1— I "^ CO 



00 I GO (^) O O CO 

CO 1—1 -rJH rH T}< 1-^ CO 

1—1 10 

CO 



ID 
o 



o 

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1—1 

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m 

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SJ'Btoqog JO -o^ a^BjaAv 



•!)da^ 
stj^uotn JO a^BSaaSSy 



' (^^ 



'OG^J■*C0O ' r}H r-l ' <?< C* CM CO CO 
1— I 1— I 0{ <7< r-l ITS 



•stooqog -moQ Saoiojd 
o:) }d9>( Sfooqag puB 
's[ooq3g a^BAiid 'sainia 
-pi3ay •djQoaian jo -o^ 



CO(ri , , rS , CO , tH CO ^ ■* CT (?? 1-1 1-1 , 1-1 O? (M CO f-H 



■nop 
-mx aoj pred ajBSaaSSy 



O I I I I I I I O I o 



I I I I 





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1—1 






•sjB[oqog JO -ojn s2vx9Ay 


§ ' ' ' 


. . . .CO 


1 1 

CO 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

CO 


•^da:q 
sq^nora jo aj'BSajSSy 


1 1 1 

1—1 


1 1 1 1 fH 

1— ( 


1 J> 1 


1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

1—1 


•saiuiapBoy 
pajBJod jooui jb jaquinx 


T-i 1 1 1 


1 1 1 T— 1 







•siooqog otiqnj joj paj 
-nquguoD •AuBji qanj 
pnu piBoq JO !)anotay 



OCOOOOQOi-HCOOi-HlOOOt^t^CO^ 
1— lOC0C3l->.(MO-*10iL^r-1i— IOr-(OC\(CD 
»00<»«'*i-lCOCOi-^03CO'*»0'^CO-^i-( 



>OOOJ>J>CO^'*i>-lOCOJ>. 

_< ^—1 , — \ _j r-^ f^t Cr^ *— W ^_ r~\» /--i» »^N 



^ . . Ot (>« IC 
CO O COC^f CO 



qanj 
put! pasoq 'sjaqoua^ jo 
saSEii aq^ jfjao Saipnp 
-uj 'siooqag jo :)jod 
-das aq^ aoj sax^^ jfq 
pasiBj iauora jo ^unouiy 



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''J<lOOOOOO{OOOC?OCX)OC\(CDl>CC>lOOOO 
»0 CV CO CO C^^ IQ O CO 1— I CO 10 CO 1-1 1> CO CN? *> 10 CO 00 CO 

CO I— I rH cr^ 



•qijnoca 
jad pj^Boq JO 
an[BA a^BaaAy 



(T>JOOOOC^?OOlOr-IGOOOOOOOOOOTt<0 
rJHOOlOOCOOCSCOt'.tOOCOOOOOC'OC^SCiO 

lCC0C01CC0l0C0-^T}<l0i>C0»0Q0C0C0C0i0C0C0OC0 



•pj'Boq JO aa 
-^■BA Saipiqauj 
'■qiin aad piud 
saSBAi a^BjaAy 



COi— ICTCii— li— ICMOii— ICO'^COCOlCi— li— li— li— iCTrHCOi— I 



•qguoni 
jad pjBoq JO 
8n[eA a^BJaAy 



cpC000C0l>.t>.C0C0-^O00C000Q000C0C0C000J>G01> 



•pjBoq JO an 
-le/L Saiptqaai 
'qica aad pred 
saSe^ al^BiaAy 



rH050JCiC00lC<JOt^C'?C0OC0'*i-l0ii-lC0C0'*a0O 
C^^l— l(7Ji-(C\{C^iCTi-li-IO{C\«i-(C^(^JC\ii-IG^C^C\tCVOJO« 

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n^ tC r/i ^i: 



cS S O aj ,£: 



2 '^ f^ 3^ S 

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SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



xxr 







o 

o 






1 1 1 1 


1 




' ' 


i 


OCT >o 


8 




o 
o 


§ 


OSCOC5 1 


5S 

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1 1 


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OOOQO 

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o 
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^ 




o 


1 1 


l^ 


I— 1 

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I— 1 


oo o o 
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moo 
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s 


■^ -Jt* O i-H 

Oi CO 00 CM 


' 


1 1-H -rj* l^ 

co^ m 

I— 1 nH 

l-H 


l-( 



0)00 10 COOi OS 
.-CO(Mi-l 1 1 CTCT r-t 


3 


i-HCO c^ 


CO 


W CO 1-H CO , , (M C>{ rH 


kO 


707 21 


1—1 


1 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 


g 


1 1 1 1—1 1 1 1 1 1 


§ 


1 1 1 tH 1 1 1 1 1 


W5 


O O O O O O rf< O 

o o o o o o -^ o 

OOOi-iOit^CO lO 
CO O O O CO O t^ Oi 
CO r-l lO CM rl '^ CO 


1—1 


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01>0000000 

ooomoooooo 
o-^t^oomooo 
Qocoaooco-^ioio-^ 
I-H 1— 1 1—1 


CO 

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oooooooooo 


lO 


OCOOilOO-^T-H-<*Oi 
CiTj<(Ml^i005500W 

(?* CT CO OiOi 1-1 CO OJ 1-1 

1— 1 1— 1 I— 1 1— ( l-H 1— 1 I— 1 


1—1 
1—1 


cooooooor^o 

COOOO»OOCOt— lO 
iXlCOOOCO'!tOOJ>00^ 


1—1 
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OlCOil>.l>-i— lOOJin 
OlCt^COCOGil^Ol^ 

OJCilC-HOOUtiClQO 


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^ . - 01 ^ bjO-3 5 c3 iS 
:3 >~'iC M C -^ r/) L!= '"S 

cd es J3 ° >^^~>. b* > > 



XXVI 



NORFOLK COUNTY 






COOtXMrtiCOCOra-^COCOiXMkOCOOOrHrf^COrHGO 






W(?J<?<'«J^ w'•^(^^C5't-('r-^ 



3 « 



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I CO lO <N lO CS I 



1-H IC O OS) CVi i 



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o 



I o O 1— i lO -^ I 
I TO Of t^ OJ o • 



a p 



•looijag puawB oqii 
i JO SJBajC 9X J3A0 ON 



•looqag paa; 
-^■8 oijAi aSB JO sj^a^C 
^ jspan suosjad jo -o^ 



OiCO 



' ' r-1 (Of i-l CO W C^ iH 



■uiio; am ni 
aSs JO siBajC gj pan f 
naaii^aq saoeaad jo 'on 



&Q-*(Of-^TOt>Cs C0O!'-H^C\JC0CO'*C^(^{^C0i>.CO 



i>.-^iOQOcoc5coi>.CiCoa)Qoiv.ooGoaiooot^coi-Hr^ 

CO'^OCOi— IQ0'^C0QCb-0iCiC0Q0l0C0Oi0C005'*0> 
r-l ^ C^i CO OJ CO 05 Of (?{ 1-1 CC C\! Of CO ^ (^f i-l ^ (Of CO o 



OfOfP50fQOWJ>'^0-^-i-HW'!*CO(X)CO(3iC:iCO}^QO'>* 

oic55oF-<ooco»-Hioiji'-*co»-((3iOt'-<o-<*QoaoiO'5)< 

CO»^OftO"^OOP2'-t'sfCOO>0'<!tCOOi>l^OfCOCO(j5J> 
]— I I— f Of 



o SI^ 



iS5C?i!>.j>ofco-^i>.i35'^ciioin(r5aiOcooiot>.-^Of 

OcbcOOGOOf'— IJ>->-0(X)^lf?(Of'*'— lr-IC2rHJ>»CCO»n 
(OfOOf"*OfGO^ COCO'-<'T'*COOi^CO(?}COCO(3-jCO 
*H r-i a 



•siooTjog otiqnj jo -o^ 



(X)r-(COXC!01>rH^QOO'*OCOCOCOO'*lOOfCOi3iO 
tH t--1(0J t-1nH T— 11— tCOl— lrH(Of 



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fH Of '^ (M TJH 



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c^aoctj-^ 

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lOGOlOlOi-HOOOOOl^COCOOJCOCOCOClCOirji-HOOlC 
lCCDCO(jii:^C3l^Of(33i-HGO^C<PaOQOi-HQOl^^G5COi-H 
Oi— IC0Cj3'*(0fQp»Ci0Ji:^a0OG0-^^0?OOi-H-^t^Ci 
r-l (Of i-l 1-H 1— I CO -n* 1— I 1-H (Of 1-H i-H CO CO l3i 1— I Of 1-H CO Of 



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pq W W O O ft P P fin Ph S ^ ^ IZ; aP^ P^ 02 QQ 



cd laj ^, 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXVll 



•siooqog 
0? paiBucIojddB anna 
-Aa}£ 8n[(Iang jo atnooai 


#140 63 
6:3 00 

150 86 
341 86 


^ 


•aniBS rao-ij auiojai 


#25 09 
300 00 

26 40 
549 86 

225 91 
12 00 

90 00 
75 00 

530 00 
4440 00 

172 01 

420 00 
120 10 


lo 
1 

8 


•span J iBDOi JO ijanoray 


#418 16 
5000 00 

440 00 
9307 28 

3765 19 
200 00 

1500 00 

1250 00 

10,600 00 

74,000 00 

2710 00 

7000 00 
2001 71 


Cj 

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00" 

1— ( 

1—1 


•nop 
-mx Joj piBd a^BSajgSv 


0000000 00 CO 00 
0000000 00 CO c\? 00 

COQOOOOOOOtM lOCO lOOOCOCOO lO lOrH 

co"^>coioooci t^.'* ^^w:ioi>.i— 10 ■^ in cy 

^^HIOCOCOOOO I— 1 COOiOO 1— 1 (M cooo 

1—1 


00 


•sjBioqog JO 'ON aSBjaAV 


ioCTO»i^o--icvj 00 icoint^coo c^oo 

1-1 CO "* 1— 1 CO 5\? CO I t>. CO 1 CO CO (Of O! rl C^{ iC\{ 1 (7} CT 




•Qdaji 
sq^uoin JO ainSaiSSy 


Tt t^ rt Tfi 

1—1 1— 1 1—1 

l^lOCOOJCOrHO? 'Tt*-^ '00005(N-* 'o 'coco 
(OJCOi-i CiCO i-ICO>-((?{ 00 T-i 1-1 .-1 


1—1 


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04 ^da^i sjooipg pnB 
'sjooqa^ 85BAUJ 'sauna 
-puay 'djoaumn jo •oj^ 


Tf'^tCOi-l'-HCOQO , r-tOi ,lOC0i-IC0'-(O? , ^ ,(MCO 

CO 


s 


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-rax Joj pred a^BSajSSy 






1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 








■sJBioqog JO -on aSBjaAv 


^ 




•qda^ 
gqjuotn JO a?BSaa33y 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


CO 


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pajBJodjooui JO jaqinnij 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <—l 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


1— i 


•siociqog oiiqn J joj pa) 
-nqu^noa '.CnBjt 'lanj 
paB pjBoq JO ^unoray 


#18 00 
150 00 




•pnj 
paB pjBoq 'sjaqoBaj jo 
saSBAi aqi jCjno Saipnp 
-III 'siooqog JO '^jod 
-dns aq] joj sasBj Xq 
pasiBJ Xaaoui JO junoray 


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ODOO>COOJ!OOlOOf(OJ»C»OO^Hrj<OQOCOl>.iOO-H 
^Oi CO^r^WCi rHi— 1 T-IOir^C0OJ^7 r-ii-HCOOJ 

i-H 


(?j 




■qgnora 
jad pjBoq JO 
antBA aSsaaAy 


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^-OCOCOCOOCOCOCO'^i— lOOCOOOCTOOCOOOCOr-ICO 
CO 00C0C0t^»00C0l0lCC0l0t>.C0C0u:)00Ol01>l0»0 


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•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Saipnpui 
'■qjui jad piBd 

sa2BAi aSuaaAy 


Ci-^»coo?Ci'-HOi-ii— ij^ooowi-foi^^t^c^jr^ 

0^ir50COCOCOlOCO'*OOlOCOlOOaiOCO».0"'*COCO 

mt^oi^(Mcoi^oJ'*m»r5icooi^co-^rHmi>.aoioio 

^r-( CTrtrHrHOJr-lrHrHi-lrti-lrHi-li-IC^rtrHi-lrHrt 


10 

CO 


►J 


•qinoni 
jad pjBoq JO 
anjBA aHBjaAy 


t>.OOOOOC^l^l^l^COl^lCOOOJOOi:^0.-l»0 

CO»OOOCOOirHCOCOOCOlO(?{COOC^OOTf^t^i> 

l>CiinOOO-<*OOCfil^ClOOOOiOOiCOa5CiOOiCO 

^ I— 1 1— 1 I— 1 T— I 1— 1 1— ( 1— 1 1—1 


CO 
00 

C5 


•pjBoq JO an 
-|BA Saipniaai 
'•qgnj jad pnid 
eaSBAt. aSBiaAy 


comaoj>oioojot^ooT-<coo-^cocoiot^o050 

co>ooaoot>.i-ioi-^'5toi-^cooocoi>ojoioi>.o 

COCO'*'*fHOi'*CO'*Q0COlOT*H^a0i-(C5lOCTO5a00O 
^00 COCOCOCOCOC^COOfCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOJ 


00 
00 

J>. 

CO 




CD 




Bellingham, 

Braintree, 

Brookline, 

Canton, 

Cohasset, 

Dedham, 

Dorchester, 

Dover, 

Foxborough, 

Franklin, 

Medfield, 

Medway, 

Milton, 

Needham, 

Quincy, 

Randolph, 

Roxbury, 

Sharon, 

Stoughton, 

Walpole, 

Weymouth, 

Wrentliam, 


'cd 



XXVlll 



BRISTOL COUNTY 



H 
"^ 

O 

o 

H 



M 
W 
w 

H 

O 
A 

n 

S 


EH 


1 

a 


r-l Tf r-l rH -^ CO 00 (??'* rH CO CO 1-1 »0 CO , tH C(} OJ 
1—1 1—1 i—t C^ 1—1 1— ( 


rH 


1 


cocorfo;oojait>.coi^<©c<J<»oooa>CToo 

I— IrHi— (i— 1 i—ii— 1 (?{i— 1 


g2 

1— 1 





a 


COCOCOOii-fCOlOt^COi-lCSWi^i-ICOC^JCOOGO 
1-1 (TJ i-IC?CO »0 ^ '-t'-l CO 1-1 


(M 


1 


' 'rH' 'C0C0i-i't>.'O?' ' • ' 'COC<J 


^ 


O 
K . 

O Hi 

^ 2 
w o 

►^ B3 
o 

^« 

S K 
IS 

< 


-= 1 
. 1 


i> l^ ^ l^ i-< 1-1 rH J> t^ l-lt>.J>t^l^ 1>'*-^ 

1-1 OJ(M(?J OJ ^ .""! ""1 

cot^Ic^'oorHolcD'ffl'^ocdcod'^cvloi-^'cJd 

COO?OCO<:OCO'*lO^CO)OO^QOaOC^-*COkn 
rH C^ C?(7{ CO Olr-^ 


CO 


1 1 

a 


1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 J> !>. J> rH -^ 1— 1 r>. rH ^ 

codj>codi^coaodQOrHcoo6-^i>^aiooj>qi 

QOCTCiCOCOOrH(^{<^^COCOOrH•<*COr^(^{rHl:£l 
rH rH rH 1— t 


CO 


a ^ 
1 1 


It "^ rH 1> rH"^ ,H "Tt^ 1— 1 "* !> rH 
rH rH CT OJ rH OJ rH (M rH (?J 

C^JO-^OrHlCOOO-^OOkCCirHcilrtOCOrHrH 
10 CO CO (M CO C^ C>! CO (^t CO (M CO ■* rH rH OJ 00 

1-K T-Kt-\ T^ T^ 


05 

CO 


aS? JO SJB3^ 9X JSAO -0^ 


ooCTCoco»ncoic»nocorHococoCTJ>c^coao 

COCO^COCOrHT^H^rHt^lCrHCTlOCOC^'^OJ 




•looqog pna) 
■C(B oqAi aSu jo sjb8jC 
f Japan suosjad jo -o^ 


1— 1 r-i'T^ <Sl i-l C* rH ' -^ rH 


Si 


aS"B JO gJBai 9X pnu ^ 
naai\:)aq snosaad jo -o^ 


COCOCOlC!>kn'i*-^COkCrH'*J>f:t<'^OC^O 
'*C\!-!i<00'^OCOCOaiiCOiCTC5aiO'!fOJrHLO 

ajCTOcocDCTcc^cor^^oco-^icc^coint^ 

rH rH Oi CO rH O! 


It 
oo" 


-gcao 




ico5kn"*rHcoorHW*oiTt(r)OTC50jaii>o 

COOi-^OOOrHOOOOCOC^OQOrHrHOJOt^rHCT 
<r'rH:OC^-^J>CO(^JCTOCO'*CO^CO<?<CTC^lO 
rH C^! r^ 


56 

00 

o" 

1— 1 


a . 


O^COOC^-^'^OOO'^OrHCOOJCOOOCTrH 

cooo(MoaorHc:)<:oocvjj:^rHrji»iOOicc>^^'* 

CO irj(7}C0t*Of rHCT OCT in OICT C^ rHO-^ 


CT 


6a 




OOrHCTQOCOJ>OOOCOCTlOlC(j5COrHOiOCO 
^>CC73CiCOrHCOCiCO'*'*Ol^lCCOt^lOCOOO 
l>iCTOOCOkOOOlCOCO^'*GOCOlO^CTCOCOCO 
rH CT CT ^ 


10 



1— 1 


ji 


CTOioocot^'^t^r^incoi^^oor^cooco 
cooii>GOrHicoo'*r^''#ooiocor^CiQOOCTt^ 

■^ ixTvJOOilOCTCM'tCOi-'.COCOCO CTr^W 
CT CT rH 



t^ 

CO 
CO 


•Biooqog oiiqnj jo -o^ 


T*J>l0rHO't|kCrHQ000a3Oi>in'*WOl0O 
C* CT rH rH CT (M rH CT r^ ^r^ r^ rH CO (M 


00 
OJ 


1 


O'JtOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

OCOIOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'^ 

•^"^COt^lCrHrHCOOOOCTiCTCOCOCTOirHin 
GOrHrHCDGOt^OJOOt^CTtN.OO'-H-^COlCOOOlO 

coici^ocot>.rHt^CTir:co«2'*o^aiQO'^co 

0" CO QO" rn' tsT (Of i>r 0" OT 00" OT -*~ ct" rH" rH of 0~ 00" 
Ol^-^^tM-^lCQOOS-^l^COOOOOCOlOCClO 
QOrHOCO-^inOCOCTrHOOOi'^rl^CTCO C^^ 
"*= rH~ r-Tof Cd" (tT 


00 

kO 

00 
CO 

?f 

rH 


11 
« 

EM 


inicowQO'^rHQOCTCTt^m'^asoicom'^ioo 

Q000C0i>.l^>OC0J>C0Q0'*00 0?<:C'CiOG0'*CT 
inOOrHCOOa5t^J>COOlCrHCOrHCiO-*COQO 
CO -^ 1—1 O! CO CO rH rH (j^J^rH CT rH CT rH rH i—( t>. O! 


rH 

o~ 

CO 




1 

C 


1 
> 


g >;g i ^t>. ii^l ^^-g i'i-gl ^§0 


3^ 





SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXIX 



•Bjooqag 
01 pa^isudoaddu anaa 
-Aay sn[djng jo araoaai 






■aniBS mojj araoani 



spun J iBooi JO ^nnomy 



■nop 
-itii joj pred ainSaaSSy 



g? 



I CO I 

CO 



T)< 00 I— I CI QO 1— I ■^ C5 1— I rH I— I CO r-H O 
^ I— I 1— I Tt 0{ 



sj^ioqog JO 'o^i aSBjaAV 



S5; 



85 



•idaji 
sq^nora jo a^BSaiSSy 



ooo?Ti-i>.air>-'*iCi-Hi^O''c<*icCT'-ii>.CTo 



■stooqog ■tnoo Snojojd 
0% ida^i siooqog puB 
's[ooqog aqBAU J 'saitna 
-peov 'djooatun jo -Ofj 



O -^ O "f^ •* CT rf (?J CO »C CO »0 (?« iH d Tf CO , 



■tioij 
•mx JOJ pred a^TjSajSSy 



OO I 

o5qo 



o 

I o 

o 

CO 



SJBioqog JO 'O^i aSBjaAy 



•qda^i 
sq^uoui JO aiBSajSSy 



•sa raapBoy 
paq-BJod JODtn jo jaqranjj 



•STOoqog oqqn J Joj pa? 
-nqu^aoa 'jCuu ji 'lanj 
puB pjBoq JO ^unomy 



Or-I <M 

CO !—( I— I 



I CT O Tf c; O I 
C* O CO lO o 

co« oj 



qanj 
puB pjBoq 'sjaqoBa) jo 
sa3i34i aqi Xino Saipnp 
-m 'siooqog jo iJod 
-dng aqi aoj saxej Xq 
pasiBJ iaaoui JO ^unoniy 



ClOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO 
OOOOOOOOICOOOOOOOOOO 
1— ilCOOlCOCOOQOCOC?'*GOCi'— ICOCOOLO 
O! (M r-l — I m CO tH ivf -— I CT 1— I CO i-l 



•qinoni 
jad pjBoq JO 
aniBA 33«jaAy 



mcO'*coicioo»ocoj>cocoiCTj<rt<cocoinTj< 



•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Snipnput 
'•qjra jad pred 
saScAv aSBJaAy 



inCTco-^rfii:)cooocoi>.iO'*coco(r?cocoTt<oj 



•q^nota 
jad pjBoq JO 
anjBA aSBjaAy 



CDr>.i— lOC0C0Oi>.OrH00O'*OOOO(Ml0 
•^r-l(M005aOt>.CO»Ot>.COOCOO(7IOOOC\J 



pjBoq JO an 
-|i!A Snipnioai 
'•qjra jad pred 
saSBAi eSBJaAy 



COOCOCOCiOlCOOJl^'— linOlCCOOOiOi— ICO 

1— iioco-^''*!— leoi— icocoQoot>.i— (i>Got^mao 

l>.(MCOCOOCiC5CO'^T-HGOlCl^'*COQO-^CilC 
^0{ (MC'JCOC^COC^C^COG^'^C^C^tMC^oiCTC^ 



J3 

be 

^ m e P 






o-c' 



o tc W 









I 



XXX 



PLYMOUTH COUNTY 



t>. in 1-1 CO rH f-( O? CO CO I CO -^ Of CO 1-H r* (?J CO CO lO CO 



K5QO-^OQO-^COCOlCi-lkCCOt>.C\?J>r-C<*QOlOJ>.-^ 
1— I CM 1— I I— I r-( T— I 



^COCOOJO>OGOOil>.'— H>QOfN.COQO^COO?OC>?J> 
1—1 1—1 1—1 I— I CO 1—1 CO 1— I C* 1— I 



'■^' ' ' "t-I'-^" "i— I' ' 



H 

P 
O 
O 

W 

H 
P 
O 



t>. -^ 1— ( 1— ii>. 






, O 

W en 

<| W 

W Eh 

PS 

O 



CTt;»t^'*C0i-<'*<:0C50iOC0i— llOt^CiOiOCOOCO 
<>? Oi T}< rt i> CO CO Tt* OJ t^ J> i^ O iO CO Tt T-( O Ci ^ 
1—1 1—1 1-1 O! rH CO i-< r^ 



00C^Q0(r?»OCOi*COi— ICOOlOWOlCOCOi— lO^CSCO 
CO -^ rH lO OJ rH (?i r-l CO CO CO CT "^ C? '^ C^ !>■ CO CO (T^ 



a A 



■^ICClOJOOinOOt^COOt^COCO'^COQOClC^rHC^ 
00 ifS C^ CO -^ rH >* CO CO -^ CO '^ lO CO Ci (M CO O lO OJ 



•loonog pna:):)B oqAi 
1 JO sJBai 9X JaAO -om 



•tooqog pa9} 
}B otjAi aSB JO siTja/C 
^ aapnn saosjad jo 'o^ 



CO t>. C5i lO 03 i^ 00 CO , CO •* i> 00 O 05 i>. to J> O O CT 
CO 1— I r-l 1—1 1— I T— I (N 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 



■nAioi aq:| nt 
aSB JO sj'eal!. gx pa's =^ 
aaaji'jaq snosaad jo 'o^ 



05T-IC:)OOOOOJ>-<*OXCCTOOr-40(^iCO'*COCit^ 
iraoOi— iO-*GO'*CT3COCOCOi^r-ICiCOCTT-<'*QO'*'* 
1— I O CO J>. »0 1— I rf< Ol 00 CO ■<* CT 00 CO ^ C^ 1-1 C5 1> CO 



'«5 



M.3-S 

^1 



C^fCOWCTiCOCOi— lCO^-^ir^l>i— IC0C0Oi00(MQ0CTrH 

(MOiOoosc^ococococomoooin^int^T-ii— ico 

iO CO ^ -^ CO 1— I CO 1-H Tt (7J CO 00 CO SVf Gi 1— I i> 1> IC (71 



c^ioojCicocoi-it^it^J:^Ciocooo^a)t^t^oja) 
ooc:t-hcdi— ico^"*cooooicioooi^oooiCJOi 

t>- CO 1-1 -^ CO 1-1 (7? Oi -^ G^ (7{ 00 IC (7{ CJl 1-1 C^ lO ^ rH 



o =« ,; 

^.5 7! 



^s 



i-i-<*OiinCTcoi-iTj<oooiCTOkn-^-^inc*cocooco 

coCTco(rjoocoo50ooco>ninioooi^corHTjHOjTfC5 

l^lCOJkO'^i-lCOCTCO CO'^i-ll^COOJC^C^iOiCOOJ 



>ni— (OcociOomio^iracM'^irscocO'^i^i-Hioci 
CNjcoi^i>.ookr:kOoo'*itCj5i^iooi^cooiin^ooco 

O -^ Oi TJH Tfi 1-1 CO (M CO (7{ CO O 1> CT CO 1-1 CO 00 O (M 



•siooqog onqtia: jo -o^ 



i-iQ0(rJC0C0Oi— I^C^JOOOOGOC^COCTQO^OOOO^ 
OiC^Oii— l-^lCCTCOfHiOC3-^"^<MOCiJ>OGii— IC5 
'* O r-l i> CO 1-* CO C^ 00 CO "^ O •<* CO lO 1-t l>. 00 lO (7i 



'*i-Hira00O^00O'*rHOi— (mCO00^'*'*COOJi-H 

i-(COCiGj»ncooo'*cocO"*coaoi— ikooococDoooo 
(Mr^a5J>.ait>.'*o>c(7i-^t^ocoCTC\?aoooooo<r* 

CO OJ CT 1— I 1—1 1—1 CO I— I rH lO C^J 1— I O CO CO (TJ i— I 



o ^ 



« a> e ' 



F^ HI 

■r P ^ - ^ ^ 



^ ^ K ^ a) rH 

o en -S -ts o s ■• 






If lsilit=llls|i|i| 

<<pQOPWKKffiKffiW^S!ziPL,pHPHp:Ha2 



^^ 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXXI 



-qootjDg 
0} psqBijdojddu anna 
Aaji gn[dang jo acaoaux 


200 00 
276 20 




■aoiBS inojj araoDni 


472 60 
17 73 


§8 


spnnj iBooi JO innomy 


#9452 09 
295 60 


S 
05 


-nix .'oj piod a'\vSaiiiky 


#634 00 
130 00 

348 00 
418 00 

15 75 

288 00 

10 00 

1650 00 

14 80 

151 00 

121 00 

1375 00 

1553 00 

237 00 

16 00 


in 

r-l 

CO 


■sjBioqog JO •o>i aSBjaAy 


cio ,coj>co , ,co(?JC^-* ,a>Qi<x> , m , go o 


85 


•ada5( 
sqjaora jo aiBSajSSy 


I— ( 1— 1 ■^ 

COCO 'cOi— IrH ' ' <£>Ci^oi '-^OJ^. 'r*< 'OrH 
^Hi— li— (I— 1 COi— ( I— li— (t^OC^ 

1—1 


?3 


] -siouLiog 'ino,^ Suoioad 
0) ida>i sioonjg puB 
'b'looqog ajTJAUd 'saiuia 
-pBoy •djoaaiun jo •o>i 


1-1 ' ' ' ' ' G^< ' 


S 


•noil 
-mx Joj piBd a^'BSdjSiiv 


#180 00 
800 00 

250 00 

900 00 

1092 12 
800 00 


1— 1 

o» 


sjBioqag JO 'OH aSejaAy 


lOiini lOiCOi 1 lOOi 1 1 1 1 1 1 

■^ '^ CO l^ CO »o 


s 


•}da5i 
rqinoin jo a^vSaiMSy 


. O . O CO CT O o 

'i— I'rH"' 'i— I'l'i— lrHi''<''' 


s 


•saiinapBDV 
pa^BJodioaui jo jaquinfj 


irHir-<i 11— iirHi i ii— liHi i i i i i i 


CO 


•gpoqjg Ofiqni Joj pa? 
-uqU4aoo 'XuB JI -lanj 
pun pjBoq JO :)uaoiuv' 


#290 50 
45 00 

793 00 

548 00 
250 41 
142 00 

200 00 


1-1 


•[anj 
pac p.iBoq 'gjaqoBa; jo 
saSEAi aqj .^luo auipnp 
-ni 'siooqag jo ?joiI 
-dns aq) joj saxB^ Xq 
pasiBJ jiaaouijo }unoaiy 


ooooooooooooooooooooo 

ooooooooooooooooooooo 

ooooooooi^oooooooooooo 
00000000 0:000000000000 

OOCOr-(inilOC^GOOCTOCOOOOOCOOOGOO 
CO C* Oir-^ r-( CO i-l rl ■>* C>{ rl !>. (?{ CO rH rH 


no 


Oi 


1^ 


•q^aoin 
jad pa^oq jo 
aniBA aSBjaAv 


»occi-*ocomo-*cor^'*iocBt^rH-<*orHO'*ao 
aoofcoo^i^ojr-tcocooc\fO'*cx)coo(MC^CjO 

inowir:iort<'*Tj<Gomco'*ioocococo»OT}<m'* 


lO 


•pjEOq JO MX 

-JBA Saipapui 
'•qim jad piBd 
gaSBAi aSBJBAV 


t>. ^^ <.>. O 1-- O O O 1» ~j .jO rH t^ CO "O O l-^ lO rH o 
■<*OOrti(7{r-ICOOCOCOi:MlOlOTt<CO'*»OC^C^a5CO 

cocococo'5f<(rjc^coiCrHico?coTi<r-iTj<'*coCT-^'* 

^rH r-lrlr-lr-lrHrHrHr-lrMrHr-lr-lr-lrHrHr-lr-lrHrH 


IC 
CO 

CO 




■qiuora 
jad pjBoq JO 
enjBA aSsjaAV 


rHmiOOmiOOJ>Ol>.Ol^»itir}<t^lCOCOt^l^lO 

(0{i>.(>j^'5ti>ocjo0'*coioor-i-^oi0'*ir:t>. 

Cil>r^(351>t^CO»OC0wia)COCOGOt^CO00i>00l>.CO 
^ r-l 


GO 


•p.tBoq JO an 
-\vx Saipnpni 
'■q}iu jad pred 
asSviA aSsaaAV 


co»nomif5LOor>.coi^oo'*c>{OirHiitior^QOic 

Cit>.lOO'*C\fOa5COCO'*int>.rHi— ITti>Q0^(MO{ 
C0C0t^C00iG0tN.»0C0Cj>C00C0'*OM<''tJ>0?0JO 

nc^ o^coo<(^^«(^^coc^{coc^l(^JcooJcoc^^oJcococo 


00 




O 


Abington, 

Bridgewater, 

Carver, 

Duxbury, 

E. Bridgewater, 

Halifax, 

Hanover, 

Hanson, 

Hingham, 

Hull, 

Kingston, 

Marslifield, 

Middleborough, 

N. Bridgewater, 

Pembroke, 

Plymouth, 

Plympton, 

Rochester, 

Scituate, 

Wareham, 

W. Bridgewater, 


1 



xxxn 



BARNSTABLE COUNTY 



H 

;^ 
p 
o 
o 

PQ 
H 



•looqog pu3} 
}B oqAi 9Sb jo sjBai 
^ Japan saoswd jo 'Oij 



•UMo:) aq^t ni 
aSB JO sj'eajf gx paiJ ^ 
naaAi^aq guosjad jo •oj.! 



£ ft 

a 

^ i 



•jooqag pna:)5T3 oqiv 
I JO saBajf Qi aaAO -o^ 



COCO , OQOCTCOOO 
r-i 



Ir^Oi— IfMlOC^rfO'^WOOrH 



OilC(?J-<*kCt^COOr-lrHGi(rJCT 



l-H ' 1— I ' ' ' 



cooi'*aoko^>.t^QO'*05(^^o^J 

J>rHC0'*rH'^-^CMC0aO(^JC0O3 



■^ 1— I Tt< Tf< 1— I 1— I •<!*< t^ 

1— ( (M I— I 1— I OJ C* 1— I 

QOGOCOCOt— iCOi— ICD-^OCOIC1> 
1— IC01>OC^COC3COC^'*C<1010 



(TJCOCOOlCOOOr-HOWOCOO 
J>COOOOC£3t^COOiaiOOC301> 



tS CO o 
„ o 



i.S o 

I (t o 



•siuoqos otiqnd JO "ON 






(TJOCOCVfOOCOOit^rHOOC^ 



Tj<QO(r}»OlO'*OlOCDCOCTO>n 
a5iT>iCOO(7{0;OTjilOCO-*0'* 



Ojr^aiOOOi^t^coQocoi^co 
■QOi— iGOi>.i-^>0(Moop:)Oco 

1— ICO'i^i— ICO'*CO'^^C\J'*CO 



^ 



J>COCiaOOrtGOCOQOOlOGOi> 
Omt^-COOii— lOr-IOOiOrHlO 

cocomi>oi«20i<r!t>.ooi>o 



r^G^-<*>OlCCOJ>00t>.COC5Q0GO 
OCOI^OCMCO-^IOOIOOCO^ 



C0l0<:^05'*Q0CTOOC0i-HCV?C0 
lOl^<nJ^COOCOOOlOO(C5lOO 

00 oi^ CO (^!_ ^>._^ o cj_ CO o i>^ "^ o^ -^_^ 
kirT r-H~ >o~ CO i^r oT txT co" co^ QcT cT oT irT 

QOi-IGOOIC^GOCOt^CVGOCOlOCO 



OC<C0i— ilCQOCOi^CT'— lOfl^li^ 

co»ocoaia5iooia5pHj>CiCO»o 

'^ 1— I C\J CT C^ C\! !— I CT CO 1-1 C^ C^J 



i '«'' i S H a' 



«t3 



tp 'S 



^->^p 









l-t ^ 



CO S 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXXlll 





•Biooqag 
0} pajBiadojdd'B anua 
-A»a 8n[dang jo araooai 


#80 00 
320 00 

376 03 


8 




aniBS raojj atnooui 


o 
o 

•''•■''■''' o ' 

00 


8 

o 

00 




•spnn J t'Booq jo ?unomy 


?S ' 

CO 
1— I 


1-^ 




-non 
-inx Joj pred ajuSsaSSv 


OO OOOOOOO OO 

OO o o o o in) o o OO 

OO lOli^mOOJOfM iCTO 
O O O CO (>» CO Oi lO OJ t>. o 

00 1—1 CO -^ CO •<* r-l —1 
^CO: 1— 1 1—1 1—1 


o 

CO 

s 




•BJBioqog JO '0^ aSwaAy 


ICO O O 00 O (>J O CO O CO 
OJ CO 1 -^ lO i-< CO CO CT T-l 1 CO ci 


^ 




•!(d35I 

sq^aora jo a?B33^23y 


■^ ifS ' ITS ■<* IT* iH 1— 1 00 O 'coco 
CO 1> CO rH 1— 1 r-( 05 CO 


■* 

T— 1 

CO 




sjooqag •moo Suojoad 
01 qd3>( siooqog paB 
's[Ooq3g a^BAU^ 'saim 
-aptjoy -daoonmn jo'-oN 


COi-i , »C « IC 1-1 CO W5 l^ ,1-100 
1—1 r- 1 I— 1 1—1 


00 




•noi? 
-Tnx JOj pred a^BSdiSSy 


#350 00 

325 00 
600 00 

360 00 
540 00 

70 00 


o 
o 




s-iBloqag JO -oji aSisjaAy 


O wo krt 'C o 
, , TJ4 , , CO-* 1 1 CM"* ' C^* 


^ 




•i)da^ 
sq^aoni jo a/i-eSa-iSSy 


'S* ■* 5* 
-^1-1 "-J 

' 'i>!' 'odi-i' 'ojoj'io 
1—1 1—1 1—1 


1—1 




■gaiuiapBoy 
paqwodjoani jo aaqran^j 


1 11— Ir 11— (rHl 11— (1— III— 1 


CO 




•siooqag atiqnj JOJ pa} 
-nqujaoa '^ob ji 'janj 
pnB pj'Boq JO junomy 


#118 00 
600 00 

35 00 
392 22 
750 00 

100 00 

480 00 
150 00 


CM 




•isnj 
pmi pjTJoq 'sjaqoBS) jo 
saSuM. aqj ^lao Saipn[a 
-ui 'sjooqag Jo q.iod 
-dns eqq aoj saxo} ^fq 
pasiBJ Aauora jo ^unoray 


ooooooooocoooo 
ooooooooocoooo 

OOOOOOOOOQOIOOO 
OOOOiCOOOOOi^OO 
^OOCfOJ^CvfCOi-lOCOOOOO 

■^ ^Hl— 1 1— 11— ll— IC^C^ ^^1—1 


1—1 




pi 


■qqnoin 
jad pjBoq JO 
aiifBA dSBjaAy 


QOCOOCOOOO^Oi-lt^OaOO 
CjC0CJ00'rrC0t>.-*l>.<?J00T-IO 

Tt^C0C0C0'*»rt(??ir5COC0»dO 


CO 




•pjBoq JO an 
-jBA gaipnpni 
'•qfta jad piBd 
soSbai aSBJaAy 


i-l(Mi-(QOOCOr^COO^Ol^i> 
lC'*C0rHOl>.G0-^O'*t>.l>.l> 

Tj<Oi-ii-l(rJCT(MCi'5f<t^OiCOCT 
1— li— li-Hi— li— li— Ir-H I— li— 1 I— li— 1 

•* 


00 

CM 

1—1 




m 

Hi 


•qjnoin 
jad pjBoq JO 
aiifBA aSuiaAy 


COl^l^OOOCTOOCTOOl^ 
OrHCTOOOOOOOCOOi-IC^J 

05 0oi^i>.coaot^t^0ioocoaooo 
* 






■pj'Boq JO an 
-l^BA SuipniDai 
'•qira jad piBd 
saSBAi. aSmaAy 


coi^coaoococooooooco 
ococ^oiooooiooco-^oco 

l>.Oi— ia0C0i-(00C0OOC0>C05 
C0C0C0C^(NC0O<(M-<*COC\JC0C^ 


CO 






o 


Barnstable, 

Brewster, 

Chatham, 

Dennis, 

Eastham, 

Falmouth, 

Harwich, 

Orleans, 

Provincetown, 

Sandwich, 

Truro, 

Wellfleet, 

Yarmouth, 


J- 
o 



XXXIV 



DUKES COUNTY 



H 
O 

o 

in 

Q 









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tHOJ I-H 


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t>» 


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in 






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o . 


■<*j>Ico 


in 










1— 1 -^co 








O Hi 












a o 


t>i 


t>. 


rH 






w o 


!s S 




rH 






Ki a 


£ fi 


a 








u 


a 


-^in ra 


oi 






W 02 
O S5 


^ 1 


I— 1 1— I r-( 

















W ^ 


tl w 


tH 


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Pi 


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o< 


Oi 






CS 


a ft 










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a 


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< 


3 o 


n<Ti 


r^ 






•Xooxiog pnai;)B (jtjai 


rjHCO'* 






aSs JO sjieaX 9X mao -ofj 


C^ rH 


•^ 






•lOOTiog pu9:» 










-HB oqja. sSb jo 8iwj£ 


COCO , 


CO 






f japun snosiad jo -o^ 




2? 






•tmo} aq? m 


TTl'^^ 






aSB JO siieaX 9X pnu ^ 


I— l^"* 


03 

o 






aaaAi^taq suosjad Jo •ofi 




in 






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fl 


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in 






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O ^Zfl 


^ s 


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it 


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m 






o 


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05 
rH 






•siooqog onqtij jo -o^ 


■^00!> 








o o o 


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o o o 


o 






fl 


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CO 






o 


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1-1 CO CO 


CO 






03 










3 


cT o"o" 


£•' 






'3 


CO GO CO 


o 






!> 


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1-; 






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CO 






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15 


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O 



SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 



XXXV 



•SJOOHDg 

-Aa}{ snfdjng jo smooaj 


1 1 1 


1 


'am«g inuJj amooax 


1 1 1 


' 


■span J {BOOi jo^anorav 


1 1 1 


1 
"oo 

GO 


•nop 


$38 88 
821 00 
410 00 


■gjBioqog JO -OK 33M3Ay 


2Sg 


01 
1— ( 

in 
00 


•}d3^ 
gq^ooni JO anvSaiSSy 


1—1 


•s[ooqog '0103 Suojoid 
0^ ido>i siooqog puB 
'siooqog a^iBAUj 'gatuia 
-pBoy •djoauinn jo -oji 


COl^Oi 


Oi 


•noiq 
-tnx Joj ptBd a^vSaiSSy 


. , . 


• 


sa^ioqag jo 0^ aSejaAy 


1 1 1 


1 


•qda5( 
sq^aotn jo a^vSaiSSy 


1 1 1 


1 


•satniapBav 
pajBJodaooni jo jaqranj^ 


1 1 l-H 


1—1 


•siouqog o!iqn<i joj pa? 
-nqu?noD 'XaBji 'janj 
puB pjBoq JO ^nnoray 


1 1 1 


• 


•lanj 
puB pjBoq 'sjaqoBai jo 
saSBAv aqj jfjao Suipnjo 
-ui 'siooqog JO ?aod 
-dns aqi Joj saxB? ^q 
pasrei ianoHi JO lunoray 


$400 00 

1200 00 

900 00 







•qinora 
jad pjBoq JO 
ani-BA aSBaaAy 


4©: 




•pj8oq JO aa 
-jBA Saipnpui 
'•q^ra aad pred 
sa3BM aSBjaAY 


$12 00 
13 60 
12 57 


01 




■q^aora 
jad pjBoq JO 
atqBA aSsaaAy 


$7 67 
7 33 
7 80 


t^ 


•pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Saipnpui 
'•qiui aad piBd 
sakvii. aSsjaAy 


$31 00 
24 16 
33 60 


g 
^ 







Chilmark, 

Edgartown, 

Tisbury, 


1 
H 









o 
o 

H 
M 
o 

Eh 



o 

OS 
CO 



XXXVl 



RECAPITULATION. 



o 











l-I 


•q:tnoui 
jad pjBoq JO 
an^BA aSBJaiy 


I— 1 1—1 








■pjBoq JO an 
-JBA Saipnpa! 
'•q?ni jad pred 
sa3BM aSBiaAv 


00J>.»00il>.J>00O00r-(CviO»0O 
l>C0C£)t^(?JC0C^CVJi>OOrHa)O 


CO 




No. of Teach 
ers, includ- 
ing Summer 
and Winter 
terms. 


•saiBuia^ 


CT-^OT-*COO"*Ci^'HO-^Ci'-t 
10 IC 0000 CO CO COW'*'* CO i-H 


t^ 

^ 

IC 




•saiBjij; 


OJ^t^-^OOCOOOCOCOTtiCOOiC^O 

co'^'^'— i(r?coi— laocoasoocor-ii— 1 

T-lCTCO^T-li-li-lr-ii-lrHr-lrH 


^ 
^ 




Mi: is 

c3 o O 


1 
1 


JXMOCOlCCTinCT-^COOiniOCO 
CNCT CJ 1-1 CJ G^ i-H C<! i-H I^J CT r-( 


^ 




i-IG500lC(lOCOXCU>QOl^l^COlC— 1 
rH T-i 


J> 




oSb JO saual gi; aaAO -o^ 


O5lC'*Q0C0Cr5C<fi— ICOCJCOCOi— iCO 

ooocot^coinoi— i-^Tj<i:ooo-<*co 

1-1 (M 


Of 

cT 

rH 




•looqog pnaq 
-^B oqM 33b jo saBaX 
^ japnn saosjad jo -o^ 


t^-^-^tiQS^-^cocor^i— 11-HO 

, 1— 1 -^ CO Gi —1 CO l^ Oi 1— 1 »n — 1 , 
' CT ITi J> 1-1 (^i C5 CT rl CT CT (M 


CO 




•sai^nnoo aq:) u; 
eSe JO saBa/C gx puB \ 
ueaM^aq snosaad jo -o^ 


i>cocoo?G5^moJoo-*oo(rfoo"* 
iccscoco'^i-KMicoc^oiciaooiC: 
CT^ CO 0^ o_ »n^ 0^ co^ rH i>._^ i:q_ CO ^^ «>, 

CO OT c6~ CT 00 r-T Otf C<r 00 CO oT r-T r-T 
OJ C^! CO 0{ 1—1 I— 1 1— 1 1— ( I— 1 


rH 






a 

% 
a 


Q0ooc300OrHT#FH00rHc:ikCi>. 

COOOiCilCr-H^CiCTOiCOi— lO(rj 

j> CNj^oo^^QO CT^^^in c*^o_ao CO i^^"* 0^ 

in cd'c^'~T-r:cri>rc£ri>rrH"o"Qd~o~ ^^ 

!—( I-( OJ C< I— 1 1— 1 


CO 




a 
a 

3 

OS 

a 

M 


i-iC0C0t^C^C5O00C0(rJC0!>00C0 

coomco^CT'*i— loorH-^irti^o 

00J>OC0i-4i-li-lC0i-<CTt^C0C0O 

irrco"i-H~t>rirrco"o~co'~oori>r-^'~ r-r 

I— ( T-l (7J T-H 1—1 


co" 

rH 




^1 

^1= 


1 


lCl>i— (■^OO^COCOOIOCOL'^^CO 
i-(CO^CO'*COCO-^COOOiCO'-IOO 
00 -rf^^rH 00 00 -^i-H^CO CO OJ^CO O^^ CO 
Or-TcO t>rj>roo6'0'*~';lH~rH oT i-T 
CT 0{ CO OJ 1—1 1— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 


rH" 
rH 




i 

a 

3 

d 


ooo^o><rirt<^CTO(MOicoco 

J>05CT'-l0000-^»n'*l^iCOl0i— 1 

CO j>^co in i-H Tj< CO ^^co '^Oi^io '^f, 
Or-frHcf i:oorco"orcoco"oin~ t^ 

(NO^COCi iHr-l 1-1 


CO 

rH 




•Biooqog ojiqna jo -o^ 


CTt^00C0C0C5OC0«000C0Oa)»0 
1— iCOOOfCT-^COQOTfOil^J^i— IrH 
0{C0OC0C^C\J(MC^CTC^(Mi-l 


CO 




3 
1 


OOOOOi-lOCOO^OOOO 

ooooot-.ot^ooooooo 

O'*<MC0rHC0rt<C0i>l0aiC0C0'':f< 

00001— llClrJC3<^{(^^oo'-loo^l^ 

CT_O,C0^C0 ^^0 Oi^iO^CO f^^^CO CO 

CD" (rf "*" od" 00 00 ciD <rf co~ -^ ^ j>^ "^ 
01— ia50CiaO'*"*c^o:ic:X)aioi>. 

Oi-ilOaOO{i— lOlTMO^COOOrHO 

0" i-T i>r oT tC CD CO oT irT oT cT TjT r-T CO 

rHCOCOOJ rH rH 1— 1 rH 


rH 

CO 
00 




d 
.2 

3 
0. 


COl^r-COl^COCTOOlOCOCiOOtM 
J>QOi— li— lOiCOrHOO-^COl^OOi-H 
J>^ro CO CO 00 CO 00 CO rH 1— I CO OJ OS 

ic "* CO ic iC 00 —H~ CO j>r CT CO oT 

OiOlOCSCOCOOJ-^lOCOTtCO 





CO 




"gain^aj apBia aABq 
qaiqAi suAio^ jo jaqran^ 


C0Ci001>COCX)COrHC>JC5rHCOC0rH 
(W* 10 C< rH CJ CO 0* rH (M rH 


CO 






H 
H 
K 






Suffolk, 

Essex, 

Middlesex, 

Worcester, 

Hampshire, 

Hampden, 

Franklin, 

Berkshire, 

Norfolk, 

Bristol, 

Plymoutli, 

Barnstable, 

Dukes County, 

Nantucket, 


1 



RECAPITULATION. 



XXXVll 



•S[oori3g 
-Aaa sn[djns jo atnoaui 



C0-rf0i"^OO0ilC05pC0 
rlCOTfOl^Oi-HCOlCiOJO 

COC^COO'TiGJlCOi— 1«$0 



•aiuBS niojj araoaui 



oooooiocsi— ior>.ocoQ 

OCO-^OiCOO-jiCCiCOOJOO 
^•«* rH CO i-l CO 



spunj IBOOi JO (lunoatv 



•not) 
-mi SO} ptBd a^TsSaaSSv 



SMioqag JO -oji aSujoAy 



O »0 kJti O CT O lO --H CT CO l^ CO I 
OQO>n-*COl^QOCOC5^"<*CO 
0_CT l''^CO_in_rH^'^'-^^rH_'-i,l>-„CO^ 

00 cr^c£r»c~'^'~i>~crad~co 05 r^ 



OlOCOCTCOOOiO'— lOkrtOQOO 

ooj^i^cioor^cogo-^ri^^S 
oCTinrHcoi^CT-r-^ioco^-coc: 

o c^ >o CO lo CO Of '"i,'^''^^'";-^'-^ 

o'uiTao'io CO ic c^Tc^"'* CO CO CO iH co 

O OJ 1-1 r-l rH (M r-( 



O'^r^osciioo^iicoicocojo 

j^OC0OC0OC5iC0Ot-.i0 2IC0C0 
C>J Tt C<f Tj< 1—1 rH rH CJ d rH (M 



•idaii 
sqiuotn JO 04i!SaaS3y 

•sjooqag -raoo SaoiOJd 
0} ?da5i 81001(08 pu3 
'sjooqag aiUAUj 'sairaa 
-pEoy •djoaainn jo -Ofj 



•noil 
■mx Joj pred a'ivSsiSSy 



sJBtoqag JO 'oii aSBjaAy 



t^'*rH Tjl Tj* rH "^ ^J 

r-iCi rHrHOJ rH(N 

oooCTi-^coooGocoCTrij^coirt^ 

GOCOOgOrHrHOl>.pCOCO^QOO 
O rH J> CO rH i^J rH OJ t>. CO CO CO (M 



OCOCTaOOl^CTiCOGOOQOl>.Cit^ 
^irtrHrH-^^rtCOOiXMCOOOrHrH 
rH rH rH rH 



OOOOO-^rHOOC^Q 
inOOOmCOCTOOrHO 

co»ooiofO)J>:OOCTi2 

I rHOlCOl^l^GO^iSC^SSI 

Oi o Q -^^o^oq^Oi^co cq_o_of_ 
trf CO -^00 Iff of co" 'sf'* oi 



rHt^COlOCOCOrHjnO'iHjn 
J> ITS (?J O ■<* rH (M C^ CO <?* 



•^da^ 
smaocn JO 9ve2siSSy 



t>.C3COCOCTCOOCO— |OCO 
Oi O ■^ »C CO »0 lO COCOUTi 



s 



•saicaapBov 
paiBJodjoam jo jaqumfj 



OrHlCCOCOCOWrHCOCOCOrHrH 



•spotiag onqti<i joj pa^ 
-nquinoa '^m: Ji 'pnj 
puB paBoq JO lunorav 



•lanj 
pun piTJoq 'sjaqoBai jo 
sagBM eqi Xiuo Satpnp 
-ni 'siooqag jo laod 
-dns aqi aoj saxB4 Xq 
pasiBi ^auoui JO lunotuy 



•qgnota 
jad pJBoq JO 
arq^EA aSBjaAy 



OrHrHlCOrHCOOOrHCT 

oom(?*ocO'*ooa5(N 

> ino^i^ocoincorHcoc^ 

^C*!>COrHrH'^rHrH(7JCO 



OOl>COOOCO!>t>.Cil2COOCO 

oi>-oj^ooc<a5CTaoocooo 

OrHcooj"*CTrHG5C5jrai>.cooi;i 

inCTGOaOGOO;-iQOGOCOgiCOOCO 
O 00 rH CO '^ Ci,Cr'J,CO_Oi_l^C^<^''^<^ 

■gi00^l-*(rJC0rH(MCO»nTfrH 



OOCTCOCOOi'^-^C^COCO^COCOCO 
>nC0'*>S»?5C0OC0Tf*C0l0t>.'* 

OOOCOkCOlOlOlOCOlrtlO'^'^O 



•pjBoq JO an 
-{■BA Saiptqaui 
'■qim jad pred 
saSBAv aSsJdAy 



CO o CO ■* t^ C5 o ic ic ii io 00 c^ JO a> 
mc^comwioorHt>.coco-^t^i» 

o CO ic CO oj o? oj c^ CO -^ CO o? oj eg -^ 

(ytT-tt—^j—tr-it-ir-tj—ir-ir-tr-ir-M—^T-f 






A GRADUATED TABLE, &c. 

In preparing the following Table, the Income of the Surplus Revenue, when- 
ever appropriated for the support of the Public Schools, has been added to the 
amount of money granted by the town and raised by a direct tax ;— the former 
being as really a contribution as the latter, for the education of the children, and, 
like the latter, being expended for the benefit of all. 

The amount voluntarily contributed for board and fuel is not included in the 
estimate. The considerations pertaining to this item fall under a different head. 
These contributions depend upon the will of the inhabitants of the several dis- 
tricts; and, of course, they fluctuate with that will. While, in some districts, 
much may be contributed, — in others, there will be little ; and, in others, nothing. 
So, too, these contributions vary greatly, from year to year, in the same district. 
Now, as it is obvious that the only sure and permanent reliance of all the children 
in the town, for an education, is upon the town appropriations, it follows, that those 
modes of sustaining the schools which do not combine permanence and universality 
of advantages, are greatly mferior in value. Still, however, such voluntary con- 
tributions modify the town's apparent liberality ; and they are therefore exhibited 
in the Table. They show what amount of money was expended, in the town, for 
Public Schools ; but they do not show whether the children of all, or of only a 
few of the districts, participated in its benefits. 

Neither is the Income from Local Funds included in the estimate. These are 
usually the proceeds of donations which were not made for the purpose of reliev- 
ing the towns from a pecuniary burden, but for the purpose of increasing the 
educational advantages of the children ; — not to be subtracted from, but added to, 
what the towns would otherwise grant. No mention, therefore, is made, in this 
connection, of the Income from Local Funds. 

Against the name of each town, at its left hand, is set, not only tlie No. which 
indicates its relative liberality, as compared with other towns in the State, in 
raising money for the support of schools for the year 1848-9, but also the No, 
which indicated its relative standing for tlie preceding year, — that of 1847-8. It 
may thus be seen at a glance, in regard to any town, whether it has risen or fallen 
in the scale of merit, since the last year. For instance, Boston, which was No. 2, 
last year, is No. 1, this year ; and Brookline, which was No. 1, last year, is No. 2, 
this year ; and so of the rest 



A GRADUATED TABLE, 

Shoiinng the Comparative Amount of money appropriated, by the different toivns in 
the Stale, for the education of each child in the town hetiveen the ages of 4 and 
16 years. 









■a fl-S< aJ 


>^ X 


g .i \ a'-o \ 


1 -a 








ii " 60 


■^ 2" • 






0) r-^ 


^ a 








.2 2 g« 


"2 "■§ 


e-|i 




^■g 


•c a 


s 


OS 




S n So 


wj a> o 


Sll 




1^1 


II 




00 

1 


TOWNS. 




3 m O 

3 3 O 


° 0) » 

III 


TOTAL. 




<! 3*; 


2 


1 


BOSTON, 


#10 65.3 


#232,800 00 


. 


. 


21,853 


_ 


1 


2 


Brookline, 


7 39 


3,200 00 


. 


. 


433 


. 


19 


3 


Charlestown, 


6 79 


24,955 00 


_ 


_ 


3675 


_ 


3 


4 


Somerville, 


6 46.8 


3,519 00 


_ 


_ 


544 


_ 


15 


5 


W. Cambridge, 


6 26.9 


2,683 00 


_ 


_ 


428 


_ 


26 


6 


Lexington, 


6 12.7 


2,500 00 


_ 


_ 


408 


_ 


25 


7 


Boxborough, 


5 97 


400 00 


_ 


_ 


67 


_ 


4 


8 


Dedham, 


5 71.4 


5,000 00 


. 


_ 


875 


_ 


14 


9 


North Chelsea, 


5 68.2 


1,000 00 


_ 


_ 


176 


. 


16 


10 


Cambridge, 


5 49.7 


18,249 53 


_ 


_ 


3320 


- 


11 


11 


Brighton, 


5 44.4 


2,700 00 


_ 


_ 


496 


_ 


13 


12 


Roxbury, 


5 43.8 


19,877 27 


_ 


_ 


3655 


_ 


23 


13 


Dorchester, 


5 42.6 


9,002 00 


^ 


_ 


1659 


. 


9 


14 


Concord, 


5 37.6 


2,500 00 


_ 


_ 


465 


. 


5 


15 


Medford, 


5 17.2 


3,600 00 




_ 


696 


. 


8 


16 


Nantucket, 


5 16.6 


9,267 06 


_ 


. 


1794 


_ 


6 


17 


Chelsea, 


5 09 


6,250 00 


_ 


_ 


1228 


_ 


7 


18 


Watertown, 


4 96.5 


2,800 00 




_ 


564 


. 


10 


19 


Lowell, 


4 82.6 


30,492 62 


_ 


_ 


6318 


_ 


30 


20 


Kingston, 


4 77.6 


1,600 00 


. 


_ 


335 


_ 


20 


21 


Dover, 


4 69.2 


500 00 


#63 00 


#563 00 


120 


- 


17 


22 


New Braintree, 


4 67.8 


800 00 




. 


171 


_ 


31 


23 


Plymouth, 


4 59.9 


7,000 00 


. 


_ 


1522 


#548 00 


24 


24 


Waltham, 


4 54 


3,500 00 




_ 


771 


_ 


49 


25 


Springfield, 


4 48.7 


9,630 00 


_ 


_ 


2146 


_ 


29 


26 


New Bedford, 


4 42 


16,600 00 


. 


_ 


3755 


_ 




27 


Chicopee,* 


4 35.8 


7,400 00 


. 


_ 


1698 


_ 


12 


28 


Milton, 


4 35.7 


2,000 00 




_ 


459 


_ 


27 


29 


Salem, 


4 28.2 


18,613 75 


. 


. 


4347 


_ 


32 


30 


Newburyport, 


4 20.9 


8,300 00 


. 


_ 


1972 


_ 


38 


31 


Fairhaven, 


4 14.9 


5,000 00 


_ 


_ 


1205 


125 00 


18 


32 


Worcester, 


4 13.8 


13,300 00 


_ 


^ 


3214 


50 00 


21 


33 


Weston, 


4 10.2 


1,050 00 


. 


_ 


256 


_ 


40 


34 


Hatfield, 


4 03.6 


750 00 


113 75 


863 75 


214 


_ 


48 


35 


Carlisle, 


4 03.2 


500 00 






124 


_ 


22 


36 


South Reading, 


4 02.2 


1,850 00 




_ 


460 


_ 


37 


37 


Littleton, 


4 01.7 


900 00 






224 


_ 


87 


38 


Lancaster, 


3 99 


3,200 00 




_ 


802 


_ 


39 


39 


Northampton, 


3 89.8 


4,600 00 


. 


_ 


1180 


150 00 


35 


40 


Billerica, 


3 88.6 


1,500 00 




_ 


386 


. 


46 


41 


Maiden, 


3 82.2 


3,000 00 


_ 


_ 


785 


. 


51 


42 


Bolton, 


3 76.4 


1,091 65 




_ 


290 


. 


53 


43 


Montgomery, 


3 75 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


80 


181 00 


34 


44 


Sherburne, 


3 74.5 


925 00 


- 


- 


247 


- 



* A newly-incorporated town. 



xl 



GRADUATED TABLE. 











^L 


S-S 




ceo 


. 13 

^ a 


^ 


4 




ropriat 
! for ea 
itween 
rs ofaj 




-Si 




•T3 '3 

11^ 


•a «i 
II 


1-1 
u 


CO 

I-l 


TOWNS. 


Sum app 
by towns 
child b( 
and 16 y] 


■<S p. 


g >-^ 


TOTAL. 


^11 




78 


45 


Longmeadow, 


#3 73.1 


$1250 00 


_ 


. 


335 


#142 00 


61 


46 


Tyngsborough, 


3 67 


800 00 


- 


- 


218 


43 67 


47 


47 


Paxton, 


3 61.4 


600 00 


_ 


- 


166 


- 


83 


48 


Barnstable, 


3 60.1 


4400 00 


- 


- 


1222 


_ 


103 


49 


Dunstable, 


3 59.7 


500 00 


- 


- 


139 


30 00 


50 


50 


Hingham, 


3 58.4 


3097 05 


_ 


- 


864 


-■ 


99 


51 


Harvard, 


3 52.8 


1400 00 


f 36 00 


#1436 00 


407 


- 


64 


52 


Walpole, 


3 52.1 


1500 00 


- 


- 


426 


- 


149 


53 


Newton, 


3 49 


4000 00 


_ 


- 


1146 


_ 


100 


54 


Essex, 


3 48.5 


1300 00 


_ 


- 


373 


_ 


55 


55 


Lawrence, 


3 44.4 


3750 00 


_ 




1089 


_ 


88 


56 


Bridgewater, 


3 44.2 


2000 00 


. 


- 


581 


_ 


36 


57 


Wayland, 


3 37.1 


900 00 


_ 


_ 


267 


_ 


54 


58 


Hull, 


3 33.3 


200 00 


_ 


_ 


60 


_ 


117 


59 


Haverhill, 


3 33.2 


4000 00 


521 16 


4521 16 


1357 


. 


52 


60 


Danvers, 


3 30.4 


5451 00 


553 20 


6004 20 


1817 


_ 


28 


61 


Duxbury, 


3 28.6 


2100 00 


200 00 


2300 00 


700 


_ 


62 


62 


Middleborough, 


3 28.4 


4000 00 


. 


- 


1218 


793 00 


43 


63 


Bedford, 


3 26.5 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


245 


_ 


113 


64 


Boxford, 


3 25.5 


700 00 


61 77 


761 77 


234 


_ 


82 


65 


Shirley, 


3 23.7 


780 00 


_ 


- 


241 


_ 


57 


66 


Provincetown, 


3 22.5 


2000 00 


_ 


. 


617 


_ 


135 


67 


Ashby,- 


3 22 


900 00 


50 00 


950 00 


295 


_ 


93 


68 


Lynn, 


3 21.9 


10000 00 


_ 


. 


3107 


- 


41 


69 


Heath, 


3 21.4 


810 00 


_ 


_ 


252 


310 00 




70 


W. Brookfield,* 


3 21.4 


900 00 


_ 


. 


280 


40 00 


44 


71 


Woburn, 


3 16.8 


3000 00 


_ 


_ 


947 


. 


84 


72 


Harwich, 


3 15.8 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


380 


_ 


59 


73 


Framingham, 


3 13.1 


3000 00 


_ 


- 


958 


_ 


45 


74 


Sunderland, 


3 12.5 


650 00 


_ 


_ 


208 


40 00 


75 


75 


Sharon, 


3 07.7 


600 00 


150 86 


750 86 


244 


. 


74 


76 


Methuen, 


3 07.7 


1600 00 


_ 


. 


520 


10 00 


91 


77 


Acton, 


3 07.7 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


325 


. 


66 


78 


Reading, 


3 05.8 


2000 00 


_ 


. 


654 


_ 


60 


79 


Cohasset, 


3 04.6 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


394 


_ 


89 


80 


Bellingham, 


3 04.4 


800 00 


140 63 


940 63 


309 


18 00 


72 


81 


Scituate, 


3 04.3 


3000 00 


_ 


. 


986 


_ 


42 


82 


Dighton, 


3 03.9 


1000 00 


170 24 


1170 24 


385 


112 00 


102 


83 


Tall River, 


3 03.5 


8600 00 


_ 


_ 


2834 


_ 


80 


84 


Pembroke, 


3 03 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


330 


_ 


124 


85 


Ludlow, 


3 01.6 


950 00 


_ 


_ 


315 


250 00 


69 


86 


Wrentham, 


3 01.1 


2100 00 


341 86 


2441 86 


811 


_ 


81 


87 


Petersham, 


3 00 


1200 00 




_ 


400 


54 25 


155 


88 


Saugus, 


3 00 


1083 00 


_ 


. 


361 


■ _ 


233 


89 


Deerfield, 


3 00 


1563 00 


_ 


_ 


521 


241 00 


63 


90 


Quincy, 


2 99.6 


3400 00 


_ 


_ 


1135 




70 


91 


Tewksbury, 


2 97.9 


700 00 


_ 


_ 


235 


- 


77 


92 


Stoneham, 


2 97.3 


1100 00 


. 


_ 


370 


_ 


76 


93 


Chelmsford, 


2 97 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


505 


_ 


65 


94 


WUmington, 


2 94.8 


625 00 


_ 


_ 


212 


_ 


85 


95 


Canton, 


2 94.1 


1600 00 


. 


_ 


544 


150 00 


154 


96 


Sterling, 


2 91.4 


1300 00 


_ 


_ 


446 


- 


201 


97 


Royalston, 


2 89.8 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


414 


15 00 


177 


98 


Westborough, 


2 88.5 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


416 


- 


152 


99 


W. Bridge wat'r. 


2 88.2 


1000 00 


- 


- 


347 


- 



A newly-incorporated town. 



GRADUATED TABLE. 



xli 









'Osa^ aS 


l»> ' 1 i •:!< 1 1 a CO 


. -a 








liag- 


5fi 


S-pss 




IS 


f § 


00 






iropri 

etwet 
rs.of 


» u ° 

■35^ 








"H 

a 




1 


TOWNS. 


— O t3 '"' 


3^0 


° « m 


TOTAL. 


•5S"S 


ll 


1 


o 




9 "^ :;: t3 


III 


ill 




ill 


< 32 


56 


100 


Burlington, 


,#2 87.1 


#300 00 


$58 93 


$358 93 


125 


_ 


67 


101 


Medway, 


2 85.7 


1500 00 


- 


- 


525 


_ 


143 


102 


Lynnfield, 


2 85.7 


600 00 


- 


- 


210 


_ 


15(> 


103 


Auiesbury, 


2 85.3 


2000 00 


- 


- 


701 


_ 


79 


104 


Foxborough, 


2 85 


1200 00 


- 


- 


421 


- 


284 


105 


Erving, 


2 83.2 


250 00 


53 00 


303 00 


107 


_ 


71 


106 


Braintree, 


2 82.1 


2000 00 


. 


- 


709 


_ 


97 


107 


Southborough, 


2 81.7 


800 00 


_ 


- 


284 


_ 


146 


108 


Brimfield, 


2 81.7 


1200 00 


- 


- 


426 


#156 00 


33 


109 


Lincoln, 


2 78 


570 00 


_ 


. 


205 


. 


110 


110 


Halifax, 


2 77.8 


500 00 


- 


- 


180 


45 00 


144 


111 


Plynipton, 


2 77.8 


600 00 


- 


- 


216 


250 41 


168 


112 


Winchendon, 


2 77.3 


1500 00 


. 


_ 


541 


_ 


115 


113 


Marshfield, 


2 75.4 


1300 00 


_ 


- 


472 


_ 


104 


114 


Lunenburg, 


2 75.2 


900 00 


- 


- 


327 


_ 


132 


115 


Phillipston, 


2 75.2 


600 00 


_ 


. 


218 


_ 


185 


116 


E. Bridgewater, 


2 73.7 


1500 00 


- 


- 


548 


_ 


171 


117 


Hanover, 


2 72.7 


1200 00 


. 


. 


440 


_ 


94 


118 


N. Brookfield, 


2 72.1 


1200 00 


- 


. 


441 


- 


90 


119 


Barre, 


2 71.1 


1800 00 


_ 


- 


664 


50 00 


179 


120 


Leicester, 


2 70.4 


1460 00 


. 


_ 


540 


_ 


106 


121 


Westhampton, 


2 69.5 


450 00 


- 


- 


167 


300 00 


158 


122 


Hanson, 


2 69.4 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


297 


_ 


73 


123 


Dracut, 


2 69.2 


1544 12 


213 71 


1757 83 


653 


75 00 


119 


124 


Edgartown, 


2 69.1 


1200 00 


- 


- 


446 


- 


304 


125 


Monroe, 


2 68.6 


209 53 


_ 


- 


78 


92 50 


105 


126 


Granby, 


2 67.3 


850 00 


. 


- 


318 


75 00 


58 


127 


South Hadley, 


2 66.7 


1000 00 


- 


- 


375 


131 50 


169 


128 


Seekonk, 


2 66.3 


1100 00 


242 00 


1342 00 


504 


500 00 


166 


129 


Chilmark, 


2 64.9 


400 00 


- 


- 


151 


- 


134 


130 


Marblehead, 


2 64.6 


4000 00 


_ 


- 


1512 


. 


151 


131 


Rowe, 


2 64.5 


500 00 


_ 


. 


189 


83 00 


123 


132 


Newbury, 


2 63.2 


2700 00 


- 


- 


1026 


- 


182 


133 


Abington, 


2 58.8 


3000 00 


_ 


_ 


1159 


_ 


170 


134 


Ipswich, 


2 58.5 


1900 00 


_ 


- 


735 


18 00 


116 


135 


Hadley, 


2 58.5 


1300 00 


_ 


_ 


503 


30 00 


174 


136 


Weymouth, 


2 58.4 


3000 00 


- 


- 


1161 


- 


108 


137 


Charlton, 


2 58 


1200 00 


- 


- 


465 


160 70 


101 


138 


Ashland, 


2 58 


800 00 


- 


- 


310 


_ 


125 


139 


Needham, 


2 56.9 


1110 00 


_ 


_ 


432 


_ 


68 


140 


Greenfield, 


2 56.4 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


585 


250 00 


163 


141 


N. Bridgewater, 


2 55.5 


2000 00 


276 20 


2276 20 


891 


- 


120 


142 


Stow, 


2 54.5 


700 00 


_ 


_ 


275 


. 


131 


143 


Warren, 


2 53.8 


1000 00 


_ 


. 


394 


52 00 


98 


144 


Douglas, 


2 53.7 


1200 00 


_ 


. 


473 


- 


145 


145 


Wales, 


2 53.1 


400 00 


. 


- 


158 


46 25 


160 


146 


Northfield, 


2 52.6 


1000 00 


66 00 


1066 00 


422 


150 00 


118 


147 


Warwick, 


2 51.8 


700 00 


_ 


_ 


278 


25 00 


109 


148 


Franklin, 


2 50 


1200 00 


_ 


. 


480 


- 


133 


149 


Westford, 


2 49.4 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


401 


- 


206 


150 


Medfield, 


2 48.8 


500 00 


_ 


. 


201 


- 


122 


151 


Middlefield, 


2 48.7 


490 00 


_ 


_ 


197 


448 00 


265 


152 


Tolland, 


2 47.7 


322 00 


_ 


_ 


130 


78 00 


130 


153 


Enfield, 


2 47.3 


700 00 


_ 


- 


283 


- 


138 


154 


Sheffield, 


2 46.7 


1875 00 


- 


- 


760 


500 00 



xlii 



GRADUATED TABLE. 



s 




I-l 


00 

00 
T-l 


o 


t4 


159 


155 


925 


156 


192 


157 


173 


158 


197 


159 


127 


160 


167 


161 


263 


162 


157 


163 


129 


164 


148 


165 


266 


166 


137 


167 


111 


168 


147 


169 


194 


170 


208 


171 


176 


172 


178 


173 


165 


174 


228 


175 


150 


176 


230 


177 


141 


178 


126 


179 


140 


180 


95 


181 


187 


162 


142 


183 


153 


184 


299 


185 


181 


186 


253 


187 


258 


188 


86 


189 


234 


190 


180 


191 


204 


192 


162 


193 


214 


194 


191 


195 


188 


196 


164 


197 


136 


198 


139 


199 


237 


200 


223 


201 


193 


202 


96 


203 


190 


204 


184 


205 


207 


206 


222 


207 


306 


208 


175 


209 



Somerset, 

Princeton, 

Oakham, 

Auburn, 

Hamilton, 

Norton, 

West Newbury 

Ashburnham, 

Manchester, 

Pepperell, 

Middleton, 

Wareham, 

Oxford, 

Mendon, 

Holliston, 

Pittsfield, 

Salisbury, 

Plainfield, 

Dartmouth, 

Whately, 

Taunton, 

Northborough, 

Southampton, 

Groton, 

Brookfield, 

Pawtucket, 

Greenwich, 

Shelburne, 

Rutland, 

Webster, 

Mt. Washington 

Gloucester, 

Hubbardston, 

Easton, 

Dudley, 

West Boylston, 

Freetown, 

Monson, 

Rowley, 

Hopkinton, 

Fitchburg, 

Stoughton, 

Goshen, 

Shrewsbury, 

Montague, 

Adams, 

Berkley, 

Attleborough, 

Russell, 

Yarmouth, 

Uxbridge, 

Topsfield, 

Peru, 

Rockport, 

Beverly, 



.3 g a « 

n V] O) (H 
CO,Q o cs 



45.9 
45.7 
45.6 
45.1 
45.1 
44.4 
44.4 
44.4 
42 7 
41.5 
41.5 

2 40.3 

2 40.1 

2 40.1 

2 40 
39.9 
39.8 
39.6 
39 
39 
38.9 
38 
35 
35 
35 
34 

33.6 
33 
33 

2 33 

2 32 

2 32 
32.1 
31.8 
31.2 
30.8 
30.4 
30.3 
29.4 
28.5 

2 27 

2 26 

2 25 

2 25 

2^5 

2 25 

2 24 

2 23 

2 23 

2 23 

2 23 

2 23 

2 22.2 

2 22.2 

2 21.2 



■a ^S 
5^ rt^ o 

o 2 ^ 

S >< o 
-«! J p. 



1000 

700 

500 

500 

1200 

1100 

1200 

1000 

1000 

500 

1800 

1400 

600 

1200 

2800 

1700 

520 

2500 

650 

6000 

800 

500 

1600 

900 

2400 

500 

800 

800 

1200 

267 

4500 

1200 

1500 

800 

900 

1000 

1200 

500 

1200 

2400 

1700 

300 

900 

852 

3543 

500 

2109 

250 

1500 

1200 

600 

300 

2000 

3000 



S-a 




as 

4) T— t 


■o a 


-2^ 

r^ ^ V 




•3^ M 


11 
o o 


'-' OJ tn 


TOTAL. 


°i° 




a £-2 




oil 




. 


_ 


244 


$64 00 


. 


. 


407 


_ 


- 


- 


285 


20 00 


. 


_ 


204 


- 


_ 


- 


204 


. 


- 


. 


491 


- 


_ 


_ 


450 


- 


_ 


_ 


491 


_ 


_ 


. 


412 


- 


_ 


_ 


414 


- 


- 


- 


207 


. 


- 


_ 


749 


200 00 


- 


- 


583 


12 00 


127 49 


727 49 


303 


- 


- 


_ 


500 


- 


- 


. 


1167 


226 00 


- 


- 


709 


- 


- 


- 


217 


241 50 


_ 


_ 


1046 


1600 00 


. 


_ 


272 


86 00 


- 


_ 


2512 


50 00 


_ 


_ 


336 


. 


159 31 


659 31 


280 


- 


_ 


. 


680 


- 


. 


- 


383 


33 00 


_ 


_ 


1024 


- 


_ 


_ 


214 


45 00 


_ 


_ 


343 


321 50 


_ 


. 


343 


12 06 


_ 


_ 


515 


_ 


_ 


_ 


115 


123 00 


_ 


_ 


1936 


- 


_ 


- 


517 


_ 


. 


_ 


647 


_ 


_ 


. 


346 


80 00 


_ 


- 


390 


- 


_ 


_ 


434 


- 


_ 


_ 


521 


487 75 


- 


. 


218 


_ 


_ 


. 


525 


- 


- 


. 


1054 


- 


. 


_ 


751 


- 


- 


. 


133 


100 00 


- 


- 


400 


- 


_ 


_ 


379 


190 00 


- 


- 


1575 


510 75 


- 


. 


223 


_ 


_ 


_ 


943 


77 50 


. 


- 


112 


175 00 


- 


- 


672 


150 00 


_ 


. 


538 


- 


_ 


_ 


269 


24 00 


_ 


. 


135 


325 00 


_ 


_ 


900 


- 


- 


- 


1356 


- 



GRADUATED TABLE. 



xliii 









"O^ ■* ai 


•^ . 


a-- 




c to 


, 73 








"JO hn 


^'a. 






IIH 


■a a 


06 


en 




ropriat 
for ea 
itween 

•S. of 8] 


g a> § 

2-1 


SI'S 






at 

d 


r-i 
U 


00 
rH 

1 


TOWNS. 


Sum app: 
by towns 
child be 
and 16 yi 




° 0) s 

8 >-a 


TOTAL. 


■si's 


^ J3 

2 ■«-: 
g 01 <K 

■< 3<S 


256 


210 


Cummington, 


#2 20.3 


$824 00 


. 


_ 


374 


$443 00 


211 


211 


Westminster, 


2 19.8 


1200 00 


. 


- 


546 


22 00 


161 


212 


Athol, 


2 19 


1200 00 


- 


- 


548 


15 00 


296 


213 


Sandisfield, 


2 16.2 


800 00 


- 


- 


370 


630 00 


232 


214 


Mansfield, 


2 16.2 


856 00 


- 


- 


396 


- 


262 


215 


Westfield, 


2 14.6 


2000 00 


- 


- 


932 


154 00 


287 


21G 


Cheshire, 


2 14.3 


600 00 


. 


- 


280 


400 00 


199 


217 


Amherst, 


2 14.3 


1500 00 


. 


- 


700 


18 00 


189 


218 


Fahnouth, 


2 14.1 


1200 00 


320 00 


1520 00 


710 


392 22 


251 


219 


Wilbraham, 


2 13.9 


900 00 


246 70 


1146 70 


536 


606 50 


195 


220 


Becket, 


2 13.5 


600 00 


- 


- 


281 


580 00 


249 


221 


Egremont, 


2 13.4 


525 00 


- 


- 


246 


301 50 


121 


222 


New Salem, 


2 12.9 


800 00 


- 


- 


371 


110 31 


186 


223 


Sandwich, 


2 12.9 


2308 33 


376 03 


2684 36 


1261 


100 00 


209 


224 


Townsend, 


2 11.9 


1000 00 


- 


- 


472 


55 34 


212 


225 


Georgetown, 


2 11.2 


1000 00 


90 00 


1090 00 


516 


- 


183 


226 


Milford, 


2 10.8 


1400 00 


- 


- 


664 


- 


235 


227 


Rehoboth, 


2 10.4 


900 00 


139 35 


1039 35 


494 


322 00 


196 


228 


Upton, 


2 10.3 


900 00 


- 


- 


428 


- 


294 


229 


Buckland, 


2 09.8 


600 00 


_ 


- 


286 


35 00 


205 


230 


Northbridge, 


2 08.7 


1000 00 


- 


- 


479 


- 


257 


231 


Natick, 


2 08.3 


1000 00 


_ 


- 


480 


. 


246 


232 


Worth ington. 


2 08 


500 00 


146 98 


646 98 


311 


549 75 


218 


233 


Easthampton, 


2 06.4 


450 00 


- 


- 


218 


397 00 


219 


234 


Lenox, 


2 05.9 


700 00 


- 


- 


340 


617 00 


238 


235 


Monterey, 


2 05.4 


325 00 


67 41 


392 41 


191 


407 25 


281 


236 


Brewster, 


2 05.1 


800 00 


_ 


- 


390 


118 00 


220 


237 


Berlin, 


2 04.1 


500 00 


- 


. 


245 




260 


238 


Orleans, 


2 04.1 


1100 00 


. 


_ 


539 


- 


236 


239 


Gardner, 


2 04 


800 00 


_ 


- 


392 


- 


227 


240 


Blackstone, 


2 04 


1787 00 


- 


- 


876 


- 


226 


241 


Eastham, 


2 03.8 


450 00 


80 00 


530 00 


260 


35 00 


224 


242 


Randolph, 


2 03.3 


2000 00 


- 


- 


984 


- 


243 


243 


Marlborough, 


2 02.2 


1300 00 


- 


- 


643 


- 


288 


244 


New Marlboro', 


2 02 


700 00 


204 78 


904 78 


448 


644 00 


172 


245 


Leominster, 


2 01.7 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


595 


- 


247 


246 


Raynham, 


2 01.5 


800 00 


. 


- 


397 


- 


202 


247 


Spencer, 


2 01.2 


1000 00 


- 


- 


497 


- 


217 


248 


Belchertown, 


2 00.9 


1400 00 


. 


- 


697 


279 00 


128 


249 


Holland, 


2 00 


200 00 


- 


- 


100 


94 00 


295 


250 


Leverett, 


2 00 


496 00 


- 


- 


248 


197 50 


114 


251 


Westport, 


2 00 


1500 00 


- 


- 


750 


- 


213 


252 


Grafton, 


1 99.9 


1793 81 


60 00 


1853 81 


927 


- 


215 


253 


Bradford, 


1 99.2 


1424 00 


- 


. 


715 


- 


261 


254 


Holden, 


1 98.8 


1000 00 


. 


- 


503 


- 


239 


255 


Charlemont, 


1 98 


600 00 


- 


. 


303 


225 00 


200 


256 


Ware, 


1 97.8 


1600 00 


. 


_ 


809 


39 00 


312 


257 


Williamstown, 


1 97.4 


1500 00 


- 


_ 


760 


- 


277 


258 


Stockbridge, 


1 96.1 


1000 00 


- 


- 


510 


201 00: 


267 


259 


Conway, 


1 95.8 


830 00 


~ 


. 


424 


573 00 


282 


260 


Chatham, 


1 94.8 


1200 00 




_ 


616 


600 00 


203 


261 


Alford, 


1 92.3 


250 00 


_ 


. 


130 


203 20 


242 


262 


Templeton, 


1 92.3 


1000 00 


- 


- 


520 


- 


269 


263 


Otis, 


1 90.3 


550 00 


- 


- 


289 


517 00 



xliv 



GRADUATED TABLE. 







■a^ ^ (J 


-> 1 S -r 1 


G '^ 


1 ■a 








=3 S a « 




&|i 




19 


^ a 
"5 =3 


00 


4 






m CJ ° 

1-1 








at 

O d 


t:- 

1 


00 

T-l 
U 


TOWNS. 


O, "0 » f 


jj t-l CO 

a is 


O 0) m 

8 g-g 


TOTAL. 


oil 




245 


264 


Millbury, 


$1 90.3 


$1250 00 


_ 


_ 


657 


_ 


221 


265 


Sudbury, 


1 90.2 


740 00 


i" 


- 


389 


- 


279 


266 


Lanesborough, 


1 88.6 


600 00 


- 


318 


#510 00 


229 


267 


Andover, 


1 88.2 


3500 00 


_ 


- 


1860 


_ 


298 


268 


Carver, 


1 88.1 


600 00 


_ 




319 


290 50 


216 


269 


Swanzey, 


1 87.5 


600 00 


_ 




320 


259 50 


301 


270 


Florida, 


1 87.5 


300 00 


_ 




160 


146 00 


270 


271 


Shutesbury, 


1 87.3 


500 00 


- 


- 


267 


40 50 


198 


272 


Boylston, 


1 87.3 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


267 


10 50 


255 


273 


Dana, 


1 86 


400 00 


_ 




215 


50 00 


240 


274 


Williamsburg', 


1 84.7 


700 00 


- 


- 


379 


311 00 


112 


275 


Sutton, 


1 82.8 


1000 00 


- 


- 


547 


_ 


273 


276 


Chesterfield, 


1 82.5 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


274 


308 50 


254 


277 


Gill, 


1 82.2 


400 00 


_ 


_ 


219 


222 00 


107 


278 


Chester, 


1 81.8 


800 00 


- 


_ 


440 


703 00 


244 


279 


Dalton, 


1 81.8 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


275 


328 00 


250 280 


Tisbury, 


1 81.5 


900 00 


- 


_ 


496 


- 


292 


281 


Wendell, 


1 81 


400 00 


_ 


- 


221 


55 00 


259 


282 


Coleraine, 


1 79.5 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


557 


714 00 


241 


283 


Wenham, 


1 78.6 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


280 


_ 


276 


284 


Bemardston, 


1 78.6 


500 00' - 


_ 


280 


351 00 


283 


285 


Southbridge, 


1 78.3 


1200 00 




_ 


673 


_ 


248 


286 


Windsor, 


1 77.8 


400 00 


_ 


_ 


225 


90 00 


290 


287 


Washington, 


1 76.5 


450 00 


_ 


_ 


255 


407 00 


272 


288 


Orange, 


1 75.4 


800 00 


- 


_ 


456 


- 


289 


289 


Rochester, 


1 74.3 


2000 00 


_ 


_ 


1144 


142 00 


264 


290 


Sturbridge, 


1 72.4 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


580 


68 00 


293 


291 


Granville, 


1 71.9 


600 00 


_ 


_ 


349 


365 00 


210 


292 


Prescott, 


1 69.1 


350 00 


_ 


_ 


207 


140 00 


268 


293 


Lee, 


1 67.4 


1180 00 




_ 


705 


400 00 


278 


294 


Hawley, 


1 67.2 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


299 


160 00 


280 1 295 


Richmond, 


1 66.6 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


180 


357 01 


285 1 296 


Tyringham, 


1 64.8 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


182 


139 00 


274 


297 


Hinsdale, 


1 56.2 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


320 


415 00 


308 


298 


Clarksburg, 


1 55 


200 00 [ - 


_ 


129 


170 00 


291 


299 


Blandford, 


1 51.9 


600 00 - 


_ 


395 


685 00 


286 


300 


Leyden, 


1 50 


300 00 - 


_ 


200 


247 00 


271 


301 


W. Springfield, 


1 48 


1700 00 - 


- 


1149 


1200 50 


92 


302 


New Ashford, 


1 47 


75 00 


_ 


_ 


51 


61 00 


302 


303 


Palmer, 


1 43.2 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


838 


183 00 


303 


304 


Wellfleet, 


1 42.9 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


700 


480 00 


252 


305 


Norwich, 


1 40.8 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


213 


250 00 


297 


306 


Pelham, 


1 39.8 


400 00 


_ 


_ 


286 


122 00 


307 


307 


Gt. Barrington, 


1 38.5 


1100 00 


_ 


_ 


794 


350 00 


300 


308 


Truro, 


1 36.1 


875 00 


_ 


_ 


650 


_ 


305 


309 


Dennis, 


1 31.6 


1200 00 


_ 


, _ 


912 


_ 


231 


310 


W.Stockbridge, 


1 29.8 


500 00 


153 00 


653 00 


426 


373 44 


310 


311 


Hancock, 


1 27.1 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


236 


371 28 


309 


312 


Harwich, 


1 25.8 


1300 00 


_ 


_ 


1033 


750 00 


275 


313 


Ashfield, 


1 25 


700 00 


_ 


_ 


560 


450 00 


311 


314 


Savoy, 


1 25 


348 75 


_ 


_ 


279 


150 00 


313 




South wick,* 






- 


- 


*356 


*551 50 



* No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 



GRADUATED TABLES, 

Slioioing the Comparative Amount of money appropriated hy the different totvns in 
each of the Counties in the State, for the education of each child in the town, 
between the ages of 4 and 1 6 years. 

SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



i 


05 
1 


TOWNS. 


Sum appropriated 
by towns for each 
child between 4 
and 16 yrs. of age. 


m 

3 m ° 


S => o 

a a s 

8 S:^ 

i-iPh o3 


TOTAL. 


li. 

rj =8 0) 

OS'S 

oil 


^11 


1 1 


BOSTON, 


#10 65.3 


#232,800 00 


_ 


_ 


21,853 


- 


3 2 


North Chelsea, 


5 68.2 


1,000 00 


- 


- 


176 


- 


21 3 


Chelsea, 


5 09 


6,250 00 


- 


- 


1228 


- 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



1 


1 


SALEM, 


4 28.2 


18,613 75 






4347 


. 


2 


2 


Newburyport, 


4 20.9 


8300 00 


- 


- 


1972 


- 


7 


3 


Essex, 


3 48.5 


1300 00 


- 


- 


373 


- 


4 


4 


Lawrence, 


3 44.4 


3750 00 


- 


- 


1089 


- 


9 


5 


Haverhill, 


3 33.2 


4000 00 


521 16 


4521 16 


1357 


- 


3 


6 


Danvers, 


3 30.4 


5451 00 


553 20 


6004 20 


1817 


- 


8 


7 


Boxford, 


3 25.5 


700 00 


61 77 


761 77 


234 


- 


6 


8 


Lynn, 


3 21.9 


10,000 00 


- 


- 


3107 


- 


5 


9 


Methuen, 


3 07.7 


1600 00 


- 


- 


520 


10 00 


14 


10 


Saugiis, 


3 00 


1083 00 


- 


- 


361 


- 


12 


11 


Lynnfield, 


2 85.7 


600 00 


- 




210 


- 


16 


12 


Amesbury, 


2 85.3 


2000 00 


- 


- 


701 


- 


n 


13 


Marblehead, 


2 64.6 


4000 00 


- 


- 


1512 


- 


10 


14 


Newbury, 


2 63.2 


2700 00 


- 


- 


1026 


- 


19 


15 


Ipswich, 


2 58.5 


1900 00 


- 


- 


735 


18 00 


22 


16 


Hamilton, 


2 45.1 


500 00 


- 


_ 


204 


- 


18 


17 


West Newbury, 


2 44.4 


1100 00 


- 


- 


450 


- 


15 


18 


Manchester, 


2 42.7 


1000 00 


- 


- 


412 


- 


13 


19 


Middleton, 


2 41.5 


500 00 


- 


_ 


207 


_ 


24 


20 


Salisbury, 


2 39.8 


1700 00 


- 


- 


709 


- 


21 


21 


Gloucester, 


2 32.4 


4500 00 


- 


- 


1936 


- 


17 


22 


Rowley, 


2 29.4 


500 00 


- 


- 


218 


- 


23 


23 


Topsfield, 


2 23 


600 00 


- 


- 


269 


24 00 


29 


24 


Rockport, 


2 22.2 


2000 00 


- 


- 


900 


- 


20 


25 


Beverly, 


2 21.2 


3000 00 


- 


- 


1356 


- 


25 


26 


Georgetown, 


2 11.2 


1000 00 


90 00 


1090 00 


516 


- 


26 


27 


Bradford, 


1 99.2 


1424 00 


_ 


_ 


715 


- 


27 


28 


Andover, 


1 88.2 


3500 00 


_ 


_ 


1860 


- 


28 


29 


Wenham, 


1 78.6 


500 00 


- 


- 


280 


- 



xlvi 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 



00 

1" 


^ 




ropriated 
for each 
tweea 4 
■s. of age. 




ill 




ill 




ti- 

u 


00 
00 

u 


TOWNS. 


CO .a o c3 


Ill 


° «J m 

11% 


TOTAL. 




ass 


9 


1 


CHARLESTOWN 


#6 79 


#24,955 00 


_ 


_ 


3675 


_ 


1 


2 


Somerville, 


6 46.8 


3519 00 


_ 


- 


544 


- 


7 


3 


West Cambridge, 


6 26.9 


2683 00 


- 


- 


428 


- 


14 


4 


Lexington, 


6 12.7 


2500 00 


- 


- 


408 


- 


13 


5 


Boxborough, 


5 97 


400 00 


_ 


- 


67 


- 


8 


6 


Cambridge, 


5 49.7 


18,249 53 


- 


- 


3320 


- 


6 


7 


Brighton, 


5 44.4 


2700 00 


_ 


- 


496 


- 


4 


8 


Concord, 


5 37.6 


2500 00 


- 


- 


465 


- 


2 


9 


Medford, 


5 17.2 


3600 00 


- 


- 


696 


- 


3 


10 


Watertown, 


4 96.5 


2800 00 


- 


_ 


564 


- 


5 


11 


Lowell, 


4 82.6 


30,492 62 


_ 


- 


6318 


- 


12 


12 


Waltham, 


4 54 


3500 00 


_ 


. 


771 


- 


10 


13 


Weston, 


4 10.2 


1050 00 


_ 


_ 


256 


_ 


23 


14 


Carlisle, 


4 03.2 


500 00 


_ 


. 


124 


- 


11 


15 


South Reading, 


4 02.2 


1850 00 


- 


- 


460 


- 


19 


16 


Littleton, 


4 01.7 


900 00 


_ 


- 


224 


- 


17 


17 


Billerica, 


3 88.6 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


386 


- 


22 


18 


Maiden, 


3 82.2 


3000 00 


- 


- 


785 


_ 


16 


19 


Sherburne, 


3 74.5 


925 00 


_ 


_ 


247 


- 


26 


20 


Tyngsborough, 


3 67 


800 00 


- 


- 


218 


#43 67 


36 


21 


Dunstable, 


3 59.7 


500 00 


_ 


- 


139 


30 00 


43; 22 


Newton, 


3 49 


4000 00 


_ 


_ 


1146 


_ 


18 23 


Wayland, 


3 37.1 


900 00 


_ 


- 


267 


_ 


20 24 


Bedford, 


3 26.5 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


245 


_ 


33 25 


Shirley, 


3 23.7 


780 00 


_ 


_ 


241 


_ 


40, 26 


Ashby, 


3 22 


900 00 


#50 00 


#950 00 


295 


- 


21 27 


Woburn, 


3 16.8 


3000 00 


_ 


_ 


947 


_ 


25 28 


Framingham, 


3 13.1 


3000 00 


_ 


_ 


958 


_ 


34l 29 


Acton, 


3 07.7 


1000 00 


_ 


. 


325 


_ 


28' 30 


Reading, 


3 05.8 


2000 00 


_ 


_ 


654 


- 


29 31 


Tewksbury, 


2 97.9 


700 00 


_ 


- 


235 


- 


32 32 


Stoneham, 


2 97.3 


1100 00 


_ 


- 


370 


_ 


31 33 


Chelmsford, 


2 97 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


505 


. 


271 34 


Wilmington, 


2 94.8 


625 00 


. 


- 


212 


- 


24 35 


Burlington, 


2 87.1 


300 00 


58 93 


358 93 


125 


- 


15 36 


Lincoln, 


2 78 


570 00 


_ 


_ 


205 


_ 


30 37 


Dracut, 


2 69.2 


1544 12 


213 71 


1757 83 


653 


75 00 


35 38 


Ashland, 


2 58 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


310 


_ 


37 39 


Stow, 


2 54.5 


700 00 


_ 


_ 


275 


_ 


39 40 


Westford, 


2 49.4 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


401 


_ 


38 41 


Pepperell, 


2 41.5 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


414 


- 


42 42 


Holliston, 


2 40 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


500 


_ 


41 


43 


Groton, 


2 35.3 


1600 00 


_ 


_ 


680 


_ 


45 


44 


Hopkinton, 


2 28.5 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


525 


_ 


44 


45 


Townsend, 


2 11.9 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


472 


55 34 


48 


46 


Natick, 


2 08.3 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


480 


_ 


47 


47 


Marlborough, 


2 02.2 


1300 00 


_ 


_ 


643 


_ 


46 48 


Sudbury, 


1 90.2 


740 00 


- 


- 


389 


- 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



xlvii 



WORCESTER COUNTY. 









•OM-^ ii 


i*' i 


3 'S 




aco 


A'° 








9 u hn 


^ o. 






QJ T— ( 


.5 


^ 


03 




*-■ m « t. 


^ 01 O 

■3£| 






i1- 


2 


u 

o 


CO 

o 


TOWNS. 




so 

III 


Hi 


TOTAL. 




U 

ill 


1 


1 


N. BRAINTREE, 


#4 67.8 


#800 00 


_ 


_ 


171 


_ 


2 


2 


Worcester, 


4 13.8 


13,300 00 


- 


- 


3214 


$•50 00 


8 


3 


Lancaster, 


3 99 


3200 00 


- 


- 


802 


- 


4 


4 


Bolton, 


3 76.4 


1091 65 


_ 


- 


290 


. 


3 


5 


Paxton, 


3 61.4 


600 00 


. 


- 


166 


_ 


13 


6 


Harvard, 


3 52.8 


1400 00 


$36 00 


#14.36 00 


407 


- 




7 


WestBrookfield,* 


3 21.4 


900 00 


_ 


_ 


280 


40 00 


6 


8 


Hardwick, 


3 15.8 


1200 00 


. 


. 


380 


- 


5 


9 


Petersham, 


3 00 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


400 


54 25 


26 


10 


Sterling, 


2 91.4 


1300 00 


. 


. 


446 


_ 


39 


11 


Royalston, 


2 89.8 


1200 00 


. 


- 


414 


15 00 


31 


12 


Westborough, 


2 88.5 


1200 00 


_ 


- 


416 


. 


11 


13 


Southborough, 


2 81.7 


800 00 


. 


_ 


284 


_ 


28 


14 


Winchendon, 


2 77.3 


1500 00 


. 


. 


541 


_ 


14 


15 


Lunenburg, 


2 75.2 


900 00 


_ 


. 


327 


_ 


20 


16 


Phillipston, 


2 75.2 


600 00 


. 


- 


218 


_ 


10 


17 


North Brookfield, 


2 72.1 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


441 


. 


9 


18 


Barre, 


2 71.1 


1800 00 


_ 




664 


50 00 


.32 


19 


Leicester, 


2 70.4 


1460 00 


_ 




540 


_ 


15 


20 


Charlton, 


2 58 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


465 


160 70 


19 


21 


Warren, 


2 53.8 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


394 


52 00 


12 


22 


Douglas, 


2 53.7 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


473 


_ 


45 


23 


Princeton, 


2 45.7 


1000 00 


_ 


. 


407 


_ 


36 


24 


OakJiam, 


2 45.6 


700 00 


_ 


. 


285 


20 00 


30 


25 


Auburn, 


2 45.1 


500 00 


_ 


. 


204 


_ 


54 


26 


Ashburnham, 


2 44.4 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


491 


_ 


22 


27 


Oxford, 


2 40.1 


1400 00 


_ 


_ 


583 


12 00 


16 


28 


Mendon, 


2 40.1 


600 00 


127 49 


727 49 


303 




24 


29 


Northborough, 


2 38 


800 00 


_ 




336 


- 


18 


30 


Brookfield, 


2 35 


■900 00 


_ 


_ 


383 


33 00 


23 


31 


Rutland, 


2 33.2 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


343 


12 06 


25 


32 


Webster, 


2 33 


1200 00 




. 


515 




51 


33 


Hubbardston, 


2 32.1 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


517 


_ 


7 


34 


Dudley, 


2 31.2 


800 00 


. 


_ 


346 


80 00 


47 


35 


West Boylston, 


2 30.8 


900 00 


_ 


. 


390 




35 


36 


Fitchburg, 


2 27.7 


2400 00 


_ 


_ 


1054 


_ 


21 


37 


Shrewsbury, 


2 25 


900 00 


_ 


_ 


400 


. 


34 


38 


Uxbridge, 


2 23 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


538 


_ 


42 


39 


Westminster, 


2 19.8 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


546 


22 00 


27 


40 


Atliol, 


2 19 


1200 00 


. 


_ 


548 


15 00 


33| 41 


Milford, 


2 10.8 


1400 00 


_ 


_ 


664 




37 42 


Upton, 


2 10.3 


900 00 


_ 


. 


428 


_ 


41 43 


Northl) ridge, 


2 08.7 


1000 00 


_ 


. 


479 


_ 


44 44 


Berlin, 


2 04.1 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


245 


_ 


481 45 


Gardner, 


2 04.1 


800 00 


_ 


. 


392 


_ 


46 


40 


Blackstone, 


2 04 


1787 00 


. 


. 


876 


. 


29 


47 


Leominster, 


2 01.7 


1200 00 


_ 


. 


595 


_ 


40 


48 


Spencer, 


2 01.2 


]000 00 


_ 


_ 


497 


- 


43 


49 


Grafton, 


2 00.9 


1793 81 


60 00 


1853 81 


927 


_ 


.53 


50 


Holden, 


1 98.8 


1000 00 






503 


_ 


49 


51 


Templeton, 


1 92.3 


1000 00 


. 


- 


520 


_ 


.->o 


52 


Millbury, 


1 90.3 


1250 00 


- 


- 


657 


- 



A newly-incorporated town. 



xlTiii 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



a: 


j 




-? - |;Z 


f"=x 






- - s. 


II 




















£~ 




TOTXS. 


r- z — =^ 


^ •= £ 


= = X 


TOT^T,. 


_ c; 




3- 




































1 


^ 




Jill 


■< S s. 


- — -s 




• 5 5 
11 1. 


411 


38 


53 


Borkton. 


si 87.3 


S500 00 


_ 


. 


267 


SlO 50 


5-2 


54 


Dana, 


; 1 86 


400 00 


- 


- 


215 


50 00 


17 


oo 


Sutton, 


I 1 S-2.8 


1000 00 


- 


- 


547 


. 


56' 


56 


Soutiibridg-e, 


j 178.3 


1200 00 


- 


- 


673 


- 


DO 


O/ 


Storbrida'e, 


' 1 7-2.4 


1000 00 


- 


- 


580 


68 00 



HAMPSHTRE COUNTY. 



2 
1 
6 
5 
3 
7 
8 
9 
11 
17 
4 



1 
o 

3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

8 

9 

10 

11 



10 12 

21 13 

12 14 

19 15 
16 16 
15 17 

13 18 
18 19 

22 20 

14 21 

20 22 

23 2:3 



HATFIELJ), 

Xorthamptxjn, 

Westhampton, 

Granby, 

South Hadley, 

Hadlev. 

Middleneld, 

Enfield, 

Plainfield, 

Southampton, 

Greenwich, 

Goshen, 

Cnmminoton, 

Amherst. 

Worthington, 

Easthampton, 

BelchertoTm, 

Ware, 

Williamsburg, 

Giesterfield, 

Prescott, 

Norwich, 

Pelham, 



4 03.6 

3 89.8 

2 69.5 

2 67.3 

2 66.7 

2 58.5 

2 48.7 

2 47.3 

2 .39.6 

2 .35.5 

33.6 

25.5 

20.3 

14.3 

08 i 

06.4 

00.9 

97.8 

84.7 

82.5 

69.1 

40.8 

39.8 



750 

4600 

450 

850 

1000 

1300 

490 

700 

520 

500 

500 

300 

824 

1.500 

500 

450 

1400 

16CtO 

700 

500 

350 

.300 

400 



00 


113 75 


863 75 


214 ! 


00 


- 


. 


1180 1 


00 


- 


- 


167 


00 


- 


_ 


318 


00 


- 


- 


375 : 


00 


- 


_ 


503 ! 


00 


_ 


_ 


197 ! 


00 


- 


- 


283 ' 


00 


- 


- 


217 


00 


159 31 


659 31 


280 


00 


- 


- 


214 


00 


- 


_ 


1.33 


00 


_ 


_ 


374 


00 


_ 


_ 


700 


00 


146 98 


646 98 


.311 


00 


- 


- 


218 


00 


_ 


_ 


697 


00 


_ 


_ 


809 


00 


- 


- 


379 


00 


- 


. 


274 


00 


_ 


- 


207 


00 


_ 


- 


213 


00 


- 


- 


286 



150 00 
300 00 

75 00 
131 50 

.30 00 
448 00 

241 50 

45 00 
100 00 
443 00 

18 00 
549 75 
.397 00 
279 00 

•39 00 
311 00 
.308 50 
140 00 
250 00 
122 00 



HAMPDEX COUNTY. 



l] 1^ RPRTNGFTET.T), 


4 48.7 


9630 00 


. 


2146 


. 


1 2 Chieopee,* 


4 35.8 


7400 00 


- 


1698 


_ 


2 3 Montg-omeiT, 


3 75 


300 00 






80 


181 00 


•3 4 Longmeadow, 


3 73.1 


1250 00 


_ 




335 


142 00 


6 5 Ludlow, 


3 01. 6| 


950 00 


-_ 




.315 


250 00 


ft 6 -Rrirnfipld. 


2 ^.7 


1200 00 


_ 


- 


426 


156 00 


8 7 Wales, 


2 53.1 


400 00 


_ 


_ 


158 


46 25 


13: 8 Tofland. 


2 47.7. 


•322 00 


_ 


_ 


130 


78 00 


10' 9 Monson. 


2 .30.3 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


521 


487 75 


4 10 Russell, 


2 23.2 


250 00 


_ 


_ 


112 


175 00 


12 11 Westfield, 


2 14.6 


2000 00 


_ 


_ 


932 


154 00 


n 12 W^flbTahaTT.^ 


2 13.9 


900 00 


246 70 


1146 70 


5.36 


606 50 


7 13 Holland, 


2 00 1 


200 00 


_ 




100 


94 00 


5 14 Chester, 


1 81.8' 


800 00 


_ 




440 


703 00 


16 15 GranTiQe, 


1 71.9 


600 00 


. 


_ 


.349 


365 00 


15 16 Blandford, 


1 51.9 


600 00 


_ 


• 


.395 


685 00 


14 17 West Springfield, 


1 48 


1700 00 


- 


_ 


1149 


1200 50 


17 18 Palmer, 


1 43.2, 


1200 00 


_ 


_ 


838 


183 00 


16 Southwick,T 


1 




- 


- 


T.356 


^551 50 



* Kewly-incorporated UnnL 



f No Returns. From last vears Abstract. 



GRADUATED TABLES. 
FR.^MiLTN COUNTY. 



xlix 



aol S 



TOTAL w 



1 


1 HEATH, 


S3 21.4 


S810 00 


- 


- 


•i52 


s:310 00 


2 Q Sunderland. 


3 12.5 


650 00 I - f - f 206 40 00 


11 3 Deerfield, 


3 00 


1563 00 


521 -241 00 


21 4 Ervmg, 


2 83.2 


250 00 g53 00 $303 00 


107 


- 


26 5 Monroe, 


2 68.6 


209 53 - 


78 


92 50 


7 6 Rowe, 


2 64.5 


500 00 - 


189 


83 00 


3 7 Greenfield, 


2 56.4 


1500 00 


585 


250 00 


8 8 NortMeld, 


2 52.6 


1000 00 ^ 66 00 1066 00 


422 


150 00 


4 9 Warwdck, 


2 51.8 


700 00 


- i 


278 


25 00 


9 


10 \Miatelv, 


2 39 


650 00 


- • - 


272 


86 00 


la 


11 Shelburne, 


2 :3:3.2 


800 00 - ' 


a43 


321 50 


6 


12 Montague, 


2 2.5 


852 75 


379 


190 00 


5J 13 New Salem, 


2 12.9 


800 00 - . 


371 


110 31 


24 14 Buckland, 


2 09.8 


600 00 


_ 


- 


286 


:35 00 


25 15 Leverett, 


2 00 


496 00 


- 


■ 


24.8 


197 50 


12 16 Cliarlemont, 


198 


eoo 00 




- 


30:3 


•225 00 


15 17 ConwBV, 


1 95.8 


830 00 


_ 


_ 


424 


.573 00 


16-' 18 Shutesborv, 


1 87.3 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


267 


40 50 


1^ 19 Gill, 


1 82.2 


400 00 


- 


_ 


219 


•>» 00 


2:3 20 Wendell, 


1 81 


400 00 


- 


_ 


221 


55 00 


14 21 Coleraine, 


1 79.5 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


5.D/ 


714 00 


19 22 Bemardston, 


1 78.6 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


280 


351 00 


17 23 Oranfre. 


1 75.4 


800 00 


_ 


_ 


456 


- 


20] 


24 Hawley, 


1 67.2 


500 00 


_ 




299 


160 00 


22 


25 Lerden, 


1 50 


.300 00 


_ 


- 


200 


247 00 


18 


26. Ashfield, 


1 25 


700 00 ' - 


- 


560 


450 00 



BERKSHIRE COOTTY. 



1 ' 


2 46.7 


1^75 00 






760 




2i 1 SHKKKIKI.I). 


500 00 


3J 2 Pittsfieli 


2 39.9 


2800 00 


_ 


_ 


1167 


•>26 00 


25' 3 Ml Washington. 


2 32.6 


267 47 


_ 


_ 


115 


1-23 00 


9] 4 Adam>, 
7^ 5 Pern, 
24 6 Sandisfield, 


2 25 


3513 75 


. 


_ 


Id/ 5 


510 75 


2 -22.2 


300 00 


- 


_ 


1:35 


:}25 00 


2 16.2 


800 00 


- 


- 


:370 


630 00 


21 7 Cheshire, 


2 14.3 


600 00 


_ 


- 


280 


400 00 


4j 8 Becket 


2 13.5 


600 00 


_ 


- 


281 


580 00 


13 9 Egremont 


2 13.4 


525 00 


_ 


_ 


246 


:301 50 


& 10 Lenox, 


2 05.9 


700 00 


_ 




:340 


617 00 


10 11 Monterer, 


2 05.4 


:325 00 


67 41 


.392 41 


191 


407 25 


22 12 New Marlboro". 


2 02 


700 00 


504 78 


904 7^ 


448 


644 00 


31 13 WillianEtown. 


1 97.4 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


760 


- 


17 14 Stockbridge, 


1 96.1 


1000 00 


_ 


_ 


510 


•301 00 


5] 15 -\lford. 


1 92.3 


250 00 


_ 


_ 


1:30 


203 20 


151 16 Otis, 


1 90.3 


550 00 


_ 


_ 


289 


517 00 


18 17 Lanesborougfa, 


1 88.6 


600 00 


_ 


_ 


318 


510 00 


26 18 Florida, 


1 87.5 


300 00 


_ 


_ 


160 


146 00 


11; 19 Dalton, 


1 81.8 


500 00 


_ 


_ 


275 


:J28 00 


12 20 Windsor, 


1 77.8 


400 00 


_ 


- 


225 


90 00 


23 21 Washington. 


1 76.5 


450 00 


- 


- 


■255 


407 00 



GRADUATED TABLES. 







ated 
each 
n 4 
age. 




2'^ 




C52 
1^ 


■ -a 
pO a 
'S °^ 




^ 




2 -5 «o 




3 S.S 
"S « » 




m 


o ej 
"5 


§ 


00 


TOWNS. 


P-^I- 




* s ^ 

a aS 


TOTAL. 


■SS" 


1^ 




I-H 
1 

22 






o 5g2 

S g c 


wMs 






al-3 


14 


Lee, 


#1 67.4 


#1180 00 


_ 


_ 


705 


.#400 00 


19 


28 


Richmond, 


1 66.6 


300 00 


- 


- 


180 


357 01 


20 


24 


Tyringham, 


1 64.8 


300 00 


- 


- 


182 


139 00 


16 


25 


Hinsdale, 


1 56.2 


500 00 


- 


- 


320 


415 00 


28 


26 


Clarksburg, 


1 55 


200 00 


- 


- 


129 


170 00 


1 


27 


New Ashford, 


1 47 


75 00 


- 


_ 


51 


61 00 


27 


28 


Gt. Barrington, 


1 38.5 


1100 00 


- 


. 


794 


350 00 


8 


29 


West Stockbridge, 


1 29.8 


500 00 


153 00 653 00 


426 


373 44 


29 


80 


Hancock, 


1 27.1 


300 00 


- 


236 


371 28 


30 


31 


Savoy, 


1 25 


348 75 


- 


279 


150 00 



NORFOLK COUNTY. 



1 1 


BROOKLINE, 


7 39 


3200 00 






433 




2 2 


Dedham, 


5 71.4 


5000 00 


- 


- 


875 


- 


4 


3 


Roxbury, 


5 43.8 


19,877 27 


- 


- 


3655 


- 


6 


4 


Dorchester, 


5 42.6 


9002 00 


- 


- 


1659 


- 


5 


5 


Dover, 


4 69.2 


500 00 


63 00 


563 00 


120 


- 


3 


6 


Milton, 


4 35.7 


2000 00 


- 


- 


459 


- 


9 


7 


Walpole, 


3 52.1 


1500 00 


- 


- 


426 


- 


13 


8 


Sharon, 


3 07.7 


600 00 


150 86 


750 86 


244 


- 


7 


9 


Cohasset, 


3 04.6 


1200 00 


- 


- 


394 


- 


16 


10 


Bellingham, 


3 04.4 


800 00 


140 63 


940 63 


309 


18 00 


11 


11 


Wrenthara, 


3 01.1 


2100 00 


341 86 


2441 86 


811 


- 


8 


12 


Quincy, 


2 99.6 


3400 00 


- 


- 


1135 


- 


15 


13 


Canton, 


2 94.1 


1600 00 


- 


- 


544 


150 00 


10 


14 


Medway, 


2 85.7 


1500 00 


- 


- 


525 


- 


14 


15 


Foxborough, 


2 85 


1200 00 


- 


- 


421 


- 


12 


16 


Braintree, 


2 82.1 


2000 00 


- 


- 


709 


- 


19 


17 


Weymouth, 


2 58.4 


3000 00 


- 


- 


1161 


- 


18 


18 


Needham, 


2 56.9 


1110 00 


- 


- 


432 


- 


17 


19 


Franklin, 


2 50 


1200 00 


- 


- 


480 


- 


21 


20 


Medfield, 


2 48.8 


500 00 


- 


- 


201 


- 


20 


21 


Stoughton, 


2 26.3 


1700 00 


- 


- 


751 


- 


22 


22 


Randolph, 


2 03.3 


2000 00 


- 


- 


984 


- 



BRISTOL COUNTY. 



1 


1 


N. BEDFORD, 


4 42 


16,600 00 






3755 




2 


2 


Fairhaven, 


4 14.9 


5000 00 


- 


- 


1205 


125 00 


3 


3 


Dighton, 


3 03.9 


1000 00 


170 24 


1170 24 


385 


112 00 


4 


4 


Fall River, 


3 03.5 


8600 00 




- 


2834 


- 


9 


5 


Seekonk, 


2 66.3 


1100 00 


242 00 


1342 00 


504 


500 00 


8 


6 


Somerset, 


2 45.9 


600 00 


- 


- 


244 


64 00 


6 


7 


Norton, 


2 44.4 


1200 00 


_ 


- 


491 


- 


10 


8 


Dartmouth, 


2 39 


2500 00 


- 


- 


1046 


1600 00 


15 


9 


Taunton, 


2 38.9 


6000 00 


_ 


_ 


2512 


50 00 


7 


10 


Pawtucket, 


2 34.4 


2400 00 


. 


_ 


1024 


- 


19 


11 


Easton, 


2 31.8 


1500 00 


_ 


_ 


647 


- 


11 


12 


Freetown, 


2 30.4 


1000 00 


- 


- 


434 


- 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



li 





— 




•dja-* oj 


^L. 


§-c 




c^ 


•2« 








0) S a cs 


T-gi 


e-oi 




•s-s 


•S OS 


^ 


o> 




ropr 
for 
twee 
s. of 


S (u 2 
■55.S 


»ii 




- 2 • 
•as, 


II 
o o 


o 


00 

00 

rH 

1 


TOWNS. 


Sum app 
by towns 
child be 
andl6yr 


i 1- s 

3 « ° 

O S .J 

a is 


Q * " 


TOTAL. 


No. of 
between 
years of 


Bit 


14 


13 


Berkley, 


.f2 24.2 


$500 00 


_ 


223 


_ 


12 14 


Attleborough, 


2 23.7 


2109 89 


- 


943 


#77 50 


16 15 


Mansfield, 


2 16.2 


856 00 


. 


396 


- 


171 16 


Rehoboth, 


2 10.4 


900 00 


139 35 


1039 35 494 


322 00 


18 17 


Raynham, 


2 01.5 


800 00 


. 


397 


- 


5 18 


Westport, 


2 00 


1500 00 


- 


750 


- 


131 19 


Swanzey, 


1 87.5 


600 00 


- 


320 


259 50 



PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 



2 


1 


-« 

KINGSTON, 


4 77.6 


1600 00 




_ 


335 




3 


2 


Plymouth, 


4 59.9 


7000 00 


- 


_ 


1522 


548 00 


4 


3 


Hingham, 


3 58.4 


3097 05 


- 


- 


864 


- 


9 


4 


Bridgewater, 


3 44.2 


2000 00 


- 


- 


581 


- 


5 


5 Hull, 


3 33.3 


200 00 


- 




60 


- 


1 


6 Duxbury, 


3 28.6 


2100 00 


200 00 


2300 00 


700 


- 


6 


7 Middleborough, 


3 28.4 


4000 00 


- 


- 


1218 


793 00 


7 


8 Scituate, 


3 04.3 


3000 00 


- 


- 


986 


- 


8 


9 Pembroke, 


3 03 


1000 00 


- 


- 


330 


- 


13 


10 W. Bridgewater, 


2 88.2 


1000 00 


- 


- 


347 


- 


10 


Hi Halifax, 


2 77.8 


500 00 


- 


- 


180 


45 00 


12 


12 Plympton, 


2 77.8 


600 00 


- 


- 


216 


250 41 


11 


13 Marshfield, 


2 75.4 


1300 00 


. 


- 


472 


- 


18 


14 E. Bridgewater, 


2 73.7 


1500 00 


- 


- 


548 


- 


16 


15 Hanover, 


2 72.7 


1200 00 


- 


- 


440 


- 


14 


16 Hanson, 


2 69.4 


800 00 


- 


- 


297 


- 


17 


17 Abington, 


2 58.8 


3000 00 


- 


- 


1159 


- 


15 


18 N. Bridgewater, 


2 55.5 


2000 00 


276 20 


2276 20 


891 


- 


19 


19 Wareham, 


2 40.3 


1800 00 


_ 


. 


749 


200 00 


21 


20 Carver, 


1 88.1 


600 00 


- 


- 


319 


290 50 


20 


21 Rochester, 


1 74.3 


2000 00 


- 


- 


1144 


142 00 



BARNSTABLE COUNTY. 



2 


1 


BARNSTABLE, 


3 60.1 


4400 00 






1222 




1 


2 


Provincetown, 


3 22.5 


2000 00 


- 


- 


617 


- 


5 


3 


Yarmoutli, 


2 23.2 


1500 00 


- 


- 


672 


150 00 


4 


4 


Falmouth, 


2 14.1 


1200 00 


320 00 


1520 00 


710 


392 22 


3 


5 


Sandwich, 


2 12.9 


2308 33 


376 03 


2684 36 


1261 


100 00 


8 


6 


Brewster, 


2 05.1 


800 00 


- 


- 


390 


118 00 


7 


7 


Orleans, 


2 04.1 


1100 00 


- 


- 


539 


- 


6 


8 


Eastham, 


2 03.8 


450 00 


80 00 


530 00 


260 


35 00 


9 


9 


Chatham, 


1 94.8 


1200 00 


- 


. 


616 


600 00 


11 


10 


Wellfleet, 


1 42.9 


1000 00 


- 


- 


700 


480 00 


10 


11 


Truro, 


1 36.1 


875 00 


. 


- 


650 


- 


12 


12 


Dennis, 


1 .31.6 


1200 00 


- 


- 


912 


- 


13 


13 


Harwich, 


1 25.8 


1300 00 


- 


- 


1033 


750 00 



lii 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



DUKES COUNTY. 









'Oja^m 


>> X 






a«D 


i"" 


06 


^ 




•opriate 
for eac 
tween 
s. of ag 




III 






:2 S 
8§ 


i 


U 



TOWNS. 


Sum appi 
by towns 
child be 
and 16 yr 


S m 

s ^ 

ass 


2 S 

ags 

5^1 


TOTAL. 


<4-, el's 


§.2 


1 


1 


EDGARTOWN, 


$2 69.1 


#1200 00 


_ 


. 


446 


_ 


2 


2 


Chilmark, 


2 64.9 


400 00 


- 


- 


151 


- 


3 


3 


Tisbury, 


1 81.5 


900 00 


- 


- 


496 


- 



NANTUCKET COUNTY. 



NANTUCKET, 



5 16.6 



9267 06 



1794" 



GRADUATED TABLE. 



liii 



A GRADUATED TABLE, 

Shoiving the Comparative Amount of money appropriated by the different Counties 
in the State, for the education of each child, between the ages of 4 and ] 6 years, 
in each County. 



00 

t- 

s 

r-m 


1 


COUNTIES. 


Sum appropriated 
by counties for ea. 
child between 4 
and 16 yrs.of age. 


III 

3^ O 
III 


Income of Surplus 
Revenue appropri- 
ated to schools. 


. TOTAL. 


p«0 
2 ca a) 


Amount contrib- 
uted for board and 
fuel. 


1 


1 


SUFFOLK, 


$10 32 


.$240,050 00 


- 


- 


23,257 


- 


2 


2 


Nantucket, 


5 17 


9,267 06 


- 


- 


1,794 


- 


3 


3 


Middlesex, 


4 34 


143,183 27 


#322 64 


$143,505 91 


33,063 


$204 01 


4 


4 


Norfolk, 


3 93 


64,989 27 


696 35 


65,685 62 


16,728 


168 00 


7 


5 


Plymouth, 


3 05 


40,297 05 


476 20 


40,773 25 


13,358 


2268 91 


5 


6 


Essex, 


3 03 


87,821 75 


1226 13 


89,047 88 


29,393 


52 00 


6 


7 


Bristol, 


2 97 


54,765 89 


551 59 


55,317 48 


18,604 


3110 00 


10 


8 


Hampden, 


2 83 


30,902 00 


246 70 


31,148 70 


11,016 


6108 00 


8 


9 


Worcester, 


2 61 


75,682 46 


223 49 


75,915 95 


29,032 


744 51 


9 


10 


Hampshire, 


2 45 


20,484 00 


420 04 


20,904 04 


8,549 


4378 25 


11 


11 


Dukes, 


2 29 


2,500 00 


- 


- 


1,093 


- 


12 


12 


Franklin, 


2 17 


17,911 28 


119 00 


18,030 28 


8,325 


5169 31 


13 


13 


Barnstable, 


2 10 


19,333 33 


776 03 


20,109 36 


9,582 


2625 22 


14 


14 


Berkshire, 


1 96 


23,389 97 


425 19 


23,815 16 


12,132 


10,453 43 



AGGREGATE OF THE STATE. 



14 



Counties, 



3 87 



830,577 3315483 36 



836,070 69 



215,926 



35,281 64 



The principle on which the following Table is constructed is as follows : — 

The first column indicates, in a numerical order, the precedence of the towns, — 
the more meritorious, in regard to attendance, standing before tlie less. 

The second consists of the names of the towns. 

The third shows the No. of children in each town between the ages of 4 and 
16 years. 

The fourth shows the mean average attendance upon the schools for both tlie 
summer and winter terms. This is found by adding together the average attend- 
ance for both summer and winter, and dividing the sum by 2. 

The fifth exhibits, in decimals, the ratio which the mean average attendance 
bears to the whole number of children in the town between 4 and 16. The deci- 
mals are continued to four figures, the first two of which are separated from the 
last two by a point, as only the two former are essential to denote the real per « 
cent. Yet the ratios of many towns are so nearly equal, or the difference is so 
small a fraction, that the first two decimals, with the appropriate mathematical sign 
appended, indicate no distinction. The continuation of the decimals, therefore, is 
simply to indicate a priority in cases, where, without such continuation, the ratios 
would appear to be precisely similar. 

The mean average attendance upon school being compared with the whole 
number of children between 4 and 16 years of age, it is possible that the result 
may be more than 100 per cent., because the attendance of children, under 4 or 
over 16 years of age, may more than compensate for the absence of children 
between those ages ; also, because children may attend successive schools and be 
registered in each, and consequently the same children may be included several 
times in the total average attendance as returned. In the latter case, as the 
returns give merely the sum of the averages of all the several schools, and may 
not furnish the means of obtaining a true mean average for the year, the result ob- 
tained by applying the general rule mentioned above wUl be inaccurate and too 
large. And this explains the reason why the first place in the Tables has been 
assigned to Burlington for two years past, while this town has had no real prece- 
dence over many other towns. 



A GRADUATED TABLE, 

/« which all tJie lowiis in the Slate are numerically cuTanged, according to the 
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE of their children upon the Public Schools, for the year 

1848-9. 









a 

£ . 


lance to 
of chil- 
and 16, 
icimals. 






g& 

1° 


■a 
a 

d o 


ance to 
of chil- 
and 16, 
cimals. 




TOWNS. 






a o a 




TOWNS. 


si a 

."CD S 


?' o 


•3 .-* « 

no •a 
£S^ £.2 






°1s 




■5 .§11 








° s 








g-s 














^^-SS 


1 


BOXBOROUGH 


67 


82 


1.22-38 


42 


Otis, 


289 


220 


.76-12 


2 


Carlisle, 


124 


126 


1.01-61 


43 


Boxford, 


234 


178 


.76-07 


3 


Royalston, 


414 


394 


.95-17 


44 


Bedford, 


245 


186 


.75-92 


4 


Acton, 


325 


303 


.93-23 


45 


Townsend, 


472 


358 


.75-85 


5 


Hardwick, 


380 


332 


.87-37 


46 


Monroe, 


78 


59 


.75-64 


6 


Hatfield, 


214 


185 


.86-45 


47 


Petersham, 


400 


302 


.75-50 


7 


Littleton, 


224 


188 


.83-93 


48 


Holden, 


503 


379 


.75-35 


8 


New Braintree, 


171 


143 


.83-63 


49 


Sherburne, 


247 


186 


.75-30 


9 


Metliuen, 


520 


428 


.82-31 


50 


Ashby, 


295 


222 


.75-25 


10 


Dedhani, 


875 


720 


.82-29 


51 


Hawley, 


299 


225 


.75-25 


11 


Medway, 


525 


430 


.81-90 


52 


Ludlow, 


315 


237 


.75-24 


12 


Warwick, 


278 


226 


.81-29 


53 


Marlborough, 


643 


483 


.75-12 


13 


Holliston, 


500 


406 


.81-20 


54 


Chelmsford, 


505 


378 


.74-85 


14 


Phillipston, 


218 


177 


.81-19 


55 


Middlefield, 


197 


147 


.74-62 


15 


Ashburnliam, 


491 


397 


.80-86 


56 


Essex, 


373 


278 


.74-53 


16 


North Chelsea, 


176 


142 


.80-68 


57 


Shutesbury, 


267 


199 


.74-53 


17 


Dracut, 


653 


524 


.80-25 


58 


Leyden, 


200 


149 


.74-50 


18 


Concord, 


465 


372 


.80-00 


59 


Gill, 


219 


163 


.74-43 


19 


Florida, 


160 


128 


.80-00 


60 


Billerica, 


386 


287 


.74-35 


20 


Easthani, 


260 


207 


.79-62 


61 


Sharon, 


244 


181 


.74-18 


21 


Nortlifield, 


422 


335 


.79-38 


62 


Natick, 


480 


356 


.74-17 


22 


Plainfield, 


217 


172 


.79-26 


GS 


Westminster, 


546 


405 


.74-17 


23 


Sterlinsr, 


446 


353 


.79-14 


64 


Paxton, 


166 


123 


.74-09 


24i Bolton, 


290 


229 


.78-96 


65 


Oakham, 


285 


211 


.74-04 


25 Stow, 


275 


217 


.78-91 


6G 


Barre, 


664 


491 


.73-95 


26 Briorhton, 


496 


390 


.78-63 


67 


Provmcetown, 


617 


456 


.73-91 


27 


Brookfield, 


383 


301 


.78-59 


68 


Sliirley, 


241 


178 


.73-86 


28 


Heath, 


252 


197 


.78-17 


69 


Templeton, 


520 


384 


.73-85 


29 


Greenwich, 


214 


167 


.78-03 


70 


Nortliborough, 


336 


248 


.73-81 


30 


Warren, 


394 


307 


.77-93 


71 


Upton, 


428 


315 


.73-60 


31 


Orange, 


456 


354 


.77-63 


72 


Maiden, 


785 


577 


.73-50 


32 


Milford, 


664 


514 


.77-41 


73 


Rutland, 


343 


252 


.73-47 


33 


Charlemont, 


303 


234 


.77-22 


74 


Tyngsborough, 


218 


160 


.73-39 


34 


Lunenburg, 


327 


252 


.77-07 


75 


Tewksbury, 


235 


172 


.73-19 


35 


Dunstable, 


139 


107 


.76-98 


76 


Charlton, 


465 


340 


.73-12 


36 


South Hadley, 


375 


288 


.76-80 


77 


Princeton, 


407 


297 


.72-97 


37 


Rowe, 


189 


145 


.76-71 


78 


Becket, 


281 


205 


.72-95 


38 


Sunderland, 


208 


159 


.76-44 


79 


Cliihuark, 


151 


110 


.72-85 


39 


Hopkinton, 


525 


401 


.76-38 


80 


West Boylston, 


390 


284 


.72-82 


40 


Lynnfield, 


210 


160 


.76-19 


81 


Walpole, 


426 


310 


.72-77 


41 


Mediield, 


201 


153 


.76-12 


82 


Sudbury, 


389 


283 


.72-75 



Ivi 



GRADUATED TABLE. 





TOWNS. 


II 

■g o 


■3 

a 

11 

b. o 


attendance to 
le No. of chil- 
iween 4 and 16, 
d in decimals. 




TOWNS. 


§1 


'3 

a 

:i 

£ a 


attendance to 
e No. of chil- 
ween 4 and 16, 
d in decimals. 






o a § 


^, 










^1 
S 








o_K a 




|5^S 








t a 


l^^s 


83 


Foxborough, 


421 


306 


.72-68 


135 


Belchertown, 


697 


475 


.68-15 


84 


Worthington, 


311 


226 


.72-67 


136 


Williamsburg, 


379 


258 


.68-07 


85 


Orleans, 


539 


391 


.72-54 


137 


Cohasset, 


394 


268 


.68-02 


86 


Dalton, 


275 


199 


.72-36 


138 


Easthampton, 


218 


148 


.67-89 


87 


N. Brookfield, 


441 


319 


.72-33 


139 


Boston, 


21853 


14818 


.67-81 


88 


New Salem, 


371 


268 


.72-24 


140 Harvard, 


407 


275 


.67-57 


89 


Conway, 


424 


306 


.72-17 


141 Athol, 


548 


370 


.67-52 


90 


W. Brookfield, 


280 


202 


.72-14 


142 


Marshfield, 


472 


318 


.67-37 


91 


Westborough, 


461 


332 


.72-02 


143 


Rehoboth, 


494 


332 


.67-20 


92 


Westhampton, 


167 


120 


.71-86 


144 


Chelsea, 


1228 


825 


.67-18 


93 


Coleraine, 


557 


400 


.71-81 


145 


Wales, 


158 


106 


.67-09 


94 


Hubbardston, 


517 


371 


.71-76 


146 


Monterey, 


191 


128 


.67-01 


95 


Pepperell, 


414 


297 


.71-74 


147 


Shrewsbury, 


400 


268 


.67-00 


96 


Canton, 


544 


390 


.71-69 


148 


Hadley, 


503 


337 


.66-99 


97 


Somerville, 


544 


390 


.71-69 


149 


Berlin, 


245 


164 


.66-94 


98 


Gardner, 


392 


281 


.71-68 


150 


Needham, 


432 


289 


.66-89 


99 


Pelham, 


286 


205 


.71-68 


151 


Greenfield, 


585 


391 


.66-84 


100 


Auburn, 


204 


146 


.71-57 


152 


Norwich, 


213 


142 


.66-67 


101 


Montague, 


379 


271 


.71-50 


153 


Scituate, 


986 


657 


.66-63 


102 


Lexington, 


408 


291 


.71-32 


154 


Waltham, 


771 


513 


.66-54 


103 


Spencer, 


497 


354 


.71-23 


155 


Swanzey, 


320 


212 


.66-25 


104 


Middleborough, 


1218 


867 


.71-18 


156 


Goshen, 


133 


88 


.66-16 


105 


Palmer, 


838 


596 


.71-12 


157 


Halifax, 


180 


118 


.65-56 


106 


Sutton, 


547 


389 


.71-11 


158 


Medford, 


696 


456 


.65-52 


107 


Kingston, 


335 


238 


.71-04 


159 


Stoughton, 


751 


489 


.65-11 


108 


Whately, 


272 


193 


.70-96 


160 


Richmond, 


180 


117 


.65-00 


109 


Plympton, 


216 


153 


.70-83 


161 


N. Bridgewat., 


891 


576 


.64-65 


110 


E. Bridgewater, 


548 


388 


.70-80 


162 


Charlestown, 


3675 


2369 


.64-46 


111 


Bernardston, 


280 


198 


.70-71 


163 


Weston, 


256 


165 


.64-45 


112 


Manchester, 


412 


290 


.70-39 


164 


Wayland, 


267 


172 


.64-42 


113 


Raynham, 


397 


279 


.70-27 


165 


Chesterfield, 


274 


176 


.64-23 


114 


Winchendon, 


541 


380 


.70-24 


166 


Hamilton, 


204 


131 


.64-22 


115 


Longmeadow, 


335 


235 


.70-15 


167 


Bellingham, 


309 


198 


.64-08 


116 


Sandisfield, 


370 


259 


.70-00 


168 


Danvers, 


1817 


1164 


.64-06 


117 


Westford, 


401 


280 


.69-83 


169 


Watertown, 


564 


361 


.64-01 


118 


Lincoln, 


205 


143 


.69-76 


170 


Westport, 


750 


480 


.64-00 


119 


Wrentham, 


811 


561 


.69-17 


171 


Hanson, 


297 


190 


.63-97 


120 


Erving, 


107 


74 


.69-16 


172 


Lynn, 


3107 


1985 


.63-89 


121 


W. Cambridge, 


428 


296 


.69-16 


173 


Dudley, 


346 


221 


.63-87 


122 


Holland, 


100 


69 


.69-00 


174 


Hanover, 


440 


281 


.63-86 


123 


South Reading, 


460 


317 


.68-91 


175 


Leicester, 


540 


344 


.63-70 


124 


Sturbridge, 


580 


399 


.68-79 


176 


Peru, 


135 


86 


.63-70 


125 


Southborough, 


284 


195 


.68-66 


177 


Douglas, 


473 


301 


.63-63 


126 


Leverett, 


248 


170 


.68-55 


178 


Topsfield, 


269 


171 


.63-57 


127 


Wilbraham, 


536 


369 


.68-54 


179 


Grafton, 


927 


588 


.63-43 


128 


Buckland, 


286 


196 


.68-53 


180 


Fahnoutli, 


710 


450 


.63-38 


129 


Pembroke, 


330 


226 


.68-48 


181 


Mendon, 


303 


192 


.63-36 


130 


Wilmington, 


212 


145 


.68-39 


182 


Blanford, 


395 


250 .63-29 


131 


Dover, 


120 


82 


.68-33 


183 


Berkley, 


223 


141 


.63-23 


132 


Wellfleet, 


700 


478 


.68-29 


184 


Northampton, 


1180 


746 


.63-22 


133 


Leominster, 


595 


406 


.68-23 


185 


Reading, 


654 


413 


.63-15 


134 


Enfield, 


283 


193 


.68-19 


186 


Egremont, 


246 


155 


.63-01 



GRADUATED TABLE. 



Ivii 





TOWNS. 


IS 

° i s 


■3 

a 
« 

bo's 

g 


io of attendance to 
e whole No. of chil- 
en between 4 and 16, 
pressed in decimals. 




TOWNS. 


Ml 

C cs ■ 

aj OJ C 


a 

i ■ 

S a 
JJ 


io of attendance to 
e whole No. of chil- 
en bet-ween 4 and 16, 
pressed in decimals. 




















|5^S 


187 


Amherst, 


700 


441 


.63-00 


239 


Clarksburg, 


129 


75 


.58-14 


188 


Dighton, 


385 


242 


.62-86 


240 


Weymouth, 


1161 


671 


.57-79 


189 


Rowley, 


218 


137 


.62-84 


241 


Chatham, 


616 


355 


.57-63 


190 


Groton, 


680 


427 


.62-79 


242 


Blackstone, 


876 


503 


.57-42 


191 


Hinsdale, 


320 


200 


.62-50 


243 


Dennis, 


912 


522 


.57-24 


192 


Montgomery, 


80 


50 


.62-50 


244 


Yarmouth, 


672 


384 


.57-14 


193 


Springfield, 


2146 


1340 


.62-44 


245 


Franklin, 


480 


274 


.57-08 


194 


Wareham, 


749 


467 


.62-35 


246 


Newton, 


1146 


654 


.57-07 


195 


Dana, 


215 


134 


.62-32 


247 


Pittsfield, 


1167 


666 


.57-07 


196 


Wenham, 


280 


174 


.62-14 


248 


Saugus, 


361 


206 


.57-06 


197 


W.Bridgewater, 


347 


215 


.61-96 


249 


Alford, 


130 


74 


.56-92 


198 


Fitchburg, 


1054 


653 


.61-95 


250 


Washington, 


255 


145 


.56-88 


199 


Seekonk, 


504 


312 


.61-90 


251 


Nantucket, 


1794 


1015 


.56-58 


200 


Ashland, 


310 


191 


.61-61 


252 


Boylston, 


267 


151 


.56-55 


201 


Roxbury, 


3655 


2247 


.61-47 


253 


Mt. Washingt'n, 


115 


65 


.56-52 


202 


Plymoutli, 


1522 


935 


.61-43 


254 


Woburn, 


947 


533 


.56-28 


203 


Shelburne, 


343 


210 


.61-21 


255 


Middleton, 


207 


116 


.56-04 


204 


Westfield, 


932 


570 


.61-16 


256 


Southbridge, 


673 


377 


.56-02 


205 


Braintree, 


709 


433 


.61-07 


257 


Lancaster, 


802 


449 


.55-98 


20G 


Cheshire, 


280 


171 


.61-07 


258 


Dartmouth, 


1046 


585 


.55-93 


207 


Cummington, 


374 


228 


.60-96 


259 


Milton, 


459 


255 


.55-55 


208 


Oxford, 


583 


355 


.60-89 


260 


Savoy, 


279 


154 


.55-20 


209 


Gt. Barrington, 


794 


482 


.60-71 


261 


Andover, 


1860 


1010 


.54-30 


210 


Southampton, 


280 


170 


.60-71 


262 


Carver, 


319 


173 


.54-23 


211 


Rockport, 


900 


546 


.60-67 


263 


Beverly, 


1356 


734 


.54-13 


212 


Lowell, 


6318 


3828 


.60-59 


264 


Newbury port, 


1972 


1063 


.53-90 


213 


Tyringham, 


182 


110 


.60-44 


265 


New Bedford, 


3755 


2024 


.53-90 


214 


Easton, 


647 


391 


.60-43 


266 


Granville, 


349 


188 


.53-87 


215 


Bridgewater, 


581 


350 


.60-24 


267 


Somerset, 


244 


131 


.53-69 


216 


Wendell, 


221 


133 


.60-13 


268 


Bradford, 


715 


379 


.53-01 


217 


Lawrence, 


1089 


650 


.59-69 


269 


Granby, 


318 


168 


.52-83 


218 


New Marlboro', 


448 


267 


.59-60 


270 


Abington, 


1159 


612 


.52-80 


219 


Deerfield, 


521 


310 


.59-50 


271 


Attleborough, 


943 


497 


.52-70 


220 


Ware, 


809 


481 


.59-45 


272 


Harwich, 


1033 


543 


.52-57 


221 


Chicopee, 


1698 


1008 


.59-36 


273 


Northbridge, 


479 


251 


.52-40 


222 


Fairhaven, 


1205 


715 


.59-34 


274 


Millbury, 


657 


343 


.52-21 


223 


Ipswich, 


735 


436 


.59-32 


275 


Adams, 


1575 


822 


.52-19 


224 


Duxbury, 


700 


414 


.59-14 


276 


Brewster, 


390 


203 


.52-05 


225 


Uxbridge, 


538 


317 


.58-92 


277 


Freetown, 


434 


224 


.51-61 


226 


Norton, 


491 


289 


.58-85 


278 


Salem, 


4347 


2227 


.51-23 


227 


Worcester, 


3214 


1890 


.58-80 


279 


Monson, 


521 


266 


.51-06 


228 


Brimfield, 


426 


250 


.58-68 


280 


Newbury, 


1026 


523 


.50-97 


229 


Windsor, 


225 


132 


.58-67 


281 


Hingham, 


864 


440 


.50-93 


230 


Mansfield, 


396 


232 


..58-58 


282 


Hancock, 


236 


120 


..50-85 


231 


Quincy, 


1135 


664 


.58-50 


283 


Sandwich, 


1261 


640 


.50-75 


232 


Tolland, 


130 


76 


.58-46 


284 


Ashfield, 


560 


284 


.50-71 


233 


Prescott, 


207 


121 


.58-45 


285 


Gloucester, 


1936 


978 


.50-52 


234 


Hull, 


60 


35 


.58-33 


286 


Stockbridge, 


510 


257 


.50-39 


235 


HaverhOl, 


1357 


791 


.58-29 


287 


W. Springfield, 


1149 


677 


.50-22 


236 


Framingham, 


958 


558 


.58-25 


288 


Lenox, 


340 


170 


.50-00 


237 


Cambridge, 


3320 


1933 


.58-22 


289 


Sheffield, 


760 


380 


.50-00 


238 


Dorchester, 


1659 


965 


.58-17 


290 


Truro, 


650 


325 


.50-00 



Iviii 



GRADUATED TABLE. 







s^ 


-a 








O 

S ho 


a 






TOWNS. 


1^ 

o n S 


S . 
^^1 


10 of attendance 
i whole No. of c 
jn between 4 and 
pressed in decim 




TOWNS. 




£ . 
So 
a) .a 

S a 

S^ 

OS 


io of attendance 
e whole No. of c 
en between 4 and 
pressed in decim 








g a 


|£^2 








S a 


^5^S 


291 


Brookline, 


433 


214 


.49-42 


304 


Burlington,* 


125 


55 


.44-00 


292 


Webster, 


515 


254 


.49-32 


305 


Marblehead, 


1512 


656 


.43-39 


298 


Georgetown, 


516 


254 


.49-22 


306 


Russell, 


112 


48 


.42-86 


294 


W. Stockbridge, 


426 


209 


.49-06 


307 


Williamstown, 


760 


324 


.42-63 


295 


Randolph, 


984 


482 


.48-98 


308 


Salisbury, 


709 


302 


.42-59 


296 


Pawtucket, 


1024 


497 


.48-53 


309 


Lanesborough, 


318 


135 


.42-45 


297 


Barnstable, 


1222 


581 


.47-55 


310 


W. Newbury, 


450 


190 


.42-22 


298 


Chester, 


440 


209 


.47-50 


311 


Amesbury, 


701 


291 


.41-51 


299 


Fall River, 


2834 


1337 


.47-28 


312 


Edgartown, 


446 


162 


.36-32 


800 


Lee, 


705 


328 


.46-52 


313 


Tisbury, 


496 


174 


.35-08 


801 


Rochester, 


1144 


529 


.46-24 


314 


New Ashford, 


51 


16 


.31-37 


802 


Taunton, 


2512 


1129 


.44-94 




Southwickjf 


356 


221 


.62-08 


303 


Stoneham, 


370 


166 


.44-86 













*In the Appendices to the Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports of the Board of Education, 
the " Mean Average Attendance," in Burlington, was stated to be, for 

1846—7 - - - 130 5 and the "Ratio of Attendance," - - - 1.08. 
1847—8 - - - 140; " " « « <• ... 1.25. 

But this estimate, though obtained by the same process of calculation as in all the other toivns, 
was apparently excessive ; and the error now proves to have arisen from a peculiarity in the 
method of keeping the schools in Burlington which was passed unnoticed in their Annual Re- 
turns. The town is not districted ; and the schools are not all kept simultaneoushj in any given 
season, (as everywhere else in the Commonwealth,) but successively. In 1846-7, there were 
two successions of schools, both summer and winter. In 1847-8, and 1848-9, at the commence- 
ment of each summer term a school was begun in the centre of the place, which was followed 
by two others, and these again by two others, in the outskirts of the town. And the like may 
be said of the winter schools ; two were commenced at the beginning of the winter term in differ- 
■ ent parts of the town, which were succeeded by two others in opposite quarters. In consequence 
of this arrangement there have been three successions of schools there in the summer of each of 
the two years last mentioned, and two in the winter, and the schools keeping at any one time 
have ever been open alike to all the children in the town. Hence, in many instances the same 
children have attended and been registered in four and even five different schools in the course 
of one year, which accounts, in part, for the excess of the mean average attendance upon school, 
in Burlington, for the years 1846-7 and 1847-8, (as published in the aforenamed Annual Reports 
of the Board,) above the whole number of children between 4 and 16 years of age in the place. 
In the last Annual Report from Burlington, the peculiarity just referred to has been particu- 
larly described, and the proper way for ascertaining the mean annual aierage attendance vpon 
school there, in view of it, has been suggested, viz., to divide the sum of the average attend- 
ance upon all the summer schools by the number of successions of those schools, for the mccin 
average attendance in summer ; the sum of the average attendance upon all the winter schools, 
by the number of successions, for the mean average attendance in winter ; and the sum of the 
mean average attendance for botli seasons by two, for the mean average attendance for the 
year. By this rule we obtain the following results, viz., for 

1846 — 1, Mean average attendance for the year. 64.75; Ratio of Attendance, .54- — 
1847—8, " " " " 57.915; " " .51.7 

1848—9, " " " " 55.; " " -44. 



t No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



lix 



GRADUATED TABLES, 

In which all the toivns, in the respective Counties in tJie State, are numerically ar- 
ranged, according to the mean average attendance of their children upon the Public 
Schools, for the year 1848-49. 



[For an explanation of the principle on which these Tables are coustructed, sec ante, p. liv.] 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 





TOWNS. 


§1 
1-3 

.— CO -2 


13 

a 

o 
* o 

g 


io of attendance to 
B whole No. of chil- 
en between 4 and 16, 
pressed in decimals. 




TOWNS. 


U IS 

a a! . 

■3 5 
:= to 2 

° § « 


a 

Is. 

fl g 


io of attendance to 
e whole No. of chil- 
en between 4 and 16, 
pressed in decimals. 






^^.2 


1 § 


|5^S 








§,^ 


jS^'S « 


1 


N. CHELSEA, 


176 


142 


.80-68 


3 


Chelsea, 


1228 


825 


.67.18 


2 


Boston, 


21853 


14818 


.67-81 













ESSEX COUNTY. 



METHUEN, 

Lynnfield, 

Boxford, 

Essex, 

Manchester, 

Hamilton, 

Danvers, 

Lynn, 

Topsfield, 

Rowley, 

Wenham, 

Rockport, 

Lawrence, 

Ipswich, 

Haverhill, 



520 


428 


210 


160 


234 


178 


373 


278 


412 


290 


204 


131 


1817 


1164 


3107 


1985 


269 


171 


218 


137 


280 


174 


900 


546 


1089 


650 


735 


436 


1357 


791 1 



.82-31 


16 


.76-19 


17 


.76-07 


18 


.74-53 


19 


.70-39 


20 


.64-22 


21 


.64-06 


22 


.63-89 


23 


.63-57 


24 


.62-84 


25 


.62-14 


26 


.60-67 


27 


.59-69 


28 


.59-32 


29 


.58-29 





Saug'us, 

Middleton, 

Andover, 

Beverly, 

Newburyport, 

Bradford, 

Salem, 

Newbury, 

Gloucester, 

Georgetown, 

Marblehead, 

Salisbury, 

West Newbury, 

Amesbury, 



361 


206 


207 


116 


1860 


1010 


1356 


734 


1972 


1063 


715 


379 


4347 


2227 


1026 


523 


1936 


978 


516 


254 


1512 


656 


709 


302 


450 


190 


701 


291 



.57-06 
.56-04 
.54-30 
.54-13 
.53-90 
.53-01 
.51-23 
.50-97 
.50-52 
.49-22 
.43-39 
.42-59 
.42-22 
.41-51 



MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 



BOXBOROUGH 

Carlisle, 

Acton, 

Littleton, 

Holliston, 

Dracut, 

Concord, 

Stow, 



67 


82 


1.22-38 


9 


124 


126 


1.01-61 


10 


325 


283 


.87-08 


11 


224 


188 


.83-93 


12 


500 


406 


.81-20 


13 


653 


524 


.80-25 


14 


465 


372 


.80-00 


15 


275 


217 


.78-91 


16 



Brighton, 

Dunstable, 

Hopkinton, 

Bedford, 

Townsend, 

Sherburne, 

Ashby, 

Marlborough, 



496 


390 


139 


107 


525 


401 


245 


186 


472 


358 


247 


186 


295 


222 


643 


483 



.7S-m 

.76-98 
.76-38 
.75-92 
.75-85 
.75-30 
.75-25 
.75-12 



Ix 



GRADUATED TABLES. 









a 


nee to 
f chil- 
ndl6, 
imals. 






II 


4i 
g 


nee to 
r chil- 
ndl6, 
imals. 










d O ra o 






a 3 • 


^8 


ca o = S 
a 6 a^ 




TOWNS. 




% a 
S o 


atte 
le N 
weer 
din 




TOWNS. 






-SIS §.a 










<" ^ ■£ S 










<" O "S m 










="9^ i 






"-8-S 


■^ 3 


0.3^ !0 






oc 2 


S 


o^ at 

•T 0) o P. 






° ce ® 


fl s 


.2^g| 








g * 


^^5^g 








^c. 


|5^2 


17 


Chelmsford, 


505 


378 


.74-85 


33 


Waltham, 


771 


513 


.66-54 


18 


Billerica, 


386 


287 


.74-35 


34 


Medford, 


696 


456 


.65-52 


19 


Natick, 


480 


356 


.74-17 


35 


Charlestown, 


3675 2369 


.64-46 


yo 


Shirley, 


241 


178 


.73-86 


36 


Weston, 


256 


165 


.64-45 


21 


Maiden, 


785 


577 


.73-50 


37 


Wayland, 


267 


172 


.64-42 


22 


Tyngsborough, 


218 


160 


.73-39 


38 


Watertown, 


564 


361 


.64-01 


23 


Tewksbury, 


235 


172 


.73-19 


39 


Reading, 


654 


413 


.63-15 


24 Sudbury, 


389 


283 


.72-75 


40 


Groton, 


680 


427 


.62-79 


25, Pepperell, 


414 


297 


.71-74 


41 


Ashland, 


310 


191 


.61-61 


26 Somerville, 


544 


390 


.71-69 


42 


Lowell, 


6318 


3828 


.60-59 


27 


Lexington, 


408 


291 


.71-32 


43 


Framingham, 


958 


558 


.58-25 


28 


Westford, 


401 


280 


.69-83 


44 


Cambridge, 


3320 


1933 


.58-22 


29 


Lincoln, 


205 


143 


.69-76 


45| Newton, 


1146 


654 


.57-07 


30 


W. Cambridge, 


428 


296 


.69-16 


46 Woburn, 


947 


533 


.56-28 


31 


South Reading, 


460 


317 


.68-91 


47 Stoneham, 


370 


166 


.44-86 


32 


Wilmington, 


212 


145 


.68-39 


48 Burlington, 


125 


55 


.44-00 



WORCESTER COUNTY. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 



ROYALSTON 

Hardwick, 

New Braintree, 

Phillipston, 

Ashburnham, 

Sterling, 

Bolton, 

Brookfield, 

Warren, 

Milford, 

Lunenburg, 

Petersham, 

Holden, 

Westminster, 

Paxton, 

Oaldiam, 

Ban-e, 

Templeton, 

Northborough, 

Upton, 

Rutland, 

Charlton, 

Princeton, 

West Boylston, 

N. Brookfield, 

W. Brookfield, 

Westborough, 

Hubbardston, 

Gardner, 



414 


394 


380 


332 


171 


143 


218 


177 


491 


397 


446 


353 


290 


229 


383 


301 


394 


307 


664 


514 


327 


252 


400 


302 


503 


379 


546 


405 


166 


123 


285 


211 


664 


491 


520 


384 


336 


248 


428 


315 


343 


252 


465 


340 


407 


297 


390 


284 


441 


319 


280 


202 


461 


332 


517 


371 


392 


281 



.95-17 

.87-37 
.83-63 
.81-19 
.80-86 
.79-14 
.78-96 
.78-59 
.77-93 
.77-41 
.77-07 
.75-50 
.75-35 
.74-17 
.74-09 
.74-04 
.73-95 
.73-85 
.73-81 
.73-60 
.73-47 
.73-12 
.72-97 
.72-82 
.72-33 
.72-14 
.72-02 
.71-76 
.71-68 



Auburn, 
Spencer, 
Sutton, 
Winchendon, 
Sturbridge, 
Southborough, 
Leominster, 
Harvard, 
Athol, 

Shrewsbury, 
Berlin, 
Dudley, 
Leicester, 
Douglas, 
44' Grafton, 

45 Mendon, 

46 Dana, 

47, Fitchburg, 

48 Oxford, 

49 Uxbridge, 

50 Worcester, 

51 Blackstone, 

52 Boylston, 

53 Southbridge, 

54 Lancaster, 

55 Northbridge, 

56 Millbury, 
57| Webster, 



204 
497 
547 
541 
580 
284 
595 
407 
548 
400 
245 
346 
540 
473 
927 
303 
215 

1054 
583 
538 

3214 
876 
267 
673 
802 
479 
657 
515 



146 
354 

389 
380 
399 
195 
406 
275 
370 
268 
164 
22i: 
344' 
301 
588; 

192; 

134; 
653 
355 
317 
1890; 
503 
151 
377 
449 
251 
343 
254 



.71-57 
.71-23 
.71-11 

.70-24 
.68-79 
.68-66 
.68-23 
.67-57 
.67-52 
.67-00 
.66-94 
.63-87 
.63-70 
.63-63 
.63-43 
.63-36 
.62-32 
.61-95 
.60-89 
.58-92 
.58-80 
.57-42 
.56-55 
.56-02 
.55-98 
.52-40 
.52-21 
.49-32 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



Ixi 



HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 







S| 


i 


S.-gSi 






" Si, 


a 








B>" 


-2 . 








5v 


S . 


















^ M 


OS o 


§ o °= g 




TOWNS. 










TOWNS. 


S » £3 


§^ g 
OS P. 

as 


.2^ SB. 








a=^ 


|5-S£ 






= ^.2 


S« 


|5-52 


1 


HATFIELD, 


214 


185 


.86-45 


13 Hadley, 


503 


337 


.66-99 


2 


Plainfield, 


217 


172 


.79-26 


14 j Norwich, 


213 


142 


.66-67 


3 


Greenwich, 


214 


167 


.78-03 


15 Goshen, 


133 


88 


.66-16 


4 


South Hadley, 


375 


288 


.7(5-80 


16 


Chesterfield, 


274 


176 


.64-23 


5 


Middlefield, 


197 


147 


.74-62 


17 


Northampton, 


1180 


746 


.63-22 


G 


Worthington, 


311 


226: .72-67 


18 


Amherst, 


700 


441 


.63-00 


7 


Westhampton, 


167 


120 .71-86 


19 


Cummington, 


374 


228 


.60-96 


H 


Pelham, 


28(5 


205 .71-68 


20 


Southampton, 


280 


170 


.60-71 


9 


Enfield, 


283 


193 .68-19 


21 


Ware, 


809 


481 


.59-45 


10 


Belcliertown, 


697 


475 .68-15 


22 


Prescott, 


207 


121 


.58-45 


11 


Williamsburg, 


379 


258 .68-07 


23 


Granby, 


318 


168 


.52-83 


ly 


Easthampton, 


218 


148; .67-89 













HAMPDEN COUNTY. 



LUDLOW, 

Palmer, 
Longmeadow, 
Holland, 
Wilbraham, 

Wales, 

Blandford, 

Montgomery, 

Springfield, 

Westfield, 



315 


237 


.75-24 


11 


838 


596 


.71-12 


12 


335 


235 


.70-15 


13 


100 


69 


.69-00 


14 


536 


369 


.68-.54 


15 


158 


106 


.67-09 


16 


395 


250 


.63-29 


17 


80 


50 


.62-50 


18 


2146 


1340 


.62-44 




932 


570 


.61-16 





Chicopee, 

Brimfield, 

Tolland, 

Granville, 

Monson, 

W. Springfield, 

Chester, 

Russell, 

South wick,* 



1698 


1008 


426 


250 


130 


76 


349 


188 


521 


266 


1149 


677 


440 


209 


112 


48 


356 


221 



.59-36 
.58-68 
.58-46 
.53-87 
.51-06 
.50-22 
.47-50 
.42-86 
.62-08 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



WARWICK, 

Northfield, 

Heath, 

Orange, 

Charlemont, 

Rowe, 

Sunderland, 

Monroe, 

Hawley, 

Shutesbury, 

Leyden, 

GUI, 

New Salem, 



278 


226 


.81-29 


14 


422 


335 


.79-38 


15 


252 


197 


.78-17 


16 


456 


354 


.77-63 


17 


303 


234 


.77-22 


18 


189 


145 


.76-71 


19 


208 


159 


.76-44 


20 


78 


59 


.75-64 


21 


299 


225 


.75-25 


22 


267 


199 


.74-53 


23 


200 


149 


.74-50 


24 


219 


163 


.74-43 


25 


371 


268 


.72-24 


26 



Conway, 

Coleraine, 

Montague, 

Whately, 

Bemardston, 

Erving, 

Leverett, 

Buckland, 

Greenfield, 

Shelburne, 

Wendell, 

Deerfield, 

Ashfield, 



424 


306 


557 


400 


379 


271 


272 


193 


280 


198 


107 


74 


248 


170 


286 


196 


585 


391 


343 


210 


221 


133 


521 


310 


560 


284 



.72-17 
.71-81 

.71-50 
.70-96 
.70-71 
.69-16 
.68-55 
.68-53 
.66-84 
.61-22 
.60-13 
.59-50 
.50-71 



* No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 



Ixii 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 







!§= 


a 








11 


-3 

a 








Ml 

at S3 
.•3 to ^ 


cS o 

o 
aJ3 


c3 O =5 o 
■a . tH » 

a o I- ^ 








"3 o 
o 






TOWNS. 


5^ 






TOWNS. 




^1 








"Sag 


a?. 


.2^gl 






^^2 


a £ 


.S^gS. 








^c 


l^-s 








1^ 


|5^Si 


1 


FLORIDA, 


160 


128 


.80-00 


17 


Pittsfield, 


1167 


666 


.57-07 


2 


Otis, 


289 


220 


.76-12 


18 


Alford, 


130 


74 


.56-92 


3 


Becket, 


281 


205 


.7295 


19 


Washington, 


255 


145 


.56-88 


4 


Dalton, 


275 


199 


.72-36 


20 


Mt.Washmgt'n, 


115 


65 


.56-52 


5 


Sandisfield, 


370 


259 


.7000 


21 


Savoy, 


279 


154 


.55-20 


6 


Monterey, 


191 


128 


.67-01 


22 


Adams, 


1575 


822 


.52-19 


7 


Richmond, 


180 


117 


.65-00 


23 


Hancock, 


236 


120 


.50-85 


8 


Peru, 


135 


86 


.63-70 


24 


Stockbridge, 


510 


257 


.50-39 


9 


Egremont, 


246 


155 


.63-01 


25 


Lenox, 


340 


170 


.50-00 


10 


Hinsdale, 


320 


200 


.62-50 


26 


Sheffield, 


760 


380 


.50-00 


11 


Cheshire, 


280 


171 


.61-07 


27 


W.Stockbridge, 


426 


209 


.49-06 


12 


Gt. Barrington, 


794 


482 


.60-71 


28 


Lee, 


705 


328 


.46-52 


13 


Tyringham, 


182 


110 


.60-44 


29 


Williamstown, 


760 


324 


.42-63 


14 


N.Marlborough, 


448 


267 


.59-60 


30 


Lanesborough, 


318 


135 


.42-45 


15 


Windsor, 


225 


132 


.58-67 


31 


New Ashford, 


51 


16 


.31-37 


16 


Clarksburg, 


129 


75 


.58-14 













NORFOLK COUNTY. 



1 


DEDHAM, 


875 


720 


•82-29 


12 


Stoughton, 


751 


489 


.65-11 


2 


Medway, 


525 


430 


.81-90 


13 


Bellingham, 


309 


198 


.64-08 


3 


Medfield, 


201 


153 


.76-12 


14 


Roxbury, 


3655 


2247 


.61-47 


4 


Sharon, 


244 


181 


.74-18 


15 


Braintree, 


709 


433 


.61-07 


5 


Walpole, 


426 


310 


.72-77 


16 


Quincy, 


1135 


664 


.58-50 


6 


Foxborough, 


421 


306 


.72-68 


17 


Dorchester, 


1659 


965 


.58-17 


7 


Canton, 


544 


390 .71-69 


18 


Weymouth, 


1161 


671 


.57-79 


8 


Wrentham, 


811 


561 .69-17 


19 


Franklin, 


480 


274 


.57-08 


9 


Dover, 


120 


82 .68-33 


20 


Milton, 


459 


255 


.55-55 


10 


Cohasset, 


394 


268 .68-02 


21 


Brookline, 


433 


214 


.49-42 


11 


Needham, 


432 


289 .66-89 


22 


Randolph, 


984 


482 


.48-98 



BRISTOL COUNTY. 



RAYNHAM, 

Rehoboth, 

Swanzey, 

Westport, 

Berkley, 

Dighton, 

Seekonk, 

Easton, 

Fairhaven, 

Norton, 



397 


279 


.70-27 


11 


494 


332 


.67-20 


12 


320 


212 


.66-25 


13 


750 


480 


.64-00 


14 


223 


141 


.63-23 


15 


385 


242 


.62-86 


16 


504 


312 


.61-90 


17 


647 


391 


.60-43 


18 


1205 


715 


.59-34 


19 


491 


289 


.58-85 





Mansfield, 

Dartmouth, 

New Bedford, 

Somerset, 

Attleborough, 

Freetown, 

Pawtucket, 

Fall River, 

Taunton, 



396 


232 


1046 


585 


3755 


2024 


244 


131 


943 


497 


434 


224 


1024 


497 


2834 


1337 


2512 


1129 



.58-58 
.55-93 
.53-90 
.53-69 
.52-70 
.51-61 
.48-53 
.47-28 
.44-94 



GRADUATED TABLES. 



Ixiii 



PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 



MIDDLEBORO' 

Kingston, 

Plympton, 

E. Bridgewater, 

Pembroke, 

Marshfield, 

Scituate, 

Halifax, 

N. Bridgewater, 

Hanson, 

Hanover, 



1218 
335 
216 

548 
330 
472 
986 
180 
891 
297 
440 






?, 



867 
238 
153 
388 
226 
318 
657 
118 
576 
190 
281 



.71-18 
.71-04 
.70-83 
.70-80 
.68-48 
.67-37 
.66-63 
.65-56 
.64-65 
.63-97 
.63-86 



Wareham, 

W. Bridgewater 

Plymouth, 

Bridgewater, 

Duxbury, 

Hull, 

Carver, 

Abington, 

Hingham, 

Rochester, 



I-. 



749 
347 

1522 

581 

700 

60 

319 

1159 
864 

1144 



a o 



467 
215 
935 
350 
414 
35 
173 
612 
440 
529 



a o 






.62-35 
.61-96 
.61-43 
.60-24 
.59-14 
.58-33 
.54-23 
.52-80 
.50-93 
.46-24 



BARNSTABLE COUNTY. 



EASTHAM, 

Provincetown, 

Orleans, 

Wellfleet, 

Falmouth, 

Chatham, 

Dennis, 



260 
617 
539 
700 
710 
616 
912 



207 
456 
391 
478 
450 
355 
522, 



.79-62 
.73-91 
.72-54 
.68-29 
.63-38 
.57-6:3 
.57-24 



8 Yarmouth, 

9 Harwich, 

10 Brewster, 

11 Sandwich, 

12 Truro, 

13 Barnstable, 



672 
1033 

390 
1261 

650 
1222 



384 
543 
203 
640 
325 
581 



.57-14 
.52-57 
.52-05 
.50-75 
.50-00 
.47-55 



DUKES COUNTY. 


1 
2 


CHILMARK, 

Edgartown, 


151 

446 


110 
162 


.72-85 
.36-32 


3 


Tisbury, 


496 


174 


.35-08 


NANTUCKET COUNTY. 


1 


NANTUCKET 


1794 


1015 


.56-58 













MEAN AVERAGE ATTENDANCE FOR THE STATE. 

No. of children between 4 and 16 years of age in the State, - - 215,926 

Mean average attendance upon school, ------ 134,734 

Ratio of attendance to the whole No. of children between 4 and 16, 

expressed in decimals, .-..---- .^-|- 



INDEX. 



ACADEMIES, duty of teachers of, 70. 

ADULTS, provision for educating, 36. 

AGENT, owner, or superintendent of a manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTION, object of and provision for, 140. 

influence of, 140. 
APPARATUS. See School Libraries and Apparatus. 

ASSESSORS, required to assess all moneys voted by districts, within thirty days after re- 
ceiving certificate from the clerk, 59, 61. 

must issue warrant to a collector, 59. 

must deliver a certificate of assessment to the treasurer of the town, 59. 

powers and compensation of, 59, 60. 

to determine in which district lands of non-residents must be taxed, 60. 

must certify such determination to the town clerk, 60. 

may assess moneys granted before they were chosen, 61. 

may revoke an illegal assessment and issue a new warrant, 61. 

may assess a tax though the time limited by the district has expired, 62. 

when mistake or error of, will or will not invalidate their assessment, 62. 

must assess all moneys levied by contiguous school districts, 64. 

when to charge the price of school books to parents, &c., 94. 

BARBARISM, Colonial definition of, in 1642, 8. 

BARNARD'S SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE, one copy supplied to the clerk of each 

town or city, 56. 
BLANK FORMS OF INQUIRY, how prepared, 110. 
BLIND, provision for, 141, 142. 

BOARD OF EDUCATION, how constituted, and duties of, 101. 
to make annual report, 102, 125. 

expenses of, to be reimbursed, accounts to be audited, 102, 103. 
to prescribe form of Register, 105. 

of blank inquiries, 110. 
report of, number of copies of, to be printed, 125. 
to establish Teachers' Institutes, 133. 

to determine length of sessions of Teachers' Institutes, 133. See Teachers' Institutes. 
BOOKS, to be used in the schools, must be prescribed by committee, 93. 
classes, may be, 93. 
text, must be supplied to scholars not provided, 94. 
to whom must be charged, in such case, 94. 
may be purchased for all the schools, 95. 
notice of such purchase, how given, 95. 

not to favor tenets of any particular sect of Christians, %. See School Libra- 
ries and Apparatus. 
BOSTON, school records of, 7. 
Free Schools in, 9. 
population of, in 1845, 33. 



ii INDEX. 

CHAPPEQUIDDICK INDIANS. See Indians. 
CHILDREN, the natural rights of all to an education, 17. 

the legal right of all to attend school, 35, 136. 

in manufacturing establishments, how to be instructed, 135. 
CHRISTIANTOWN INDIANS. See Indians. 
CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOLARS, how facilitated, 38. 
CLERK of a district must be chosen and sworn, 50. 

must make fair records, 51. 

holds his office till another is chosen and qualified in his stead, 51. 

is liable only for want of integrity, 51. 

case of a sufficient record by, 51. 

removal of to an adjoining district is not a disqualification to act, 51. 

must certify the district's vote to raise money to the assessors of the town, 59. 

may make a second certificate to assessors subsequently chosen, 62. 

of Union School district, when chosen, 65. 
duties of, 65. 
CLERK OF SCHOOL DISTRICT, liable only for want of integrity when certifying as 
to a district tax, 51. 

duty of in relation to school documents, 125. 
CLERK OF THE SENATE, to cause annual report of the Board of Education to be 

printed, 125. 
CLERKS OF TOWNS, duty of, in relation to school documents, 125. 
COLLECTOR, powers and compensation of, 59, 60. 
CONNECTICUT, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS, in adjoining to\vns, 38. 
COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS of Teachers, appropriation for, and how obtained, 141. 

DEAF AND DUMB, provision for, 141. 
DISTURBANCE of Schools, 134. 
DISTRICT. See School District. 

ENCOURAGEMENT to arts, science, and literature, enjoined, 32. 
of education, 136. 

in other states and in foreign countries, 146. 

FINES. See Penalty. 

FOREIGN COUNTRIES, and other stales, provision for answering the requests of, 146. 

FREE SCHOOLS, established in certain places, 9. 

throughout the colony, 10. 

argument in favor of, 13 — 32. 

objections made to, 15. 

GAY HEAD INDIANS. See Indians. 

GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, meaning of, in colonial laws, 11, 

GOOD BEHAVIOR, importance of, 80—86. 

HAYWARD, his work on statistics cited, 34. 
HERRING POND INDIANS. ^&e Indians. 
HIGH SCHOOLS, for adjacent towns, 39. 

committee of, how chosen, QQ. 

by what towns, and by what vote, may be formed, &S. 

powers of committee of, 66, 67. 

expenses of, how to be borne, 67. 
HOUSES OF CORRECTION. See Prisoners. 
HULL, population of, in 1840, 34. 



INDEX. iii 

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, knowledge of, may be required in all teachers, 72. 

IDIOTS, provision for the education of, 142. 
INDIANS, tribes, and number of, 139. 

provision for the education of, 139, 140. 

appropriation for, when to be paid over, 139, 140. 

account of to be rendered, 139, 140. 
INFANTICIDE, under what alternative should be legalized, 32. 
INQUIRIES AND RETURNS, blank form of, &c. 110. 

to whom sent, 110. 

how supplied, when not received, 116. 
INTERNATIONAL literary and scientific exchanges, 146. 

JAILS. See Prisoners. 

LAND, remedy of owner of, when taken for a schoolhouse, 57. 

when disencumbered of the easement, 57. 
LAW, of 1789, referred to and disapproved, 37. 
LONGINUS quoted, 153. 
LYCEUMS, provisions for the incorporation of, 143. 

MACHINERY, «fcc., where to be taxed. See Taxes. 
MAINE, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 

penalty imposed by, on teachers without a certificate, 79. 
MANNERS. See Good Behavior. 
MARSHPEE INDIANS. See Indians. 
MASSACHUSETTS, territorial organization of, for school purposes, 33. 

area of, 33, 38. 

number of schools in, 38. 

average number of square miles to a school, 38. 

character of the people of, 100, 147. 

School Fund, 136. See School Fund. 

Teachers' Association, appropriation for, 140. 

parental in her institutions and government, 147. 
MIDDLEBOROUGH, area of, 34. 

MINISTERS of the Gospel, duty of, to promote attendance of children upon school, 136. 
MODEL or experimental schools, 131. 

MODERATOR of a district school meeting, must be first chosen, 50. 
MUDDY RIVER, 30 acres of land at, assigned to Mr. Purmont, 8. 

NATURAL ETHICS. See Natural Law. 

NATURAL LAW, the right of every child to an education, deduced from, 17. 

NEWBURYPORT, area of, 34. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 

NORMAL SCHOOLS. See State Normal Schools. 

" NOURTERING," of children, meaning of the word, 8. 

OWNER, agent, or superintendent, of a manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 

PENALTY, for neglecting to provide schools, and educate children, as required by law, 8, 
10, 35, 134. 
for disturbing schools, 134. 
how appropriated, in certain cases, 134. 

for employing children in manufacturing establishments, unless, &c., 135, 136. 
how may be avoided, 135. 
for unlawfully excluding children from school, 136. 



iv INDEX. 

PILGRIM FATHERS, a bold innovation made by, 7, 12. 

POPULATION of Massachusetts Bay, in 1647, 11. 

POPULAR EDUCATION, can advance only as the people are improved, 44. 

PRISONERS, provisions for the education of, in the state prison, in jails, and in houses of 

correction, 142. 
PROPERTY, qualified right of possessor in, 18. 

all, under a lien, for purposes of education, 27, 32. 

where to be taxed, 60. 
PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEES, by whom chosen, 51. 

must be residents of the district for which chosen, 51. 

when prudential committee may consist of three, 51, 52. 

may select and contract with teachers, 52, 54, 69. 

duties of, 52, 53, 54, 55. 

to keep the schoolhouse in repair, 52. 

to furnish it with all things " suitable," 52, 53. 

may make the district liable for "all things necessary for the comfort of the scholars," 
53. 

out of what funds, to make repairs and to supply furniture, 33. 

to provide fuel, 54. 

to give information and assistance to town's committee, 54, 55. 

can make only conditional contract with teachers, 70. 

at what time, their power to contract with a teacher is transferred to town's commit- 
tee, 88. 
PURMONT, Philemon, an early schoolmaster, 7. 

REAL ESTATE, where to be taxed, 60. 

when must be taxed in the same district, 60. 
REGISTERS. See School Registers. 
RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION, given in the Colonial schools, 9. 

Liberty, 96, 97. 
RETURNS. See Inquiries and Returns. 

when valid, 116. 
ROXBURY, Free Schools in, 9. 

SECRETARY OF BOARD OF EDUCATION, how appointed, 102. 
general duties of, 102—105, 119, 120, 125. 
to be librarian of State Library, 103. 
with power to appoint assistant, 104. 
to make annual report as librarian, 104. 

as secretary, 105, 125. 
contents of such report, 104. 
duty of, as to Abstract of School Returns, 104. 
as to school blanks and registers, 104. 
at meetings of Institutes, &c., 133. 
to collect school books, apparatus, maps, &c., 104. 

to purchase limited amount of works on education for benefit of teachers, &c., 104. 
to receive and arrange reports, returns, &c., of Common Schools, 104. 
to receive and preserve State documents in relation to the Common School system, 

104. 
salary of, 105. 

travelling and other necessary expenses of, by whom approved and paid, 105. 
to make an annual report to the Legislature of expenses of Board, 105. 
SECRETARY OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE, duty of, in relation to school documents, 
125. 



INDEX. V 

SELECTMEN, when to determine where schoolhouse shall stand, 56, 65. 
when may select schoolhouse lot for a district, 56, 67. 
duty of, to promote attendance of children upon school, 136. 
SCHOOLS, for the instruction of adults, authorized, 36. 
money for such schools, how assessed, &c., 36. 
best in undistricted towns, 36. 
to be kept six months in every town, 40. 
for what times, in towns of more or fewer inhabitants, 40. 
what shall be taught in different schools, 40, 41, 42. 
if of more than fifty scholars, one or more female assistants must be employed, 

unless, &c., 41. 
at what places in towns, and when for all inhabitants of town, 41. 
money for support of, to be raised in towns, 42. 
instructors of, to be examined by committee, 69, 76. 

to be of good moral character, and to have literary, &c. qualifications, 

69—76. 
to file committee's certificate of qualifications with town treasurer before 

they receive pay, 69. 
to impress on youth principles of piety, temperance, &c., 70. 
not to be paid until register is completed and deposited, 105. 
pupils at, how to be supplied with books, 94. 
penalty, if towns neglect to raise money for, 134. 

selectmen, or committee, to apply proceeds of certain penalties to support of, 134. 
public, children unlawfully excluded from, entitled to action against city or town, 136. 
provisions for, among certain Indians, 139, 140. 
SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS, penalty for wilfully interrupting, &c., 134. 
SCHOOL BOOKS, not to favor tenets of any particular sect of Christians, 96. See Books. 
SCHOOL COMMITTEE, of 3, 5, or 7, to be chosen by written ballots, at annual town 
meetings, 67, 68. 
prudential committee chosen by towns for each district, 51, 52, 63, 54, 55, 56. 
may be chosen by districts, if towns so determine, 51. 
powers and duties of, 52—56. 
when prudential committee may consist of three, 51. 

must establish school and employ instructor, if districts neglect or refuse, 55, 87. 
of contiguous school districts, who to constitute, and duty of, 64. 
of two adjoining towns, how to discharge duties in districts situate therein, 64. 
when to visit district and other schools, 64, 89. 
of union districts, who to constitute, 65. 

powers and duties of, 65, 66. 
town committee's power to extend to, 66. 
additional number may be chosen by towns of more than 4000 inhabitants, 67. 
what description of sufl^cient, 67. 
to have general charge of all Public Schools, 67. 
compensation of, 68. 

forfeited by neglect of duty in regard to returns, 68. 

in case of forfeiture of income through their neglect, 68. 
dut}' of, to keep a record, 68. 
when to select and contract with teachers, 68, 69. 
to select and contract with teachers, unless, &c., 69. 
have sole power of examining and approving teachers, 69. 
must prepare certificate in duplicate, 69, 76. 
to require evidence of instructors' good moral character, 70. 

capacity to govern, 72. 
to examine, personally, instructors' literary, &c., qualifications, 71 — ^76. 



vi INDEX. 

SCHOOL COMMITTEE. (Continued.) 

may employ teachers who have higher qualifications than are required by law, 71. 

who can teach other branches besides those required by law, 72. 

cannot antedate a certificate, nor give a conditional one, 77. 

cannot give a certificate to continue in force more than a year, 79. 

may, and perhaps should, designate the school, &c., for which a candidate is ap- 
proved, 79. 

may dismiss a teacher at their discretion, 87. 

in towns of 500 families, &c., where school is kept for all of the inhabitants, to per- 
form duties of prudential committee of districts, 88. 

to decide on admission of pupils into such schools, 89. 

to visit and examine such schools, quarterly at least, 89. 

must inquire into regulation, discipline, &c., of all schools, 90, 91. 

authority of, during visitation of a school, 91. 

how long, and for what purposes to continue in office, 92. 

elected in February, March or April, to hold over after their successors are chosen , 
for certain purposes, 92, 93. 

to direct what books shall be used, 93. 

to supply books, at town's expense, to children not otherwise furnished, 94. 

must give notice to assessors respecting books supplied to children, 94. 

may procure school books, and must give notice where they may be obtained, 93. 

authority to procure books to be governed by a sound discretion, 96. 

must cause Registers to be kept in the schools, 103. 

to cause Registers of schools to be kept, 105. 

to certify to number of pupils between the ages of four and sixteen, 115, 116. 

certificate, form of, and when to be transmitted, 115, 116. 

to certify to state treasurer, yearly, the number of youth in, and the sum raised by 
town for instructors' wages, 115, 116. 

must fill and return blanks, 116. 

to make returns of schools to Secretary of State, with certificate, 116. 

to answer inquiries of Board of Education, 116. 

to return blanks, filled up, to the Secretary, on or before the last of April, 116. 

when reduced in number, remaining members empowered to make returns, 116. 

to send certificate with such returns, setting forth the facts, 116. 

to make yearly detailed reports, 117. 

how such reports to be disposed of, 118. 

may be printed by committee, 118. 

contents of such reports, 118 — 124. 

must send a copy of their report to the Secretary of State, 119. 

penalty on towns for not choosing, 134. 

to apply penalties, paid by towns for default, to support of schools, 134, 135. 

to endeavor that youth regularly attend school, 136. 

duty of to prosecute for employing children unlawfully, in manufacturing establish- 
ments, 136. 

to prosecute for breaches of tlie laws respecting the employment of children in facto- 
ries, 136. See Manufacturing Establishments. 
SCHOOL DISTRICTS, two of an anomalous character in the State, 39. 

may be formed by tovras, 47. 

limits of, when may and when maj' not be altered by towns, 47. 

to be corporate bodies for certain purposes, 47. 

not to be re-districted so as to change taxation of lands oftener than once in ten years, 
47. 

must be organized, 48. 

may hold property for supporting schools therein, 48. 



INDEX. vii 

SCHOOL DISTRICTS. (Continued.) 
may sue and be sued, 48. 

may organize after au action is brought, for prosecuting it, 48. 
meetings of, to be called by warrants of selectmen or prudential committee, 48. 

how to be warned, 48, 49. 
may raise money for erecting, &c., schoolhouses, for land, and for buying articles 

necessary for the use of schools, 48, 56. 
may fix the site of schoolhouses, 48, 56. 
may direct mode of warning and calling meetings, 49. 
no business can be legally transacted by, of which notice is not given in the warrant 

49, 50. 
must choose a moderator and clerk, 50. 

may choose prudential committee when towns so determine, 51. See School Committee. 
shall choose a clerk, who shall be sworn, and record and certify votes, 50, 51. 
clerk of, to certify to assessors votes to raise money for building houses, &c., 50, 51 . 

to be liable only for want of integrity, 51. 
liable for illegal proceedings in raising money, 51. 
may, by prudential committee, select and employ instructors, 52. 
members of, competent witnesses by or against the district, 55. 

cannot appear and be heard in an action against the district, 47. 
liable for rent of schoolhouse, hired by prudential committee, 55. 
must provide schoolhouses, when towns do not, 56. 

if unable to determine where schoolhouse shall stand, selectmen may determine, 56. 
may choose committee to erect, &c., schoolhouses, 56. 
money raised by, to be applied by such committee, 56. 
having voted to raise money, may rescind the vote before assessment, 66. 
when may take land for schoolhouse, 56, 58, 59. 
may unite with an individual in erecting a schoolhouse, 59. 
inhabitants of, where taxed, 60. 
when property of, is exempted from taxation, 63. 
certain property of, exempt from taxation, 63. 
Contiguous, districts in adjoining towns may unite, 38, 63. 

how may separate, 38. 

terms of union, 63; first meeting of, how called, 63. 

may prescribe manner of calling and warning other meetings, 63. 

when shall choose prudential committee, 51, 63 ; powers of such commit 
tee, 63, 64. 

may again separate,^terms of separation, 63. 

clerk of, to certif3' vote of union to the clerk of the tovra, 63. 
to certify votes to raise money, 64. 

shall determine what proportion of money shall be paid by inhabitants of 
each tovra, 64. 
powers, committees, duties of committees, and of clerks of such unions, 64 — 66. 
town committee's power to extend to such districts, 66. 

adjacent towns may unite to form, for the establishment of a high school, 39, 66. 
committee for, how formed, 66. 

to erect or locate house for, 67. 
proportion of expenses of, how borne by respective towns, 67. 
authorized to raise money for libraries, and apparatus, 126. 
SCHOOL FUND, for encouragement of Common Schools, established, 136. 
amount of, and from what sources derived, 137. 

appropriations and payments, for the purposes of education, to be a charge upon, 137 
investment of, by treasurer, &c., 137. 
limitation of, 137. 
investment of, 137. 



viii INDEX. 

SCHOOL FUND. ( Continued.J 

amount of, 137. 

for what purposes may be drawn upon, 137. 

income of, how and by whom apportioned, 138. 

not to be allowed to towns that neglect to make certain returns, or to raise a 
certain yearly sum to pay instructors, &c., 138. 

amount of city and town tax, raised on condition of receiving, 138. 

income of, how and on what conditions to be appropriated, 138, 139. 

forfeited by cities and towns neglecting, &c., 138, 139. See School Committees. 
SCHOOLHOUSES, best in undistricted towns, 36. 

when 7nust be provided by the town, 46. 

when may be provided by the town, 46. 

how property in, may be changed from districts to the town, 47. 

to be kept in good order by prudential committee, 52. 

by whom to be kept in repair, 52. 
furnished, 52, 53. 

site of, to be fixed by selectmen, if district cannot determine, 56. 

may be erected, &c., and site of fixed by districts, 56. 

land may be taken and laid out for, in certain cases, bj- selectmen, 56. 
owner of, may have proceedings revised by a jury, 57. 

money for, may be voted by towns, if districts refuse, and assessed on inhabitants of 
districts, 57. 

location of, for union high school, 65. See School Districts. 

taxes for. See Taxes. Assessors. Collectors. 
SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND APPARATUS, towns and districts authorized to raise 
money for, 126. 

manner of assessing and collecting the same, 126. 

inhabitants of school districts authorized to raise money for purchasing, 126. 

on what conditions, towns and districts may receive the bounty of the State for libra- 
ries, 127. 

whether towns or districts can sell libraries, bought, in part, with tovra's money, qu., 127. 
SCHOOLMASTERS. See Teachers. 
SCHOOL MONEYS, how collected, 59. 

when collected, where deposited, 45. 

how apportioned, 45. 

principle of a just apportionment stated, 46. 

when voted by the town, to what objects restricted, 46. 
SCHOOL RETURNS, blank form of, to be furnished to towns by Secretary of Board of 
Education, 110. 

form of, 114. 

to contain answers to specified questions, 114, 115, 116. 

to be made yearly, by committees, to Secretary of State, 1 16. 
SCHOOL RETURNS AND REGISTERS, form of, &c., 105—110. 

blanks for, to be distributed by Secretary, 104. 

abstract of, when, how, and by whom prepared, 104, 119. 

Board of Education to prescribe form of, 105. 

teachers, duty of, respecting, 105. 

not entitled to pay, until such duty is performed, 105. 

to be forwarded to sherifis, by Secretary of Board of Education, 105, 125. 
duty of, as to distributing, 125. 

clerks of towns and cities, duty of, as to, 125. 
of districts, duty of, as to, 125. 

prudential committee, duty of, as to, 126. 

how disposed of, when town not districted, 126. 

to be deemed property of town or district, 126. 



INDEX. ix 

SHERIFFS, to distribute school documents, 125. 
STATES AND TERRITORIES, areas of, given, 34, n. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, value of, 128. 

organization of, 128. 

number of, and date of commencement, 129. 

qualifications for, and admission to, 130. 

terms, and course of study in, 130, 131. 

Visiters of, and instructors in, 13L 

Experimental or Model School connected with, 131. 

salaries of teachers of, paid by the State, 132. 

appropriation for, 132. 
STATE REFORM SCHOOL, description of, 143. 

government of, 144. 

trustees of, how appointed, 144. ' 

duty and powers of trustees of, 144, 146. 

who may be committed to, 144. 

term of commitment to, 144. 

inmates of, when may be discharged, 144. 
instruction of, 144, 

duties of officers of, 144. 
STOCKS, where to be taxed, 60- 
SUPERINTENDENT, agent or owner of manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 

TAXES, for adult schools, how levied, 36. 

upon whom to be levied, 60. 

to whom paid over when levied by a district, 61. 

when inhabitants remain liable to be taxed, though set off to another district, 61. 

when not, 61. 

when an inhabitant, in an action to recover back money, cannot object tliat collector 
was not a legal officer, 62. 
cannot object to the warrant by which a district meeting was 
called, 62. 

town not liable for, when taxes are voted by a district, 63. 

when school district property is exempted from, 63, 136. 

of contiguous school districts, how to be assessed, 64. 
TEACHERS, cannot enter a Public School, until approved by the committee, 69. 

cannot receive pay until certificate is filed with town treasurer, 69. 

cannot legally commence a school, without a certificate, 76. 

forfeit all claim to wages if without a certificate, 76. 

how far, teacher without a certificate may be liable, 77. 

authority of, within the schoolroom and precincts of the schoolhouse, 97—100. 

has a claim on the town, for his wages, 100. 

when not liable to an action by a parent for refusing to instruct his children, 100. 

not entitled to pay until they have filled up Register, &;c., 105. 

county associations of, appropriations for, 141. 
TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS, when entitled to aid from the State, 141. 

warrant for such aid, how to be drawn, 141. 
TEACHERS' INSTITUTES, object of, and how established and conducted, 132, 133, 134. 

fund for, established, 1.33. 

expenses of, how defrayed, 133. 

Board of Education to determine length of sessions of, 133. 
TOWNS AND CITIES, may provide schools beyond the requisitions of the law, 36. 

may provide schools for adults, 36. 

may divide territory into school districts or not, at their option, 36. 



X INDEX. 

TOWNS AND CITIES. (Continued.) 

whole territory of, must be divided, to make legal districts, 37. 

any, may keep a high school, 41. 

may vote money for the support of schools, 42. 

may vote as much money as they deem necessary, 42. 

when restricted from dividing territory, 47. 

may choose prudential committees, or devolve choice on the districts, 51. 

when a town or district may elect three persons as a prudential committee, 51. 

may determine that prudential committee shall select and contract with teachers, 52. 

such vote of, in force but for one year, semble, 52. 

when may compel districts to raise money for lawful purposes, 57, 58. 

when town may appoint a committee to expend money which it has compelled a dis- 
trict to raise, 58. 

not liable for taxes levied and collected for a district, 63. 

liable for expense, when committees print their reports, 118. 

have no jurisdiction over school committees' reports, 119. 

may raise money for libraries and apparatus, 126. 
TREASURER, town, when he may enforce collection and payment of money, 59. 

compensation of, 59, 60. 

liable for paying money for a teacher before a certificate of his qualification is filed, 69. 

UNION SCHOOL DISTRICTS, object and powers of, 38, 64. 

by whom named, 64. 

first meeting of, how called, 64. 

subsequent meetings, bow called, 66. 

must choose clerk at first meeting, 65. 

for what purposes may raise money, 65. 

may determine where its schoolhouse shall stand, 65. 

may choose any committee to execute its legal votes, 65, 

who to be the prudential committee of, 65. 

powers of prudential committee of, 65, 66. 

schools of, do not supersede the district schools, 66. 
UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE, duty of officers of, 70. 

VATTEMARE, M. objects of, for literary and scientific exchanges, promoted, i4S. 
VERMONT, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
VOTERS, who are legal for school purposes, 43. 

WARRANT, subjects to be acted upon, must be inserted in, 43i. 
WINTHROP'S JOURNAL, cited, 9, 



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